DOCSLIB.ORG

SECURING of BREAK-ENDANGERED TREE CROWNS Klaus Schröder Urban Forestry Service - Osnabrück

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SECURING of BREAK-ENDANGERED TREE CROWNS Klaus Schröder Urban Forestry Service - Osnabrück 76 International Congress on The Trees of History SECURING OF BREAK-ENDANGERED TREE CROWNS Klaus Schröder Urban Forestry Service - Osnabrück Abstract Breaking-off of crown parts, forks and large branches are the most common types of failure of urban trees (WILDE, 1996), resulting in substantial damage to objects and persons. Additionally, the trees are also often irreversibly damaged. Reasons for this type of failure usually include bark in forks, decay or fractures in branches. As an alternative to lop crowns or felling hazardous trees, systems for securing of break-endangered tree crowns were developed. One of the first of these systems was the double belt System Osnabrück, conceived by the green-department of the City of Osnabrück, Germany (SCHRÖDER, 1990). Introduction Creatures of nature are normally adapted to withstand weather because regular recurrent situations have resulted in optimising processes of permanent adaption and selection over a long period of time. As an example of such creations of nature, trees are often exposed to extreme weather and they must resist storm, rain, snow and ice. Forces with an impact of some tons must be withstood. The experience of arborists shows, that straight grown trees, as well as certain types of branches best resist the rigours of the weather, whereas other shapes fail in this respect under the same conditions. Rugged tree crowns can be achieved with simple methods such as planting correctly grown trees and proper breeding pruning adapted to the actual development of the trees. Consequently, the implementation of crown securing systems would not become necessary. However, in case of the old tree population with problematic crowns preventive measures cannot help and it is for these old trees that crown securing systems have been developed. In Germany, the law requires that the breaking-off of parts of trees must be prevented, according to the decision of the Federal Court from 21. January 1965 concerning the legal duty to maintain safety. It states amongst other things, that the responsible party must remove trees and parts thereof which endanger traffic, particularly in those cases when these are no longer steadfast or parts thereof are in danger of breaking off (BRELOER 1996). Securing break-endangered crowns is therefore an alternative to felling or lop crowns and offers an acceptable implementation of the law which requires the removal of above mentioned dangers. Left illustration: So called pressure forks are optimised for withstanding pressure in the forking area. Nonetheless, the narrowest point between the stems is exposed to great tension in the contact zone when the stems are bent by weather. The cross section shows, that there is bark enclosed in the contact area of the fork and only the outer annual rings have grown together. This type of fork breaks relatively often under traction power. Therefore, securing is important in most cases. Central illustration: So called tension forks are normally naturally well-formed. These are not at risk of breaking any more often than other healthy parts of trees. Right illustration: The installation of a crown securing system (break-securing) works like the pivot of a seesaw. The swing of the stems away from each other is transformed and results in pressure on the forking, for which this area is optimally shaped. Consequently, the break can be avoided. (Illustration by / comments according to MATTHECK) Torino, April 1st - 2 nd, 2004 77 Illustration of Crown Securing Systems (Figures and parts of the text in support of the German rules and regulations for tree care methods - volume 2001 ZTV-Baumpflege- Ausgabe 2001-) Crown Anchoring System: Made of threaded bolts, steel cable, and fastening material. NONE-injury free installation. The extent of injury caused by the installation of crown anchoring systems is so great that this system should not be used in the future Hollow Rope Securing Systems: Made of braided synthetic fibre. The rope is spliced back through the hollow rope and is fixed by tension. Therefore, no additional fastening elements are necessary (Single Component Securing System). Injury free installation. (VETTER & WESSOLLY, 1994) Band Securing System (Gurtbandsicherung): Made of woven synthetic fibres, and slung around those parts of the tree crown which are to be secured. The belt is locked with a buckle (Single Component Securing System). Injury free installation. (SINN, 1989) Multi Component Securing System (Double Belt Securing System): Made of separate belts, with a loop on each end. Most of these products consist of a strong, outer holding belt and a second inner fastening belt, which includes a stretch element in some cases. The connecting elements (e.g. synthetic hollow ropes, steel cable) are pulled through the end loops. Injury free installation. (SCHRÖDER, 1993) 78 International Congress on The Trees of History Multi component securing system - double belt System Osnabrück: broad belts, tightly fixed around the trunks (or the trunk and the branch), absorb the power occurring in mobile parts of the crown and divert it into stable tree parts. Elasticity and high breaking force are the best requirements for using synthetic fibres in crown securing systems. In this case (left ill.) all components are made of polyester fibres. The connecting element is a hollow rope, but every other suitable connecting element can be considered. Therefore the double belt securing systems provide a variety of possibilities. The stretching element in the fastening belt (right ill.) prevents the secured tree parts from growing over the belt (Ill.: KREKELAAR) In 1997 beech trees were examined in an urban forest in Osnabrück. In these trees double belt securing systems had been installed six years ago. Results of the wood-biological investigations prove that It can be stated that even after six years, no damage to the trees resulted from the installation of the crown securing system. (STOBBE, DUJESIEFKEN & SCHRÖDER, 2000) Break-securing / Fall-securing Methods of crown securing should be functionally differentiated according to whether these prohibit breakage or prevent parts of trees from falling down. (SCHRÖDER, 2002; SPATZ, 2003). While break-securing aims at preventing parts of the crown in the first place whereas fall-securing is designed to prevent a part of the crown from falling down after it has come to a break, despite the attachment of a break-securing system. Fall-securing thus aims at keeping the branch up in the tree. Installation Before installing a crown securing system one should be examined, whether pruning of the tree crown is necessary or possible. Break-securing systems should be installed at a height of 2/3 of the secured part of the crown, if possible in a triangular connection. When a single break-protection is applied, an additional ring connection should also be used in order to lessen the risk of a twisting break. Install at right angles from the axes of the parts of the tree crown. The natural mobility of the secured parts of the tree crowns should be taken into consideration, in order to further encouraged the adaptive growth in the now mechanically burdened parts of the tree. Calculation The calculation of break protection systems shown below is founded upon the following securing philosophies: Crown securing systems (break protection systems are meant here, the author) be dimensioned tree equitable if the earliest point at which they fail is the point at which the secured crown part in mechanically healthy condition would fail under the same stress (BETHGE, MATTHECK & SCHRÖDER, 1993). Accordingly, where a branch- or forking defect is assumed, a crown securing system (break protection system authors note) must withstand as much stress as the corresponding structure in a mechanically healthy condition could hold (SPATZ, 2003). Break protections should be calculated in according with the following calculation formula: (BETHGE, MATTHECK & SCHRÖDER, 1993) Torino, April 1st - 2 nd, 2004 79 Illustration: GEMEIN s indicates the medium bending strength (Biegebruch) of green woods. These values B originate from the American and English literature (LAVERS, 1983; US FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY, 1987). They are presented in Mpa, for use in the above formula they should be converted into kp/cm² (and therefore multiplied by 10,2) in order to reach the bearing capacity tonnage (t) of crown securing systems common in arboriculture. R equals the radius of the secured part at its base (or the potential point of fracture) and h (2/3 of the total length) represents the distance between the break-securing to be applied and the base of the tree part to be secured. The following table, based on the above mentioned formula, has been developed in order to help practitioners with actual set-ups on location, with consultation and with financial estimates. It allows to rapidly and exactly working out the dimension of necessary break-securing systems (SCHRÖDER 2004). The relatively common H/D-ratio values of 20, 30 and 40 (Height [total length] / Diameter) were applied to the crown parts. As an example the table is shown with the H/D-ratio of 40. All tables can be downloaded from internet under www.demetra.net . 80 International Congress on The Trees of History Table for the Dimension of Break-Protections Example: H/D-Ratio:40 Precautionary advice Conditions for the application of the tables must be a generally right angle binding of the break-securing to the tree part to be secured and its securing in 2/3 of the total length. Because not all conditions of a tree or the influence of weather at the particular location can be taken into account, it is recommended to estimate the factors of dimension generously. This means that if in doubt select a higher collapse load than necessary! With regard to the tables, this would result in choosing a lower H/D-ratio.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Montagna Meccanica
    6.000 COPIE DISTRIBUITE GRATUITAMENTE - SE AMI LA MONTAGNA SOSTIENI QUESTA INIZIATIVA STUDIO VETERINARIO SANT’ANTONIO STUDIO VETERINARIO SANT’ANTONIO Dott.ssa Annachiara Zini tel. 347 6897849 VIA RISORGIMENTO, 208 - MARESCA ANNO I - N°2 - Settembre/Dicembre 2014 PERIODICO QUADRIMESTRALE DI CULTURA, STORIA E SOCIETÀ NELLA MONTAGNA PISTOIESE COPIA OMAGGIO Edito da Associazione culturale Amo la Montagna - Presidente Maurizio Ferrari - Direttore responsabile Paolo Vannini - Progetto grafico, impaginazione e direzione artistica Antonio Zini Registrazione Tribunale di Pistoia N° 8 del 13/11/2014 - [email protected] - Seguici anche su EDITORIALE di MAURIZIO FERRARI pag. 6 - ECONOMIA E SVILUPPO ’è un filo rosso che lega molti degli articoli presenti in que- sto numero de “La Voce della montagna”: è la mole di osta- coliC burocratici che, sommata alle difficoltà oggettive, toglie energia e entusia- smo a imprenditori e volontari che operano sul nostro territorio. Purtuttavia l’attaccamento alle radici, la voglia di opporre alla crisi dilagante delle proposte creative e innovative, nonché il tentativo di far finalmente rete, indurrebbero a reagire, sulla base degli esempi del passatoLa e dellaVoce forza dellache si ricava Montagna dal vivere, nonostante tutto, tra questi monti. La lettura dei testi proposti nella prima parte della rivista vuole quindi richiamare ad una riflessione collettiva anche Enti e Istituzioni affinché sostengano la voglia di risveglio e di sviluppo delle aziende e delle associazioni. La seconda parte di questa terza uscita dedica, come già era accaduto nei numeri precedenti, ampio spazio ad eccellenze di varia natura che contraddi- stinguono il nostro territorio; eccellenze paesaggistico-ambientali, storiche e sociali che lo valorizzano e in molti casi lo rendono unico, spesso purtroppo all’insaputa di molti di noi.
    [Show full text]
  • Pipistrelli Layout 1
    MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE E DELLA TUTELA ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DEL TERRITORIO E DEL MARE PER LA PROTEZIONE E DIREZIONE GENERALE PER LA PROTEZIONE LA RICERCA AMBIENTALE DELLA NATURA E DEL MARE P. Agnelli, D. Russo, A. Martinoli (Editors) Guidelines for the conservation of bats in buildings and the resolution of related conflicts 2010 QUADERNI DI CONSERVAZIONE DELLA NATURA ISSUE 28 BIS SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISION Guido Tosi COORDINATION Adriano Martinoli IN COLLABORATION WITH Mara Calvini, Luca Cistrone, Elisabetta de Carli, Gianna Dondini, Felice Farina, Damiano G. Preatoni, Maddalena Scoccianti, Maria Tiziana Serangeli, Martina Spada, Cristiano Spilinga, Roberto Toffoli, Simone Vergari EDITING Martina Spada TRANSLATION FROM ITALIAN AND EDITORIAL REVISION Danilo Russo, Nancy Jennings Recommended citation: Agnelli P., Russo D., Martinoli M. (Eds), 2010. Guidelines for the Conservation of bats in buildings and the resolution of related conflicts. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Gruppo Italiano Ricerca Chirotteri e Università degli Studi dell’Insubria. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any form (electronic, electric, chemical, mechanical, optical, photostatic) or by any means without the prior permission of the Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare. Selling is prohibited. This publication is distributed free of charge by the Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors are especially grateful to the General Direction for the Protection of Nature and Sea of the Ministry for the Environment and the Protection of Land and Sea, particularly Felice Cappelluti and Luisa Farina, for the support provided during the activities and the useful suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Bulletin 20 17 1 - Quarter Quarter 1
    quarter 1 - 2017 Statistical Bulletin quarter 1 Statistical Bulletin Statistical publications and distribution options Statistical publications and distribution options The Bank of Italy publishes a quarterly statistical bulletin and a series of reports (most of which are monthly). The statistical information is available on the Bank’s website (www.bancaditalia.it, in the Statistical section) in pdf format and in the BDS on-line. The pdf version of the Bulletin is static in the sense that it contains the information available at the time of publication; by contrast the on-line edition is dynamic in the sense that with each update the published data are revised on the basis of any amendments received in the meantime. On the Internet the information is available in both Italian and English. Further details can be found on the Internet in the Statistics section referred to above. Requests for clarifications concerning data contained in this publication can be sent by e-mail to [email protected]. The source must be cited in any use or dissemination of the information contained in the publications. The Bank of Italy is not responsible for any errors of interpretation of mistaken conclusions drawn on the basis of the information published. Director: GRAZIA MARCHESE For the electronic version: registration with the Court of Rome No. 23, 25 January 2008 ISSN 2281-4671 (on line) Notice to readers Notice to readers I.The appendix contains methodological notes with general information on the statistical data and the sources form which they are drawn. More specific notes regarding individual tables are given at the foot of the tables themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Table" in the Chinese Lodge of Palermo
    Proceedings of 2015 IFToMM Workshop on History of Mechanism and Machine Science May 26-28, 2015, St-Petersburg, Russia The "Mathematical Table" in the Chinese Lodge of Palermo Francesco Sorge DICGIM, Polytechnic School, University of Palermo, Italy e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The end of the 18 th century sees the decline of the late tout seul et comme par enchantement. Au signal, le parquet baroque and rococo in the decorative arts and the origin of the s'ouvre: la table, toute dressée et chargée des mets, sort, neoclassic essentiality. Nonetheless, the spirit of competition accompagnée de quatre servants ou postillon également among the members of the European courts and of the aristocracy garnis. A chaque service, le milieu disparaît: il ne reste in erecting magnificent residences inside spectacular parks, full que le pourtour où sont les assiettes; une rose en métal, of astonishing pieces of furniture, is still alive and floods of money are spent without restraint. In this very period, a new ménagée dans l'épaisseur du cercle, étende ses feuilles et curious type of dining table makes its appearance in the cache le vide. La partie qui est descendue s'arrête au aristocratic dwelling houses and precisely in the hunting lodge of rez-de-chaussée ou on la couvre de nouveau. Le repas fini, the Bourbon Court close to the city of Palermo in Sicily: the table et postillons s'enfoncent dans le sol, les feuilles de "Mathematical Table". This name is due to the fantasy of its parquet reprennent leur place et se rejoignent si designer, architect Venanzio Marvuglia, who probably wished to exactement que il faut les avoir vu s'ouvrir pour croire hint at the particular technical nature of the table.
    [Show full text]
  • LA CASINA CINESE Nel Regio Parco Della Favorita Di Palermo
    LA CASINA CINESE nel regio Parco della Favorita di Palermo a cura di Giulia Davì Eliana Mauro Itinerari dei beni culturali LA CASINA CINESE nel regio Parco della Favorita di Palermo a cura di Giulia Davì Eliana Mauro I curatori ringraziano tutti coloro che, nel corso degli anni, hanno partecipato alla realizzazione del restauro globale della Casina Cinese, i Direttori scientifici, i Direttori di cantiere, i coordinatori scientifici, i restauratori, gli operai edili che di volta in volta hanno dedicato il loro tempo alla cura della Casina Cinese; soltanto attraverso il contributo specialistico di tutti, e attraverso la loro evidente passione, è stato possibile pervenire a risultati di conservazione che ancora oggi è possibile osservare. Un ringraziamento particolare va a Giuseppe Grado, già Dirigente Generale dei Beni Culturali, per avere sempre sostenuto il progetto e avere acceso i finanziamenti necessari, e con lui a Giusy Pollara, imprenditrice, con la quale ha avuto inizio l’avventura del restauro della Casina Cinese; si ricorda, inoltre, Carmela Angela Di Stefano, già Soprintendente per i Beni Culturali di Palermo, per il sostegno incondizionato. Si ringraziano inoltre, per l’aiuto e la spontanea collaborazione forniti nelle diverse occasioni e nel corso dei diversi anni: il personale del Museo Etnografico Giuseppe Pitrè di Palermo e i direttori succedutisi, Giuseppina Mistretta ed Eliana Calandra, insieme all’amorevole custode della Casina Cinese, Benedetto Costa, e infine a Giuseppe Ciraulo (al quale si deve la segnalazione della riproduzione della nave di Nelson rinvenuta sotto l’intonaco nelle scuderie del Museo) il personale dell’Archivio di Stato di Palermo lo staff dei fotografi della Soprintendenza Regionale dei Beni Culturali di Palermo e, in particolare, Filippo Crisanti l’Accademia di Belle Arti di Palermo, in particolare Claudia Alliata e gli allievi del suo corso.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Florence Actual Mobility Context
    Present Mobility Situation City of Florence City of Florence Actual Mobility Context Information about the city. Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with about 370.000 inhabitants Tourism is, by far, the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city. However, Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy, where industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods, rubber goods, chemicals, and food. Traditional and local products, such as antiques, handcrafts, jewelry, shoes, accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florence economy. The city income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests, such as annual fairs, festivals and fashion shows. Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income. Florence and its surroundings are the typical European metropolitan area characterized by a strong commuting with about 540,000 city users and about 370'000 residents. The City of Florence covers a relatively small area (just over 100 km 2) compared to a metropolitan area that includes 20 surrounding municipalities with about 970,000 residents. The mobility of the area is characterized by approximately 690,000 daily movements of which 480,000 in the morning . The characteristic of the mobility. The city is located on the North-South axis of Italy, so it is touched by the most relevant infrastructural and transport networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Pistoiese Definitivo
    Regione Toscana Giunta regionale Principali interventi regionali a favore della zona pistoiese Anni 2015-2017 Abetone Cutigliano Agliana Marliana Montale PISTOIA Quarrata Sambuca Pistoiese San Marcello Piteglio Serravalle Pistoiese Direzione Programmazione e bilancio Settore Controllo strategico e di gestione Giugno 2018 INDICE RILANCIO DELLA COMPETITIVITÀ ECONOMICA ........................................................................... 3 Sviluppo dell’economia, industria e artigianato............................................................ 3 Turismo, commercio e terme ..................................................................................... 4 Agricoltura, territorio rurale, caccia e pesca ................................................................ 4 SVILUPPO DEL CAPITALE UMANO ........................................................................................... 5 Istruzione, formazione e lavoro.................................................................................. 5 Cultura..................................................................................................................... 6 DIRITTI DI CITTADINANZA E COESIONE SOCIALE........................................................................ 7 Strutture e organizzazione del sistema sanitario.......................................................... 7 Sistema, strutture e servizi sociali .............................................................................. 8 TUTELA DELL ’AMBIENTE E QUALITÀ DEL TERRITORIO .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • La Ferrovia Pracchia - La Lima Nei Documenti Del Fondo Turri (1880-1898), in Il Fondo Turri
    Il Fondo Turri Industria ed imprenditoria sulla Montagna Pistoiese nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento a cura di Simone Fagioli Si presenta qui il testo della relazione di Simone Fagioli, curatore del Fondo Turri (www.fondoturri.org), presentata al convegno Il Fondo Turri. Industria ed imprenditoria sulla Montagna Pistoiese nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento tenutosi a Limestre (PT) l’11 e 12 novembre 2006 sul progetto di collegamento ferroviario tra Pracchia e La Lima, promosso da Vilfredo Pareto nei primi anni ‘80 dell’800 e sviluppato dai Turri sino al 1898, senza tuttavia realizzarlo. Questo progetto, realizzato poi solo nel 1926 dalla Società Metallurgica Italiana, era del tutto sconosciuto e solo con il reperimento del Fondo Turri, importante archivio familiare ed imprenditoriale tra ‘800 e ‘900 è stato possibile colmare questa lacuna storiografica. La ricerca è ancora in corso per cui si fa appello a chi potrebbe conservare ulteriore documentazione su questa vicenda di metterla a disposizione. L’articolo che segue è protetto da copyright, tuttavia questo PDF può essere liberamente diffuso senza però apportarvi nessun tipo di modifica. Dati per citazione bibliografica: Simone Fagioli, La ferrovia Pracchia - La Lima nei documenti del Fondo Turri (1880-1898), in Il Fondo Turri. Industria ed imprenditoria sulla Montagna Pistoiese nella seconda metà dell'Ottocento, a cura di Simone Fagioli, Etruria Editrice, Pistoia 2007, pagg. 63-78. Per contatti ed informazioni: [email protected] Il Fondo Turri Simone Fagioli Questo lavoro tratta di una ferrovia che non esiste, la Pracchia - La Lima, una ferrovia che chi l’ha ideata non ha visto realizzata, neppure nella variante Pracchia - Mammiano, inaugurata quasi cinquanta anni dopo i primi Curatore Fondo Turri progetti, con un tracciato in gran parte simile a quello dei primi abbozzi.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science of Minerals
    Cataloghi e collezioni 9 THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIstORY OF THE UnIVErsITY OF FLOREncE The Mineralogical and Lithological Collections Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze Volume IV Le collezioni mineralogiche e litologiche a cura di | edited by Giovanni Pratesi Comitato Scientifico | Scientific Board Paola Bonazzi, Sandro Conticelli, Piero Manetti, Silvio Menchetti, Giovanni Pratesi, Giuseppe Tanelli Coordinatore della serie | General editor Sandro Rogari Firenze University Press 2012 Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze : Le collezioni mineralogiche e litologiche = The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence. The Mineralogical and Lithological Collections / a cura di Giovanni Pratesi. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2012. (Cataloghi e collezioni ; 9) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866553199 ISBN 978-88-6655-318-2 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-319-9 (online) FOTO DI COPERTINA: Sezione di un cristallo di «tormalina» proveniente FRONT COVER PHOTO: Section of a «tourmaline» crystal from Madagascar. dal Madagascar. IN QUARTA DI COPERTINA: Coppa in diaspro, siglata LAURMED, a indicare che BACK COVER PHOTOS: Jasper cup, signed LAURMED, indicating that it apparteneva alla collezione personale di Lorenzo il Magnifico (XV sec.); belonged to the personal collection of Lorenzo il Magnifico (15th Collezione Ponis: cristalli di zolfo provenienti dalle miniere siciliane; Neck century); Ponis collection: sulphur crystals from Sicilian mines; Phonolitic vulcanico fonolitico di
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Elaboration of Maps for Climatic Actions in Italy
    Elaboration of maps for climatic actions in Italy P. Croce 5 Elaboration of maps for climatic actions in Italy 5.1 Introduction As stated in Foreword of Eurocodes, maps for climatic actions are typical country specific data, to be included in National Annex as Nationally Determined Parameters. According to EN 1990, Sec.4, Clause 4.1.2(7)P, Note 2 “The characteristic value of climatic actions is based upon the probability of 0,02 of its time varying part being exceeded for a reference period of one year. This is equivalent to a mean return period of 50 years for the time-varying part. ” Statistical elaboration of climatic data is a very complex procedure, as it should be adapted to specific features of the climatic region under examination. In effect, aiming to define characteristic values, it is sufficient to analyse the statistics of annual maxima, so focusing on a discrete set, composed by one value per year of observation. In general, typical steps of the procedure are: 1. selection of meteorological stations granting a sufficiently uniform coverage of the country or of the region in terms of area (longitude and latitude) as well as of altitude for the observed climatic variable (basic wind speed, weight or height and density of snow cover, maximum and minimum temperature), provided that the measurements are available for a sufficiently long time interval (30-50 years); 2. definition of the series of annual extreme values for the variable under consideration; 3. adoption of a suitable extreme value distribution, like extreme values type I distribution (Gumbel), GEV distribution, Weibull distribution, 3-parameters log-normal distribution, generalized Pareto distribution, checking a posteriori its aptness to represent the given variable; 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Allegato 11 Patto Per Lo Sviluppo Locale Tra Regione Toscana E
    Allegato 11 Patto per lo sviluppo locale tra Regione Toscana e Provincia di Pistoia L’anno 2007 il giorno...............del mese di....................presso la sede della Regione Toscana, via Cavour 18 a Firenze, tra: - Claudio Martini, Presidente della Regione Toscana, autorizzato alla firma del presente atto giusta deliberazione n.......della Giunta regionale del.......................; - Gianfranco Venturi, Presidente della Provincia di Pistoia autorizzato alla firma del presente atto giusta deliberazione n...........del Consiglio Provinciale del................... PREMESSO - che la L.R. n. 49 del 11 agosto 1999, “Norme in materia di programmazione regionale” e sue successive modifiche e integrazioni prevede, all’articolo 12 bis, la disciplina del Patto per lo sviluppo locale (Pasl) quale strumento ad adesione volontaria, di natura negoziale tra la Regione, gli enti locali, le parti sociali, le associazioni ambientaliste e altri soggetti pubblici e privati, per il coordinamento e l'integrazione delle rispettive determinazioni programmatorie e progettuali - che in data 31 gennaio 2005, tra Regione Toscana e la Provincia di Pistoia, è stato sottoscritto un protocollo d’intesa finalizzato alla individuazione delle Linee strategiche per la sperimentazione di un Patto per lo Sviluppo Locale (PASL); - che la Giunta Regionale, con propria deliberazione n. 223 del 3.4.2006, ha adottato le procedure per l’approvazione dei Patti per lo sviluppo locale, ai sensi dell’art. 12bis della legge regionale n. 49/1999 - che con Risoluzione n. 13 del 19.7.2006 il Consiglio regionale ha approvato il Programma regionale di sviluppo 2006-2010, il quale individua nei 25 Progetti integrati regionali (PIR) le priorità dell’azione della Regione Toscana nell’attuale legislatura.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovering Palermo 6 1
    Contents Background information 2 Geography 2 History 2 Art 3 Handicrafts and traditions 5 Cuisine 5 Discovering Palermo 6 1. Must-see Palermo 6 2. The Kalsa 13 3. From the Cala to the Capo 18 4. From the Albergheria to the Piano della Cattedrale 23 More still... 26 The museums 27 Curious ant theme-based Palermo 28 Villas and Gardens 28 Serpotta’s stuccoes 29 The modern city 30 Tunnels and mysteries 31 Where to eat 32 The old markets 34 Palermo for children 35 Palermo’s seaside resorts 36 The environs 38 • Practical information 40 • Where to stay 43 • Index 48 Key unmissable further information sights and curiosities a detour Background information A necessary part of the Grand Tour undertaken in the 18C and 19C by writers, poets and artists, attracted by the city’s oriental atmosphere and its eclectic and varied sights, Palermo has managed to preserve the fascination of the peoples who lived here: Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and Spaniards all left their imprint on the city’s art and life. Geography Palermo – which, with a population of nearly 700,000, is one of the largest cities in Italy – is located in a beautiful position in the centre of a large bay enclosed by the imposing headland of Monte Pellegrino to the north and Capo Zafferano to the south. Behind it lies a small plain known as Conca d’Oro (Golden Basin) to the fertility of its land where citrus and olive groves thrive. An important feature of the layout of the city’s historic centre is the intersection of Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Via Maqueda, determining the division of the city into four districts, called mandamenti.
    [Show full text]