MITOS Y REALIDADES Una Guía Para El Conflicto Árabe-Israelí

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MITOS Y REALIDADES Una Guía Para El Conflicto Árabe-Israelí MITOS y REALIDADES Una guía para el conflicto árabe-israelí Mitchell G. Bard Traducción de Vicente Echerri American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) Copyright © American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) Inc., 2006 Título del original en inglés: Myths and Facts: A Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict Traducción: Vicente Echerri Corrección de estilo y de pruebas: Daniel Daroca y Jorge Arcila Diseño de cubierta y adaptación de los mapas: Carlos Bobadilla para E&A Tipografía: Julio C. Soto para E&A, adaptada de la versión original de Danakana/Nick Moscovitz/NYC ISBN 0-971-2945-4-2 Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite reproducir, almacenar en sistemas de recuperación de la información ni transmitir alguna parte de esta publicación, cualquiera que sea el medio empleado —electrónico, mecánico, fotocopia, grabación, etc.—, sin el permiso previo del titular de los derechos de la propiedad intelectual. Impreso en los Estados Unidos de América/Printed in the United States of America American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) 2810 Blaine Dr., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 http://www.JewishVirtualLibrary.org Este libro fue traducido al español y publicado gracias a la generosidad de Evelyn y el Dr. Shmuel Katz, de Bal- Harbour, Florida, como amoroso recuerdo de los miem- bros de la familia KATZ y de la familia AUSCH O.B.M. H.Y.D. que perecieron durante el Holocausto en Europa. Que la grandeza de sus vidas sirva de inspiración a todas las personas de buena voluntad. Prefacio “El gran enemigo de la verdad no es muy a menudo la mentira — deliberada, fabricada, deshonesta— sino el mito —persistente, per- suasivo y repetido”. —Presidente John F. Kennedy* Con frecuencia me piden que diga cuál es el mito más persistente respec- to al Oriente Medio. La respuesta es la sugerencia, de una u otra forma, de que los israelíes no quieren la paz. Nadie anhela la paz más desesperadamente que los israelíes, que han sobre- vivido siete guerras y una permanente campaña de terror por casi seis décadas. Es por esto, como se aborda en este libro, que Israel ha buscado arreglos en repetidas ocasiones, a menudo con gran riesgo, que le ponga fin al conflicto. Cada vez que se lanza una nueva iniciativa de paz, acrecen nuestras esperanzas de que no necesitaremos publicar otra edición de Mitos y realidades, que se imprim- ió por primera vez hace más de 40 años. Nos mantenemos optimistas de que los vecinos de Israel aceptarán un estado judío en su medio. En el ínterin, los viejos mitos, incluidos los antiguos libelos sangrientos, siguen reciclándose al tiempo que se promulgan nuevas calumnias, que no deben quedarse sin respuesta. Mitos y realidades no evade los golpes cuando se trata de asumir las respon- sabilidades de Israel por acontecimientos y políticas que afectan su imagen. Los amigos de Israel no tratan de encubrir la verdad, pero sí intentan poner los acontecimientos en su propio contexto. Ése es nuestro objetivo. Cuando los amigos critican a Israel, lo hacen porque quieren que el país sea mejor. Los detractores de Israel no persiguen tal cosa; sólo les interesa deslegitimar el país, distanciar a Israel de sus aliados y laborar por su destrucción. Esta nueva edición incluye los fundamentos históricos del conflicto y brinda hechos documentados para responder a los mitos más comunes. Para saber más, visite nuestra Biblioteca Judía Virtual (www.JewishVirtualLibrary.org), donde continuamente actualizamos la edición digital de Mitos, archivamos material que no pudimos incorporar al libro y presentamos importantes docu- mentos originales. A la AICE le place también ofrecer traducciones virtuales en español, alemán, portugués, ruso, francés, sueco y hebreo. Además, tenemos un servicio de enlace de comunicaciones electrónicas (listserv) para mitos y realidades semanales y otras actualizaciones periódicas. Para ingresar, visite la sección de noticias de la biblioteca. * Discurso en la ceremonia de graduación de la Universidad de Yale (11 de junio de 1962). 5 MITOS Y REALIDADES La AICE está particularmente agradecida a los auspiciadores de esta edición: la Fundación Harry y Jeanette Weinberg y a Evelyn y el Dr. Shmuel Katz de Bal-Harbour, Florida. «Los hechos son cosas fehacientes», dijo John Adams, «y sean cuales fueren nuestros deseos, nuestras inclinaciones o los dictados de nuestra pasión, no pueden alterar el estados de los hechos y la evidencia». Las páginas que siguen presentan los hechos fehacientes acerca del conflicto árabe-israelí. Son las mejores armas que tenemos para garantizar que la verdad triunfe sobre el mito. Mitchell G. Bard Enero del 2006 6 1. Las raíces de Israel MITO «Los judíos no tienen ningún derecho legal a la tierra que llaman Israel» REALIDAD Un error común es creer que todos los judíos fueron empujados a la Diáspora por los romanos, después de la destrucción del Segundo Templo de Jerusalén en el año 70 de la E.C., y luego, 1,800 años después, regresaron súbitamente a Palestina exigiendo que les devolvieran su país. En realidad, el pueblo judío ha conservado nexos con su patria histórica por más de 3.700 años. El pueblo judío funda su derecho a la tierra de Israel en al menos cuatro premisas: 1) el pueblo judío colonizó y desarrolló la tierra, 2) la comunidad internacional le concedió al pueblo judío soberanía política en Palestina, 3) el territorio fue tomado en guerras defensivas y 4) Dios prometió la tierra al patriarca Abraham. Aun después de la destrucción del Segundo Templo de Jerusalén y del comienzo del exilio, la vida judía en la tierra de Israel prosiguió y, con fre- cuencia, prosperó. Para el siglo IX se habían restablecido grandes comu- nidades en Jerusalén y Tiberias. En el siglo XI, había comunidades judías en Rafa, Gaza, Ascalón, Jafa y Cesarea. Los cruzados masacraron a muchos judíos durante el siglo XII, pero la comu- nidad se repuso en los próximos dos siglos en la medida en que gran número de rabinos y peregrinos judíos inmigraron a Jerusalén y Galilea. Prominentes rabinos establecieron comunidades en Safed, Jerusalén y en otros lugares durante los próximos 300 años. A principios del siglo XIX —años antes del nacimiento del moderno movimien- to sionista— más de 10.000 judíos vivían en el territorio del actual Israel.1 Los 78 años que duró levantar la nación, a partir de 1870, culminaron en el restablecimiento del Estado judío. El «certificado de nacimiento» internacional de Israel estaba validado por la estadidad judía en la tierra de Israel en los tiempos bíblicos, la ininterrumpida presencia judía a partir de la época de Josué; la Declaración de Balfour de 1917; el mandato de la Liga de las Naciones, que incorporó la Declaración de Balfour; la admisión de Israel en la ONU en 1949; el reconocimiento de Israel por la mayoría de otros estados y, sobre todo, la sociedad creada por el pue- blo de Israel en décadas de próspera y dinámica existencia nacional. 7 MITOS Y REALIDADES «Nadie le presta a Israel ningún servicio por proclamar su “derecho a existir”. El derecho de Israel a existir, al igual que el de los Estados Unidos, Arabia Saudita y otros 152 estados, es axiomático e incondicional. La legitimidad de Israel no está suspendida en el aire a la espera de un reconocimiento… No hay ciertamente ningún otro Estado, grande o pequeño, joven o viejo, que consideraría el mero reconocimiento de su “dere- cho a existir” un favor, o una concesión negociable». —Abba Eban2 MITO «Palestina siempre fue un país árabe». REALIDAD El término «Palestina» se cree que se deriva de los filisteos (o pilistinos), un pueblo del Egeo que, en el siglo XII A.E.C.*, se estableció a lo largo de la pla- nicie costera mediterránea de lo que ahora es Israel y la Franja de Gaza. En el siglo II de la E.C., luego de aplastar la última revuelta judía, los romanos le aplicaron por primera vez el nombre de Palestina a Judea (la porción sur de lo que ahora se llama Cisjordania), en un intento de disminuir la identi- ficación judía con la tierra de Israel. La palabra árabe «filastin» se deriva de este nombre latino.3 Los hebreos entraron en la tierra de Israel alrededor del 1300 A.E.C., y vivieron bajo una confederación tribal hasta que se unieron bajo el primer monarca, el rey Saúl. El segundo rey, David, estableció Jerusalén como capital alrededor del año 1000 A.E.C., y el hijo de David, Salomón, construyó el templo poco después y consolidó las funciones militares, administrativas y religiosas del reino. La nación se dividió durante el reinado del hijo de Salomón, en el reino del norte (Israel), que duró hasta el 722 A.E.C., cuando los asirios lo destruyeron, y el reino del sur (Judá), que sobrevivió hasta la conquista babi- lónica en el 586 A.E.C. El pueblo judío disfrutó posteriormente de breves períodos de soberanía, antes de que la mayoría de los judíos fueran final- mente expulsados de su patria en el 135 E.C. La independencia judía en la tierra de Israel duró más de 400 años. Éste es un período mucho mayor del que los norteamericanos han disfrutado de indepen- dencia en lo que se conoce como Estados Unidos.4 En efecto, si no hubiera sido por los conquistadores extranjeros, Israel tendría 3.000 años de existencia hoy día. *Usamos A.E.C. (antes de la Era Común,) y C.E. (Era Común, o actual) porque son términos más neutrales para los períodos clasificados tradicionalmente como A.C. (antes de Cristo) y D.C. (después de Cristo). 8 1. Las raíces de Israel Palestina nunca fue un país exclusivamente árabe, aunque el árabe se fue con- virtiendo gradualmente en el idioma de la mayor parte de la población, luego de las invasiones musulmanas del siglo VII.
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