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Lexicon Feminist.P65 1 STUDII DE GEN 23 Colecþia Studii de gen este coordonatã de Mihaela Miroiu Editoare Aceastã lucrare este finanþatã în cadrul grantului acordat de cãtre Fundaþia Otilia Dragomir, Mihaela Miroiu pentru o Societate Deschisã Centrului FILIA, grant nr. B-JO2-00-11.866. LEXICON FEMINIST © 2002 by Editura POLIROM http ://www.polirom.ro Editura POLIROM Iaºi, B-dul Copou nr. 4, P.O. BOX 266, 6600 Bucureºti, B-dul I.C. Brãtianu nr. 6, et. 7 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naþionale : Lexicon feminist / Otilia Dragomir, Mihaela Miroiu Iaºi ; Polirom, 2001 ??? p. ; 21 cm (Studii de gen) Bibliogr. Index. ISBN : 973-683-???-? ??????? POLIROM Printed in ROMANIA 2002 45 PREFAÞà a) De ce un lexicon românesc ? În ultimii 15 ani, oferta de dicþionare, lexicoane ºi enciclopedii necesare studiilor feministe ºi problematicii de gen a fost destul de consistentã, mai ales în cultura americanã ºi în cea britanicã, þãri care, alãturi de cele scandinave, de Canada ºi de Australia, au deja o tradiþie în studiile de gen ºi în teoria feministã. Acest fel de lucrãri nu este strãin nici spaþiului continental european. În aceste condiþii pare de bun-simþ posibila întrebare : de ce nu am tradus un dicþionar, o enciclopedie sau un lexicon deja recunoscute academic în oferta internaþionalã, lucrãri produse în spaþii culturale care au o tradiþie în studiile feministe ºi în cele de gen ºi am preferat sã începem cu o ofertã româneascã ? Mãrturisim cã ºi noi ne-am gândit la alternativa traducerii. Apoi tot noi ne-am rãzgândit. De bunã seamã, orice astfel de lucrare tradusã nu ar fi fãcut nici cea mai vagã referire nici la feministele românce (teore- ticiene sau activiste), nici la contribuþia lor la istoria politicã sau la cea culturalã, nici la bãrbaþii feminiºti, nici la problemele de gen ale socie- tãþii româneºti, nici la legislaþia româneascã. Pentru un public mai puþin avizat era o reconfirmare a unei prejudecãþi : feminismul, ca ºi studiile de gen sunt marfã de import, exotisme intelectuale occidentale. ªi lexiconul nostru continuã tradiþia unei nedreptãþi : existã feminism occidental ºi feminism românesc. În rest, imaginea este aceea a unui deºert. Recunoaºtem cu amãrãciune în primul rând aceastã limitã. Nici mãcar dezvoltãrile feministe din estul Europei nu îºi gãsesc locul în lexiconul nostru. Existã ºi alte dezechilibre : lexiconul cuprinde ºi o cronologie a miºcãrii feministe româneºti, dar nu ºi una universalã, prezintã evoluþiile studiilor de gen în România, dar nu ºi în lume. Tot ce am reuºit a fost sã adãugãm contribuþiile româneºti ºi problematica de interes local. Cu alte cuvinte, am repetat o istorie, aceea a marginalizãrii ºi excluderii a ceea ce este nonoccidental ºi nonromânesc. Suntem perfect conºtiente de acest reducþionism regretabil. Estul rãmâne încã, ºi pentru estici, marginal, anonim, parafrazând un misogin, rãmâne feminin. Dincolo de toate aceste limite, cercetarea feministã, ca ºi studiile de gen au avansat în România ultimului deceniu. Expertiza creºte în diferite domenii, mai ales în ºtiinþele sociale ºi politice, pe coordonata acestui tip PREFAÞà 67 PREFAÞà de studii. Credem cã am atins nivelul de dezvoltare necesar ca sã putem spune cã existã premisele unei ºcoli româneºti de studii de gen. Aceastã b) De ce un lexicon feminist ? ºcoalã nu este localizatã într-o singurã universitate. Din întâmplare, ea este actual mai evoluatã la Facultatea de ªtiinþe Politice din ªcoala Ca sã menajãm prejudecãþile unui public de ambe sexe, destul de neprie- Naþionalã de Studii Politice ºi Administrative Bucureºti. Dar multe alte tenos faþã de problemele pe care le abordãm, am vrut sã elaborãm iniþial grupuri de cercetãtoare ºi cercetãtori avanseazã consistent în zona antropo- un dicþionar de studii de gen. Chiar din titlu pãrea mai tolerabil ºi mai logiei, sociologiei ºi psihologiei genului (la Universitatea Babeº-Bolyai, neutru. Apoi ne-am rãzgândit : în definitiv noi nu abordãm aici aceastã Cluj), în zona politologiei ºi sociologiei genului (la Universitatea de Vest problematicã din orice perspectivã, ci din cea feministã. Acest perspec- din Timiºoara), în zona lingvisticii ºi criticii literare feministe (la Univer- tivism trebuie asumat. Studiile de gen nu au apãrut de niciunde, ci în sitatea Bucureºti) ºi în centre independente de cercetare, cum ar fi deja consecinþa feminismului. Ni s-a pãrut mai onest sã ne asumãm acest prestigioasa ANA, Societate de Analize Feministe, Gender Centrul de parti pris în mod deschis, fãrã pretenþii de neutralitate. Pe noi ne inter- Cercetare al Identitãþii Feminine ºi mai noua FILIA sub a cãrei egidã a eseazã ideologia, politicile, abordãrile ºtiinþifice care socotesc cã este fost elaborat Lexiconul. În mare mãsurã, aceastã reþea de studii femi- nedrept ca femeile sã fie tratate ca oameni de mâna a doua, cã organi- niste combinã reuºit lumea academicã cu lumea ONG-urilor de cercetare zarea normelor, instituþiilor ºi practicilor sociale este încã patriarhalã, ºi educaþie, încercând o translaþie spre organizaþiile activiste în problema cã experienþele femeilor ca femei au fost cultural ºi politic neglijate. egalitãþii de ºanse ºi a drepturilor femeilor. Chiar ºi în conþinutul acestui lexicon veþi gãsi ºi câteva abordãri nefe- Suntem încã departe de douã þeluri : o consistentã miºcare feministã ministe, cu alte cuvinte, perspective în care o anumitã problematicã este româneascã ºi o colaborare substanþialã între ONG-urile de cercetare ºi asumatã ca atare, într-o manierã neutrã, relativ oarbã la o episteme de mediul academic, pe de o parte, ºi organizaþiile militante, pe de altã tip feminist. parte. Acest promiþãtor încã se referã la faptul cã cercetarea a început Ca sã folosim o expresie mai tare, cele mai multe dintre noi ne-am sã se aplece substanþial spre problematica localã a diferitelor grupuri de decis cã Vom fi postfeministe într-o erã postpatriarhalã. Facem aici o femei ºi cã unele activiste, conducãtoare de ONG-uri, au început sã nedreptate de gen, de naturã lingvisticã în raport cu colegul ºi coechi- studieze abordãrile feministe ºi problematica de gen la nivel academic. pierul nostru, Sergiu Vintilã, ca ºi în raport cu alþi colegi bãrbaþi, femi- Este de datoria celor care lucreazã în mediul de cercetare sã ofere niºti ºi ei, dar care nu ne-au fost coechipieri în acest context : Mircea know-how pentru zona acþiunii politice ºi civice ºi sã sprijine construcþia Cãrtãrescu, Petru Iluþ, Ovidiu Pecican, Bogdan Lefter. Cu voia cititorilor, politicã ºi instituþionalã pentru egalitatea de ºanse ºi dreptul la dife- pentru bãrbaþii simpatetici faþã de aceste idei se poate folosi ºi termenul renþã între femei ºi bãrbaþi. Nu facem cercetare oriunde, ci aici. Nu ne profeminist. adresãm doar comunitãþii academice, ci ºi celorlalte ale cãrei membri Ca sã fim mai explicite, ceea ce au în comun feministele ºi feminiºtii suntem. Împãrtãºim ideea cã mediul academic nu are datorii doar faþã sunt câteva credinþe : anume cã femeile au suferit ºi suferã discriminãri de culturã, ci ºi faþã de civilizaþia cotidianã. politice, culturale ºi economice, în societãþile patriarhale, pentru simplul Pare cã între conþinutul acestui lexicon, pe alãturi, destul de sofis- fapt de a fi femei. Discriminãrile se manifestã ºi în viaþa publicã ºi în cea ticat, ºi nevoile femeilor din România (inclusiv a celor culturale) existã privatã. Patriarhatul poate sã fie explicit ºi oficial sau implicit ºi o prãpastie. O astfel de judecatã nu este tocmai falsã. Un lexicon nu este neoficial. Cea de-a doua formã este cea cu care ne confruntãm ºi astãzi. un program politic, nici un manifest de alt tip, nu are conotaþii explicit Consecinþele acestui mod de organizare socialã ºi a acestui tip de practici militante ºi nici mãcar nu foloseºte direct la ceea ce feministele numesc : sunt negative pentru toatã lumea : femeile îºi opresc potenþialul de trezirea conºtiinþei. El se adreseazã unui public mai special, cu educaþie dezvoltare la un nivel mai scãzut decât bãrbaþii, creativitatea lor socialã superioarã. Dar acest public este cel care face legea în opinia publicã ºi culturalã este subutilizatã, ºansele de autorealizare sunt mai reduse, sau cel puþin ar trebui sã o facã, dând seama ºi de aceia dintre noi mai nu sunt partenere ale bãrbaþilor, ci supusele sau subordonatele lor. Dar vitregiþi în accesul la influenþare culturalã. nu numai asta conteazã, ci ºi faptul cã domeniile cunoaºterii neglijeazã În mediul nostru dominã încã mult analfabetism de gen. El nu experienþele femeieºti (altfel decât, de pildã, medical) : sarcina, avortul, poate fi contracarat printr-un lexicon. Ceea ce poate oferi acest tip de naºterea, leuzia, hrãnirea din trup, ciclul lunar, menopauza. Experi- lucrare în România este o sumã de repere conceptuale pentru uzul cerce- enþele pe care le au mai ales femeile : îngrijirea, munca domesticã, tãtorilor, jurnaliºtilor, activiºtilor pentru drepturile femeilor ºi parte- violenþa domesticã, violul, pornografia, prostituþia, traficarea sexualã, neriatul de gen. vãduvia, dependenþa, aservirea, anonimatul, asocierea simbolicã cu natura, sunt, la rândul lor neglijate atât cultural, cât ºi politic. Femeile au însã PREFAÞà 89 PREFAÞà ºi forþe naturale specifice : aceea de a da viaþã, aceea de a fi sexual mai prostituþia, traficul de femei, violul, homosexualitatea. Doina Dimitriu puternice, dacã îºi pot controla reproducerea. Nici puterea lor, nici slãbi- are deja un trecut în construcþia normativã în privinþa egalitãþii de ciunea lor, aºa cum a fost ea social construitã, nu pot sã fie deplin ºanse între femei ºi bãrbaþi ºi, în consecinþã, a
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