Defense of the United States. Aerospace Education III

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 111 619 SE 017 456 AUTHOR Mickey, V. V. .* TITLE Defense.of the United States. Aerospace Education INSTITUTION Air Univ., Maxwell AFB; Ala. Junior Reserve Office Training Corps. PUB DATE 73 `NOTE 162p.; Colored drawings and photographs may not reproduce clearly. For the accompanying Instructor Handbook, see SE 017 457 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$8.24.Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace TeChnology; *Instructional Materir's; Military Organizations; 4 - *Military, Schools; *National Defense; Resource Materials; Secondary Education; Textbooks IDENTIFIERS. *Air Force Junior ROTC; Department of Defense ABSTRACT This publication, one in the series on Aerospace - Education III, deals with the background of the defense system.ofthe United States. Descriptionof differentwars in which this country was involved includes the development of new military organizations , and different weapons. One chapter is devoted'in its entirity tothe organizational structure of the present Department of Defense.The last chapt4r reviews the missions and capabilities ofthe U.S. Army, Navy and Marine forces and describes some of themore advanced equipment employed by each of these fOrces. The book is designedto be used in the" Air Force ROTC program. (PS) *****49oic*************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makesevery effort * * to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affegts the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS isnot * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions,* * supplied.by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEENREPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEVEDFRO THE PERSON OR 9ROANIZATIONORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW-OROPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONALINSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY AEROSPACE EDUCATION III Defense of the United States V. V. MICKEY Academic Publications Division 3825th Academic Services Group AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC AIR UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA rz, 4. 1973 This publication has been reviewed and approved by .competent personnel of the preparing command inaccordance with current directives on doctrine,policy,essentiality,propriety, and quality. This book will not be offered for sale.Itis for use only inthe Air Force ROTC program. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Maj Rodney V. Cox, Jr., AE Course Director, AFJROTC, to the development of this text. Preface THE RISE of the United States from a group of little colonies huddled along the, east coast of a raw, new continent;toaposition of world leadership has covered a relatively short span of time. Yet in this bOef period,almost continuous technological and r. scientific progresssometimes extremely slow and sometimes amazingly rapidhave reshaped almost every area of life in the United States. Especially influenced by these technological and scientific developments have been US concepts of international relations and national defense. In actual measurement, of course, the world is no smaller today than it ever was; and the oceans, moun- tains, and deserts that nations once regarded as protec- tive barriers are still there. But innovations in trans- portation, communications, and weaponry have made every part of the world accessibleand vulnerable to every other part. Distance is no longer reckoned in terms of days or weeks but in minutes or hours. Today, the security of the United States, possibly its very survival as a world power, depends on maintaining a system of national defense so well-coordinated, so flexible, and so mobile that it can meet and defeat enemy' aggression anywhere on any terms. This text is Mostly about wars as they have affected the military and foreign policies or the United States from its birth as a nation until the present. More important, however, than a history of US military in- volvements_is_the_story_of_the_technological and scientific achievements that have played such an important part in this history. In each war, science and technology have produced innovations to meet that war's particu- lar needs; but many of those war-inspired innovations \ have inevitably remained anden improved to enrich mankind in time of peace. \ . Grateful acknowledgment is made, to 'the National Rifle Aisociation of America for the `illustrationsap- pearing on pages 11 and 13 of this text. iv Contents Preface iii Chapter 1FROM THE FOUNDING THROUGH THE CIVIL WAR , Colonial Forces. ..... , The American Revolution, 1775-17 3 . 3 Between Wars 14 The War of 1812 15 The Monroe Doctrine kind Manife's Destiny . 17 The Mexican War, 1846-1848 . ?() The Civil War, 1861-1865 14 Chapter 2FROM 1865 THROUGH WORLD WAR II i 35 Post-Civil War Military Forces 36 The Spanish-American War, 1898 37 World War 1, 1914-1918 44 Between World Wars I and II 52 World War II, 1939-1945 57 Post World War II Developments 66 Chapter 3 THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE . 75 Constitutional Provisions forN'atiofialDefense 76 Creation of the Department of Defense 86 Defense Reorganization after 1953 89 Secretary of Defense and Policy Advisors 91 Joint Chiefs of Staff Organization 93 Operational Command Structure 97 Functions of the Military Departments . 100 Civil Defense 101 Chapter 4 1HE KOREAN AND VIETNAM WARS 10,3 The Koreari War, 1950-1953 105 Military Policy Between Korea and Vietnam 107 The War In Vietnam 11 I Chapter 5 LAND AND SEA FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES 123 The United States Army 124 The United States Navy 133 The United States Marine Corps 143 Index 151 * I ',This ;WM-, 00.40016e,Wili '11.1141-0* *lit 110 AlIPINA OW hi 014010° grOgimokii,44' Oils:c001-0461,:AeWri w$ kshe,..1`i eit MON :46#141114iiti' foi4i,'hi: t*0 *levee, 60-'01141400 Ars! himmAieris 044iPlii*Ch!; An- per d 1***',thillifhoi**,*War-1*f /AWN*won thiN AnNieil5ats,1140 ,411,01:001,10:,Ehe.',41# theCMS Ithr. FROM THE TIME the United Stateswon itsindependence from England in the American Revolution until well into the twentieth century, basic US military policy was influenced primarily by two factors: a distrust of large standing armies and a firm -belief- in isolatititisma policy of noninvolvement in, the affairs of other nations. The Americans inherited their dislike of standing armies from. theirBritishforebears.Thisattitude had been broughtover by the early colonists and was passed on from generationto generation. For centuries, England's' traditional land defense force had been a militia organization of free men who provided their own weapons and supplies. They were not very well trained, DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES disciplined, or :efficient and were incapable of prolongedcam- paigning; but with certain modifications, the militiasystem set the pattern, for the colonial forces. The colonial local authorities, however, did furnish gtins and ammunition to those militiamen who could not afford them, and in long campaigns, the colonial governments assumed responsibility for supplies. Isolationism, the second major influence on US policy,was not illogical in the early years of the United States. The United States was separated from Europe, not only ,politically, but also geo- graphically. The political maneuverings of the European nations in their struggles for power were of littleconcern to the colonists who were busy organizing theirown new nation. FurthermOre, betweenttigcontinentof North America and the ,nationsof Europe lay several thousand miles of Atlantic Ocean, andto the Vest,laythe even broader Pacificbarriers that took weeks, not houg; to gross. George Washington expressed the attitude of his countrymeninhisFarewell Address. when hesaid,"Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances withany portion of the foreign world." This viewpoint was to_ .color US military policy for many years tocome. There were, of course, a number of other influenceson military policy. Among them were the principle contained in the Mon- roe Doctrine and the concept of manifest destiny which began to flourish as the country moved west. These ,conceptsare ex- plainedlaterinthe chapter. Moreover, technologicaldevelop- ments also had their influence. Although the Industrial Revolu- tion was bringing about new developments onlyslowly in the first half of the nineteenth century, by the time ofthe Civil War, technological advances weresufficientlyimportant toinfluence the conduct and, to some degree, the outcome of thewar.;his chapter, then, traces the evolution of certain basic US policies and the impact of these policies and of technological. advances on the Armed Forces of the United States from the founding of the nation through the Civil War. COLONIAL FORCES Considered as a military organization, the colonial militiawas remarkably democratic. The general officers and the regimental lb FROM THE FOUNDING THROUGH THE CIVIL WAR colonels were appointed by the royal governors or the colonial assemblies. The company officers were elected by themen them- selves. These practices normally kept the officers' commissions in the hands of men of the upper classes. Militiamen had toappear for training at their county or town seats for a certain number

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