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Gender Discourse in Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al- Kubra: Deconstructing Ibn Saʽd’S Portrayal of the Model Muslim Woman

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Gender Discourse in Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al- Kubra: Deconstructing Ibn Saʽd’S Portrayal of the Model Muslim Woman The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences GENDER DISCOURSE IN KITAB AL-TABAQAT AL- KUBRA: DECONSTRUCTING IBN SAʽD’S PORTRAYAL OF THE MODEL MUSLIM WOMAN A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arabic and Islamic Civilizations (ARIC) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By Amira Abou-Taleb Under the supervision of Dr. Amina Elbendary August/2012 The American University in Cairo GENDER DISCOURSE IN KITAB AL-TABAQAT AL- KUBRA: DECONSTRUCTING IBN SAʽD’S PORTRAYAL OF THE MODEL MUSLIM WOMAN A Thesis Submitted by Amira Abou-Taleb To the Department of Arabic and Islamic Civilizations August/2012 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Arts Has been approved by Dr. Amina Elbendary Thesis Committee Advisor____________________________________________ Assistant Professor of Arab and Islamic Civilizations _______________________ Dr. Mohamad Serag Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Professor of Islamic Studies____________________________________________ Dr. Huda Lutfi Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Associate Professor Emeritus of History__________________________________ __________________ __________ __________________ ____________ Dept. Chair Date Dean of HUSS Date ii DEDICATION To my dad for being fair, compassionate, and logical. Always. And to my mom who sees the beauty in daylight and the trees. Everyday. This work is dedicated to such a delightful fusion; one I strive to uncover in Islam iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Hanny’s love Elbendary’s perfectionism Serag’s wisdom Lutfi’s uniqueness Mehrez’s “deconstructive” skills ARIC’s existence Marwa Sabri’s smile Mary Assel’s spark Mona Tolba’s belief Yasmin Amin’s idea Hoda el-Saadi’s help Lila’s compassion Sara’s reliability Hana’s independence Suni’s sisterhood And The Ladies of the Blue manuscript’s dreams I THANK YOU iv ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of Ibn Saʽd’s (d. 230/845) historical context on his portrayal of the women of the Prohetic household in Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra (KTK). The KTK stands as the oldest, extant version of a biographical dictionary of the early Muslim community and has been canonized as an authority on the lives of individuals who are perceived as the exemplary model (al-salaf al-ṣaliḥ) for later Muslims generations. As critical historiography suggests a strong link between a historical narrative and the socio-political context in which it was created, the two hundred year gap between the time of authorship of the KTK and the period which it narrates could have had a significant impact on the author’s discourse. Especially that the work was authored during the vibrant ʽAbbasid period of Harun al-Rashid and al-Maʾmun ; a time that witnessed the production of the Sunni intellectual narratives of hadith collections, schools of jurisprudence (fiqh), as well as major historical annals. Gender representation is a particularly intriguing area of examination; therefore, this study identifies and analyzes main themes and topoi in Ibn Saʽd’s portrayal of prominent women (the Prophet’s wives and daughters) in relation to the local traditions in Iraq and developing fiqh legislation. The themes are compared to Ibn Sa’d’s presentation of other “common” women as well as to prominent men and gauged against biographical works by other authors to assess how such women were presented differently. The findings echo the fusion of sira, hadith, and local regional traditions which, combined, present the tenets of a power discourse advancing the call of a patriarchal ʽAbbasid Imperial project as the guardian of the Sunni doctrine of the time. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Theory and Historical Background ............................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 I. Theory and Historiography ................................................................................... 2 A. Deconstruction Theory: .............................................................................. 2 B. Gender Theory: .......................................................................................... 4 C. Muslim Historiography: ............................................................................. 5 D. Historiography of Muslim Women: ............................................................ 7 II. Historical Background – The ʽAbbasid Caliphate .................................................... 9 A. ʽAbbasid Discourse, Harun al-Rashid and al-Maʼmun: ............................... 9 B. The Growing Power of the ʽUlamaʼ: ........................................................ 13 III. Ibn Saʽd and his Context ...................................................................................... 16 A. Muhammad Ibn Saʽd: ............................................................................... 16 B. His Mentors and Patronage: ...................................................................... 17 C. Mawalī and the Shuʽūbiyya Movement: .................................................... 21 D. Popular and Court Culture: ....................................................................... 22 IV. The Ṭabaqāt Genre .............................................................................................. 23 A. Origins: ..................................................................................................... 23 B. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra (The KTK): ..................................................... 25 C. Existing KTK Research: ............................................................................. 28 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 30 Chapter Two: The “Model” Muslim Woman in the KTK -Themes and Topoi ............... 33 Introduction: .............................................................................................................. 33 I. Themes ............................................................................................................... 39 A. Marriage: ................................................................................................. 39 B. Female Segregation and Concealment: ..................................................... 49 C. Funeral Rituals: ........................................................................................ 60 D. Physical Beauty: ....................................................................................... 66 E. Jealousy: .................................................................................................. 70 vi F. Asceticism: .............................................................................................. 75 II. Topoi .................................................................................................................. 81 A. Qurʼanic Interjections: ............................................................................. 81 B. Barakāt: ................................................................................................... 85 C. Dreams:.................................................................................................... 88 III. The Alternate Images of Umm Salama and ʽAisha: ............................................. 91 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 96 Chapter Three: The “Model” Man in the KTK ........................................................... 100 Introduction: ............................................................................................................ 100 I. Structure: .......................................................................................................... 102 II. Main Themes: ................................................................................................... 105 A. Courage and Bravery: ............................................................................. 105 B. Fairness: ................................................................................................. 108 C. Death and Martyrdom: ........................................................................... 111 D. Special Companions of the Prophet: ....................................................... 114 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 119 Chapter Four: Counter Narratives - Common Women versus Women of the Prophetic Household ................................................................................................................... 124 Introduction: ............................................................................................................ 124 I. Structure: .......................................................................................................... 126 II. The “Typical” Entry: ........................................................................................ 128 III. Concepts Unique to the “Common Women’s” Entries ...................................... 130 A. Courage and Battle Participation: ........................................................... 130 B. Integration not Segregation: .................................................................... 133 C. Character Strength: .................................................................................
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