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The State of Disaster Risk Reduction in Iraq

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The State of Disaster Risk Reduction in Iraq THE STATE OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN IRAQ EARL JAMES GOODYEAR, PH.D. DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT August 5, 2009 “While we cannot prevent natural phenomena such as earthquakes and cyclones, we can limit their impacts. The scale of any disaster is linked closely to past decisions taken by citizens and governments – or the absence of such decisions. Pre‐emptive risk reduction is the key. Sound response mechanisms after the event, however effective, are never enough.” BAN KI‐MOON SECRETARY‐GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS Table of Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Section I: Situation Analysis ……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6 Introduction.…........................................................................................................................................................6 Disaster Management in Iraq...............................................................................................................................12 Hazards, Vulnerabilities and Capacities…............................................................................................................13 Disaster Preparedness, Response and Recovery................................................................................................33 Section II: Accomplishments and Challenges ...........................................................................................................................................................................37 A. National Capacities...........................................................................................................................................37 United Nations/Donor Support for Disaster Risk Reduction…………………………………...................................45 Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction Into Development........................................................................................50 Development of a National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction.........................................................................52 Partnerships, Public Participation and Communities ...........................................................................................54 B. Risk Identification............................................................................................................................................55 National Risk Assessments…..……………...........................................................................................................57 Emerging Risks – Climate Change and Conflict.……….......................................................................................57 Early Warning….…………....................................................................................................................................61 C. Knowledge Management and Education….....................................................................................................63 Information Management and Exchange ….........................................................................................................63 Enabling Mechanisms...........................................................................................................................................65 D. Reducing Underlying Risk Factors...................................................................................................................67 Creating an Enabling Environment…………………..…….....................................................................................67 E. Preparedness For Effective Response and Recovery ……………….…………………………………………….69 Tools for Integrating Risk Reduction Into Development Planning …….……………………………………………..69 Section III: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………74 Accomplishments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...75 Gaps and Challenges …………………………………………………………………………………………………………75 Annexes Composition of the Assessment Team ………………………………………………………………………..80 List of Persons Interviewed …………………………………………………………………………………….81 Documentation List for the UNDP/OCHA DRR Consultancy………………………………………………..89 Maps: 1. Drought Map 2008-2009 2. Drought Map 2007-2008 3. Minefield Contamination vs. Crop Cover 4. Minefield Contamination vs. Oil and Gas Fields Tables: 1. Paradigm Shifts from Relief and Response to Disaster Risk Management 2. What Does Disaster Risk Reduction Look Like? 3. Top Ten Natural Disasters in Iraq for the Period 1900-2009 Sorted by Number of People Affected, Killed and Economic Damage 4. Ten Top Technological Disasters in Iraq for the Period 1900-2009 Sorted by the Number of People Affected and Killed. 5. Hazards Identification by Governorates 6. The Enabling Environment Charts: 1. Structure of the Central Government of Iraq 2. The Impact of Natural and Man-Made Disasters: Two Possible Roads Ahead LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS MoCH Ministry of Construction and Housing CAC Crisis Action Cell MoDM Ministry of Displaced and Migrants CAP Consolidated Appeal Process MoE Ministry of Education CBO Community-Based Organization MoEnv Ministry of Environment CCA Common Country Assessment MoH Ministry of Health CCCS Coordination and Command Crisis Structure MoHESR Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research CERF Central Emergency Response Fund MoI Ministry of Interior CFSVA Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis MoLSA Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs CHAP Common Humanitarian Action Plan MoMPW Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works CHF Cooperative Housing Foundation MOPDC Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation COSIT Central Organization for Statistics and Information MoST Ministry of Science and Technology Technology MoT Ministry of Trade CSO Civil Society Organization MoTA Ministry of Transport DDG Danish Demining Group MoWR Ministry of Water Resources DOS Department of Statistics MNF-I Multi National Forces - Iraq DPT 3 Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus 3 vaccine MoU Memorandum of Understanding DRC Danish Refugee Council NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action DSRSG Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General NCA Norwegian Church Aid EC European Commission NCCI NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq EMIS Education Management Information System NDS National Development Strategy EMRO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office NFE Non-formal Education EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization NFIs Non-Food Items ERF Emergency Response Fund NGO Non-Governmental Organization ERW Explosive Remnants of War NRC Norwegian Refugee Council EU European Union OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs EVI Extremely Vulnerable Iraqis OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights FAO Food and Agriculture Organization PA P Participatory Assessment FHH Female-Headed Household PAC Protection Assistant Centre FSVA Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis PDS Public Distribution System FTS Financial Tracking Service PFDM Post Food Distribution Monitoring GBV Gender-Based Violence PHC Primary Health Care GEC Governorate Emergency Cells PIN People in Need GEF Global Emergency Fund PJAK Partî Bo Jîyanî Azadî la Kurdistan (Party for a Free Life in GIS Geographic Information System Kurdistan) GoI Government of Iraq PKK Parti Karkaren Kurdistan( Kurdistan Workers Party) HC Humanitarian Coordinator POT Protection Outcome Team HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Country PRM Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration HR Human Rights RBM Results Based Management HRD Humanitarian Reconstruction and Development RC Resident Coordinator HRDF Human Rights Democracy Fund RI Relief International HRDU Human Rights Documentation Unit SCR 1170 Security Council Resolution 1770 HRO Human Rights Office GBV Sexual and Gender-Based Violence IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee SOT Sector Outcome Team IAU Inter-Agency Information and Analysis Unit SRM Summary Results Matrix ICI International Compact with Iraq ToT Training of Trainer ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq IDP Internally Displaced Person UNCT United Nations Country Team IFRC The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework Societies UNDG United Nations Development Group ILO International Labor Organization UNDP United Nations Development Programme IMC International Medical Corps UNEP United Nations Environment Programme INP Iraq National Police UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural INEE Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies Organization IOM International Organization for Migration UNFPA United Nations Population Fund IR Islamic Relief UNHABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme IRC International Rescue Committee UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees IRCS Iraqi Red Crescent Society UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund ISF Iraqi Security Forces UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization ITF Iraq Trust Fund US United States KRG Kurdistan Regional Government VAM Vulnerability Analysis Mapping MCH Maternal and Child Health WFP World Food Programme (UN) MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey WHO World Health Organization (UN) MoMP Ministry of Municipalities (KRG) UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women MoA Ministry of Agriculture UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Servic MoC Ministry of Culture EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. In the 1980’s, Iraq was widely regarded as the most developed nation in the Middle East. Iraq was noted for its health
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