va®aea wi air- tf<
ti
+f' 1>
t }
r Profile: Tigris/Euphrates River Basins
it III
4
M
.1 I J CEWRC-IWR-P 29 May 91
Tigris-Euphrates Basin
Summary
*Projects in Turkey, Syria, and Iraq are expected to greatly reduce both Euphrates and Tigris stream flows and reduce water quality
*Already Syria claims Tabqa Damhydropowerplants are operating at only 10%capacitybecause ofAtaturk filling
*Estimates of depletion vary; one estimate is for approx. 50 % depletion of Euphrates flowsby Turkey and almost a 30 % depletionby Syria(given completionofTurkey's Gap project and projected Syrian withdrawals); the most likely date for completion of all projects (if at all) is 2040; in the 1960s, Iraq withdrew an average of about 50 % of Euphrates flows
*One estimate of projected Euphrates depletions for the year 2000 is 20 % each by Turkey and Syria
*Syria and Iraq may be especially affected by reduced flow during low flow years
*Of more immediate concern than possible long-term reduction in flow quantity is increased pollution of inflows to Lake Assad on the Euphrates (main water supply source for Aleppo) and to the Khabur River (both in Syria) owing to irrigation return flows; both areas plan for greater use of those waters
*Quality of Euphrates flows into Iraq will also beaffected
*Iraq has constructed Tigris-Euphrates Outfall Drain to drain irrigation water into Shatt al-Basra and Gulf
*Most water withdrawals within the basin are forirrigation;Turkey,Syria,and Iraq all are attempting to expand irrigation programs
*Recent projected demands for water withdrawals for Iraq were not available for this study. If some of the projected demands (made in late 1970s) for agricultural use are still valid, there will be massive shortfalls along both the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers upon completion of the Turkish GAP projects.
*The Tigris River is less susceptible to Turkish demands because of the substantial tributary inflows.
EuphratesTigris *However, duringyears ofmodest of lesser flows, water needs for much of Iraq's irrigation will not be met, given implementation of all Tigris GAP projects. % basin Turkey: 29% 12 Syria: 17 0.2 Description Iraq: 40 54 other. 15 34 *The Tigris and Euphrates both flow from headwaters inTurkey;they join to form Shatt% runoff Al-Arab about200 km (river kilometers)from Persian Gulf Turkey: 88-98 40 2-12 *Tigrishas several major tributaries draining Zagros Mtns along Iraq-Iran border Syria: Iraq: 0 51 other. 9 Climate
*Precipitation mostly inwinter,much assnowfall,and most in mountainsof Turkeyand Zagros Mountains *Average annual precipitation varies from less than 100 mm in muchof Iraq to 1000-1600mm or more in the high mountainheadwaters
Hvdroloffy
*Average annual runoff exceeds80,000MCM/yr, the Euphrates generates about33,000 MCM/yr,the Tigris about20,500 MCM;the Tigris tributaries almost29,000 MCM , *Most flow from winter rains and spring snowmelt(50% offlows during 2 months); lowest flows are in late summer toearlyfall (September-October); Euphrates mean monthly low flow about 1/6th of mean monthly high flow CEWRC-IWR-P 29 May 91
*Flow varies markedly year-to-year, low record flows (since 1920s) are lessthan 1/3average annual *Lowest flow on record (atHit, Iraq) was 94cms (about1/10th averageannual discharge) *The Tigris, during floods, can carry a 20,000 ppm silt load (5x Nile flood load); only a tenth carried past Baghdad reaches the Persian Gulf
Water Quality *Headwaters are generally high quality, but lower Euphrates (and Shatt al-Arab) is prone to salination *Sixty-eights % of Iraq's irrigated lands areaffected by salinityproblems
Population *Iraq has greatest population within basin (15,600,000) *All three countries have growth rates that will doubletheirpopulation within 35 yrs. *Both rural settlements and urban population are growing, but the cities are growing at a much faster rate *The largestcities inregion are Baghdad (3-4 million pop.) and Mosul (700,000), both on the Tigris; several other citiesexceed300,000population along the Euphrates; Aleppo is the largestSyriancity inthe vicinity of the Euphrates(1,500,000 pop.)
Economy *Much of the population is involvedin agriculture,1/3rd in Syria andIraq, 1/2 in the basin in Turkey
Water Use *Withdrawalsfor irrigationis predominant water use accounting for more than 80% in Syria and Iraq *Euphrates and Tigris(andtributaries) irrigate more than 1 million and 2 million Ha in Iraq,respectively *While Syria and Turkeyhave much lessirrigation,both have ambitious irrigation reclamation programs * As citiesgrow and modernize, per capita consumption is increasing, e.g., Mosul, Iraq is projected to increase from230 liters/capita/day to 330 l/c/d (1974 to 2000) * Iran's most expensive urban water supply project is probably Baghdad's $6.6 millionintegratedsupply and sanitationprogram;the city's population is expected to increase to 5.5 million by the year 2000 *Iraq's urban population is supplied mainly from surface waters
Water Development Plans *All three countries have programs that call for increased water use Turkey * SoutheastAnatolia Project (GAP) has hydropowerand irrigation works underway.GAP doesnot include Keban Dam(compl 1974) * GAP (13projects) will irrigate about 1 million hectares in both theTigrisand Euphrates basins *With completion of Karakaya(compl1987) and Ataturk (1990), the three upstream dams (Keban included) have almost90,000 MCM storage (approx 42,000 MCMlive storage), more than 2.5 X average annual Euphrates flow; smaller dams are also underway, on the main stem and on tributaries * Tigrisdams and projects are on longerschedule forcompletion; no dams in place yet * GAP will boost Turkey's total electric supply by80%, important since it is oil poor Syria *Tabqa Dam (a.k.a. EuphratesDam,Al-Thawra) impoundsLakeAssad and is centerpiece of its power supply and source for a hoped-for vast reclamation program for irrigation * Aleppodepends onLake Assad formunicipal, industrial and irrigation needs(200 k Ha projected) *Initial plans werefor 600kHa irrigated, but after more than a decade, the projected outputs have been scale wayback; gypsum soils easily taken into solution from canal seepage, among other problems * Irrigationplans nowcall for 200-300 kHa(includingKhabur Riverdevelopment) and offstream projects; more dams are planned on theKhabur forirrigating50 to 140 kHa Iraq * A storage construction and irrigation improvement program is underway *Several dams have been constructed on both the Tigris (and tributaries) and Euphrates in the last 10 years, for hydropower, flood flow regulation, and irrigation *In 1974, Iraq started a program to line its irrigation channels and networks and apply modem irrigation techniques; the 1980s saw first substantial expansion of their irrigation system
2 CEWRC-IWR-P 29 May 91
* A very important feature is a linkage of the Tigris to the Euphrates (via the Tharthar depression and canal), to alleviate expected shortages on the Euphrates, to alleviate flooding along its most intensely irrigated lands, and to drain salts from the region in between the two rivers *In addition, Iraq has constructed the Main Outfall Drain, 500 km long to drain about 2 million hectares of irrigation waters; the drain empties into the Shatt al-Basra
Projected Water Use *All three countries project increased water withdrawals commensurate with their urban development, population growth, and increased irrigation development and hydropower (especially Syria and Turkey) * Manyfutureprojectionsfor withdrawals show substantial depletion, especially in the Euphrates; full developmentof GAP andmodest developmentofSyria's plans indicate that Iraq will be hard hit to meet its own irrigation needs on the Euphrates *While the Tigris is thought to have more water and be less susceptible to depletions, full development of water projects will impact the Tigris *Both Syria and Iraq likely will not be able to meet their needs during low flow years, (unless upstream reservoir carryoverstorage is released) * Approximately 10%of Euphrates annual flows will be lost via evaporation from Turkish reservoirs alone; Euphrates basin irrigationin Turkeymay consume another30 to 40% when allprojectcome on line *While full impactsof water quantitydepletion may not befeltfor some time,water quality impacts likely are close at hand; in the future, total agricultural return flows may account for more than1/2 of flows to Iraq via the Euphrates *Iraq's problemwith already saltywaterswill only by furtherexacerbated, and they have spent much to increasetheir irrigatedagricultural output through developing drainage systems *The Khabur River (Syria) will be heavily inundated with irrigation return flows, originally diverted off- stream from Ataturk to the Urfa-Harran-Mardin Plain; this area is the upper watershed for the Khabur and Belikh Rivers; irrigation return flows may rival natural stream flow, even during "normal"runoff years; and, Syria has plans to intensively irrigate thisarea(known as the High Jezira)
Competition for Water *Syria and Iraq have not agreed to Turkey's minimum flow (500 cms) suggestions *Syria believes Ataturk will cut Euphrates flow by 2/3 *Syria and Iraq consider the Euphrates River to be "international" while Turkey points to the "transboundary" nature of the river *Iraq and Syria almost clashed in 1975 when both Keban and Tabqa dams filled coincidentally, virtually cutting off Euphrates flows.
Recent Efforts to Resolve Conflict * 1980 - Establishment of a tri-national Joint Technical Committee (JTC) for information exchange and to seek ways for more "rational and optimal usage" *1987, June 17 - Joint Economic Commission (JEC) Meeting in Damascus: Turkey agreed to increase flow to 500 cms. (450 cms prior) * 1990, Feb 6-12 - JECmeeting in Baghdad: Iraq demanded "formalization of sharing" of Euphrates waters *1990, April 16 - Iraq & Syria signed bilateral agreement for sharing Euphrates waters at 42%/58% *1990, May 6-7 - Joint Economic Commission (JEC) Meeting in Baghdad: Iraq demanded increase in flow to 700cms; Turkey invited both Iraq & Syria to June water summit at Ankara * 1990, June 26-27 - Water Summit of Turkish, Iraqi and Syrian ministers in Ankara ended without any consensus; against Syrian-Iraqi demand for 700 cms, Turkey would not agree to an increase, except during certain critical periods and subject to maintaining 500 cms as an average
3 CEWRC-IWR-P 29 May 91
Other issues, comments, and questions
1.1988-1989 water year was driest during the last half century; deficiency in natural flow was made up from Keban and Karakaya Reservoirs, protecting Syria and Iraq from consequences of the drought.Thus Turkey maintains that the reservoirs will regulate flows and reduce flooding risks.
2.Syria and Iraq have complained about receiving "clear" flows from Turkish Dams.
3.Diverting substantial flows for irrigation, such as at Haditha Dam, Iraq could affect the fish stock production process. Dams will block spawning passage. Fishery losses will be very considerable. Fishing, is important locally along the Euphrates As of 1979, there were no plans for fish passing facilities.
4.Syria claimsthat Tabqa Dam hydropowerplants are operatingat only 10% capacitybecauseof reduced releases while Ataturk fills. Ataturkbeganfilling in January1990, and is now lessthan25%filled
5.Iraq may already be experiencing substantially reduced flows on the Tigris(personal communication) because of their owndam construction (e.g, Saddam Dam upstreamof Mosul).
6. While information about Turkish and Syrian plans for agricultural expansion (e.g., hectares to be irrigated) is generally available, overview information about Iraqi plans to use water for irrigation is much less available. Projected estimates vary substantially.
4 4
-Water Pro je end Gulf + Yr+ rx f
- xlstingSumm Din. Na=Existing Name Under truction Planning Stage (incomplete list) not to scale Tigris-EuphratesRiverBasins: Upper Tigris Schematic Map of Water Distribution (Apprommate average annual flows (BC,M)) Projected Year Post 2000
Total Evaporation
Kralkizi - Dicle Dam Batman Dam7
Batrnan -Silvan Dam
arzanG 1 1, -o------Dam
Ilusu Dam
Total 8.4 Irrig 600 kHa .aaaaoano/aauo00 Legend
a Dam Awrap annual flow OA ((un etum 10M, in (BCM ------Under construction Turkey resew storage, BCM -____- Proposed Dam. storage, BCM Syria Total reservoir evaporation Proposed Diversions.. BC M Tigris-EuphratesRiver Basins:Lower basin, Iraq Schematic Map of Water Distribution (Approximate average annual flows (BCM)) Projected YearPost 2000
Euphrates Tigris
32.7 18.5 Syria (6.7) Turkey
2.0 Iraq Inflows I 0.6 Evaporaon Saddam Haditha Dam Dam
Irrig 'ta Total 28.7 (4. Warrar Canal 1.1 RF Tributaries IN Inflow Barrage Tharthar Samara Canal Barrage Al 4.9 Int 3.6 RF TM Res. Evapomdon C
3.5Mal 1.8RF
17.0 8.8 Kut Barrage 22RF RF 4.3 MEMEMO
1327 49.2 L (43.4) (39.5)
Legend. 6.5 Basra Ira w-. nshnr Saw FSharr Iran (unr caned wove, in KM 1.9 al-Arab Karun River 15.5 07 Dem, reservoir seora88 004 140 0.5 idea RwMYi rwspOMdM004 I -8T.4- s- I 6dstlrg dvenlorrs PersianGulf (84.3)
CEWRC-IWR-P 18 April 91
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN WATER DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY
Water Availability (MCM), Year 2000+ Withdrawals (MCM), Year 2000+
Average Available Historic low flow (Agricultural, domestic and industrial Annual Return flows withdrawals, plus reservoir evaporation)
Euphrates 32,700 10,200 10,330 54,500
Turkey (24,300) Syria (12,600) Iraq (17,600)
Tigris 49,200 9,800 49,900
Turkey (9,500) Iraq (40,400)
Total Above Shaft al-Arab 81,900 20,000 * ? 104,500
Shaft al-Arab 97,400
* Does not include Main Outfall Drain (6,500 MCM/yr) and returns from Tharthar diversions)
Sources (%) [Present (year ?), Projected 20001 Uses (%)
Ground ISurface IDesalination Other Industry Agriculture Domestic
Pres Proj Pres Proj Pres Proj Pros Proj Pres Proj Pres Proj Pres Proj
Turkey
Syria 17 83 0 0 0 0 <6 94 <6
Iraq 2 98 0 0 5 92 3 TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN WATER DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY
Pro-water projects Projected (Year 2000+)
(in MCM/yr) Avg. Low Flow (30- Avg. Available Low flow Avail. Annual 40yrs record) Annual (Shortfall) (Shortfall)
Euphrates: Flows to Keban Reservoir 20,000
Turkey:Turkish withdrawals (reservoir evaporation & irrigation withdrawals (1,100kHa)): - 24,300 Irrigation return flows directly to Euphrates: + 2,800 Subtotal: net withdrawals in Turkey: 21,500
Euphrates flows to Syria 28,200 12,600 6,700 #+8,Qf3t)
Syria: Tributary inflows: + 4,500 Irrigation return flows from Turkish projects: + 4,600 Syrian withdrawals (reservoir evaporation & irrigation withdrawals (430,000kHa)): -12,600 Syrian irrigation return flows: + 3,700
Euphrates flows to Iraq 32,700 10,330 6,900 fi,(#)
Inflows of Tharthar diversion from Tigris assume ? no diversion
Iraqi withdrawals (reserv. evap. & Irrig. withdrawals (1,55OkHa) -17,000 -17,600 ,:.!F `( 70E> >: ^,,......
Irrigation return flows (assume discharge to Main Outfall Drain) + 4,300
Tigris:
Turkey: Runoff inTurkey: 18,500 18,500 Turkish withdrawals (reservoir evaporation & irrigation withdrawals (600kHa): - 9,500 Irrigation return flows: + 2,800 Subtotal: net Turkish withdrawals: - 6,700
Tigris flow to Iraq 18,500 11,800
Inflows - downstream to Mosul +2,000 + 2,000 13,800
Flow at Mosul 20,500 est. 6,900
Tributaryinflow (Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, Adhaim, Diyala) 28,700 + 28,700 42,500
Irrigation withdrawals (tributaries& Upper Tigristo Baghdad) -23,400 - 23,400 19,100
Diversion to Euphrates via Tharthar Canal assume no diversion
Irrigation return flows (tributaries& Upper Tigristo Baghdad) +6,000 + 6,000 25,100
Irrigation withdrawals (downstream from Baghdad) -8,600 - 8,600 16,500
Total M&I unreturned (withdrawals minus returns) -1,200 - 1,900 14,600
Total reservoir evaporation losses - 4,900 9,700
Irrigation return flows discharged to Main Outfall Drain 2,200
Estimated net flow to Shatt al-Arab 9,700
Shaft al-Arab flow (total Tigris & Euphrates inflows) & Karun 14,500 0
Total Main OutfallDrain(Tigris &Euphrates) 6,500
Total return flow (not including Main Outfall Drain) 20,000 CEWRC-IWR-P EUPHRATES BASIN WATER DISTRIBUTION 18 April 91 Pre-water projects Projected (Year 2000+)
Avg. Available Low flow Avail. (in MCM/yr) Avg. Low Flow (30- E Annual 40yrs record) Annual
Totalestimated return flows (excluding Main Outfall&Tharthardiversions) 10,200 Minimum for transport of effluents J 9,200 Total Reservoir storage ( MCM) Total Ground water reserves ( MCM) Sources: Haditha1979 is1 9a2 3/eel19904/ in 1971 nesco1971 _ arrec t Beaumont 1978 2/ Manners & Sagafi-Najad1985 Kolars1990 11 Library of Congress 198112 Kolars & Mitchell, In Press
Summary (given all projects Implemented): Not all project needs can be met, even on an annualized basis, if GAP is fully implemented. Iraq will require diversion from the Tigris via the Tharthar Canal if GAP is fully implemented. During years of modest or lesser flows, both Syria and Iraq annual irrigation needs will not be satisfied Totalagricultural return flows will account for more than one-half of flows to Iraq via the Euphrates During years of modest or low flows, irrigation return flows will account for a large portion of flows downstream The Belikh and Khabur River in Syria will have a large proportion of return flows Hydropowerdemands at Syrian and Iraqi dams will be severely challenged, especially by low flows The very largereservoir storagesIn Turkeyalone are equivalent to 2-3 times the projected agricultural demands of the entireEupphrates basin. Kolars & Mitchell (In Press) estimate that Turkey will achieve, at most 75% of its potential depletionby the Year2000; Iraq will suffer shortfalls. Note: Future Iraqi withdrawals were assumed to be similar to recent withdrawals Aleppo diversions were assumed to have return flow to the Euphrates, which is not certain at this point. CEWRC-IWR-P 18 April 91 TIGRIS BASIN WATER DISTRIBUTION
Pre-water projects Projected (Year 2000+)
(in MCM/yr) Avg. Low Flow (30- Avg. Available Low flow Avail Annual 40yrs record) Annual (Shortfall) (Shortfall)
Runoffin Turkey J 18,500 18,500 Turkish reservoir evaporation, est. - 1,100
Turkish irrigation withdrawals (600kHa x eat 14,000 cm/Ha) / -8,400
Irrigation return flows (est. 35% return) + 2,800
Tigris flow to Iraq 18,500 est 6,200 11,800 <-500>
Inflows - downstream to Mosul 2,000 + 2,000 13,800
Flows at Mosul 20,500 6,900 Inflows - Greater Zab River J 13,100 est 4,000 +13,100 Lesser Zab River 7,200 est 2,400 +7,200 Other tributary inflow above Fatha 2,200 est 700 +2,200 36,300
Reservoir evaporation (Saddam, Badush, Khalikhan, Bakurman, - 4,000 32,300 Bekme and Dokan) Irrigation withdrawals from proposed reservoirs ? Irrigation withdrawals - Mosul to Fatha J 4,200 - 4,200 28,100 <-1,900 > Irrigation return flows (est. 25% return) / 1,100 + 1,100 29,200
ThartharCanal & Lake: Diversion: dt Tharthar Lake evaporation: ? flb Tharthar irrigation return flows: CjIY9r&c31 Downstream Tharthar diversion Inflows: Inflows - Adhaim River J 800 + 800 30,000 Irrigation withdrawals - Fatha to Baghdad Al 14,100 -14,100 15,900
Irrigation return flows (set 25% return) 3,600 + 3,600 19,500
Total domestic withdrawals: 2,200 - 3,500 Total domestic return flows: 1,000 + 1,600 Domestic consumption: 1,200 - 1,900 17,600 DiyalaRiver: J Historic flow: 5,400 + 5,400 Irrigation withdrawals: 5,140 - 5,100 Irrigation return flows (est. 25% return) 1,300 + 1,300 9,200
Reservoir evaporation (Diyala, Adhaim River reservoirs) 900 18,300
Irrigation withdrawals - Baghdad to Kut: 8,600 -8,600 9,700
Return irrigation flow - Baghdad to Kut 2,200 2,200 (assume 25%, discharged to Main Outfall Drain in future)
Net flow to Shatt al-Arab 24,200 9,700
Totalestimated return flows (not including Main Outfall Drain discharges) 9,800
TotalReservoir storage (MCM) TotalGround water reserves (MCM) 1,200
Sources: 1 Himyari 1984 e e i 1990 Hadithi 1979 47 e 1971 Ozis 1982 6 Beaumont 1978
Summary: Flows to Shatt al-Arab reduced by more than one-half Almost 1/2 of water available for irrigation withdrawals below Baghdad is agricultural & domestic/industrial return flow, on an annualized basis During years of modest or lesser flows, water needs for much of irrigation upstream of Baghdad will not be met; domestic water needs of Baghdal and most of agricultural needs below Baghdad will not be met, on an average annual basis * Note: Future Iraqi withdrawals were assumed to be similar to recent withdrawals; major dams and irrigation projects make these water demands assumptions conservative; also no diversions to Euphrates were included. Tigris-Euphrates LowFlow, Irrigation Withdrawls, and Available Ground Water
N
1 6825
Water Budgets Gulf Legend Annual low Flow 12,345 (MM31Yr) <-12,345 > .irrigationWithdrawl (MM3/Yr)' 12,345 Available nd Water
not to scale SOIL) ree lTo. /ov, V,198 3 G.d,rof+.. f. ak'1't!,ekA-ee .rw. era 800 Sfi^o;fe/vo: No.o, ' i Pp2 Tra«s /-r&/ 1984- . 700 Karakaya 600 \r s42,o .1 1 Atacurt
Soo Yuaef Pasha w 400 w_ Euphrates project
J.00,
200
100 t O' 960
D's ancebetween p, km 5.6 lot to h ao Distance from confluence n t r) ` 3 O 4- e v of l ,.z ard- ICstaeu; km .. . ..r N . Z.-.3 _. , i. .. A '. t. . . Fig. 1. Scheme of arrangemen: of projects on the Euphrates River. EWRC-IWR-P Preliminary-Not for Attribution 17 April 91 Major Water Projects in the Tigris-Euphrates River Basins
Project Purpose Existing Projected Con- Status [cu km total capacity,live] Use/data Use/data structed
Turkey -Euphrates
Keban Dam Hydropower;floodcontr; 1,080MW 1974 Operating irrig ?? [305, 25.1 live]
KarakayaDam Hydropower[95, 5.6] 1,800 MW 1987 Operating Khata Dam Hydropower; 195 MW; No Construction (Adyiman-Khata Irrigation(GAP) 78 kHa Project) [1.9, 0.61
Ataturk Dam Hydropower; 2,457 MW; 1990 Filling Irrigation(GAP) 707 - 870 kHa (Tunnels: [485; 12] c. 1992) Adyiman- Hydropower; 7 MW No Master Pln Goksu-Araban Irrigation(GAP); 72 kHa Compl 1996 Project M&I for Gazantiep City Suruc-Buziki Hydropower; 43 MW No Prelim. Project Irrigation(GAP) 147 kHa Plan Birecik Dam, Hydropower; 672 MW; No Construction KarakamisDam Irrigation(GAP) 93 kHa; 1992 compl (Sinir Firat Proj) [1.4; 1.1] 180 MW Hancagiz Dam Irrigation(GAP) 89 kHa No Construction (Gazantiep Proj) 1992 compl
Subtotal 5,354MW 1,186 kHa Syria - Euphrates Tishreen Hydropower; 1.6 MW No Prelim. Irrigation[13] Plan
Tabqa Dam Hydropower; 620,000KW; 65kHa 1,240 MW; 240 1973 Irrigation; (1986)(+200-500kHa kHa (orig est alreadyirrigated); 640-85OkHa) AleppoDiversion(80 AleppoDivers. MCM/yrM&I) 200kHa & M&I Baath Dam Hydropower; 64 MW 1986 Operating Irrigation[.09] (Khabur River) Irrigation; 138 kHa No Constructed Western Hasakah Hydropower (1 dam); Eastern Hasakah [total storage0.99] construction Khabur (2 dams); others planned ?
Subtotal CEWRC-IWR-P Preliminary-Not for Attribution 17 April 91
Project Purpose Existing Projected Con- Status [cu km total capacity,live] Use/data Use/data structed
Iraq - Euphrates Qadisiya Dam Modificationof older 600MW Yes (al Haditha) structure Flow regulation;diversion to offstreamdepression for: Irrigation; Sediment removal; Hydropower; Tourism; Fish farming [10 cu km)
Ramadi barrage Diversion to Lake 1950s Habbaniyah & Abu Dibis Depression, but salinityled to scrapping of irrigation plans; flood control
HindiyahbarrageIrrigation-diversioninto 1913 reconstructedcanals and Replaced other canals (Hilla) Fallouja Dam Irrigation- diversioninto Yes Abu Graib irrigation project [3.6 cu km]
Kifi-Shinafiya Irrigation- diversionto Yes cross regulator Kifl-Shinafiya irrigation Date? scheme
Hammourabi 7 regulator dams; reduce 500,000 Ha Yes dams water loss; Date? irrigation
Main Outfall Drain irrigation water 1,500,000Ha. Partially; Construction Drain (MOD) (highly saline, 10,000 ppm) drained Southern 1992 compl? from central and southern section irrigationprojects into Gulf compl Navigation (from west of Baghdad to 1986; lock between Shatt al-Basra,Gulf); length MOD & will be 550km, 300 cms Shatt al- capacity; Basra under Navigation(up to 100 ton construction cap., 5 meters depth)
Subtotal
2 CEWRC-IWR-P Preliminary-Not for Attribution 17 April 91
Project Purpose Existing Projected Con- Status [cu km totalcapacity,live] Use/data Use/data structed
Turkey -Tigris Kralldzi-Dicle Hydropower, 204 MW; No Construction Dams Irrigation (GAP) 126,000 Ha compl 1991 Batman Dam Hydropower; 198 MW; No Construction Irrigation (GAP) 38,000 Ha Silvan Dam Hydropower; 240,000 MW; No Prelim. (Batman-Silvan) Irrigation (GAP) 257,000 Ha Plans Garzan Dam Hydropower, 90,000 MW; No Prelim. Irrigation (GAP) 60,000 Ha Plans Ilisu Dam Hydropower (GAP) 1,200,000 MW No Tendering Cizre Dam Hydropower; 240,000 MW; No Tendering; Irrigation (GAP) 121,000 Ha Compl 1994
Subtotal 1,770,000 MW 602,000 Ha Iraq - Tigris
Saddam (Mosul) Hydropower; 750MW I Yes Irrigation; Flood control [30; 8.2 live]
Badush Dam Hydropower; 400MW No Design Irrigation; Flood control Fatha Dam Hydropower; No Planning Irrigation; Flood control Samarra barrage Diversion of flood waters toUnsuccessfulfor 1950s Tharthar depression for irrigation, too much irrigation; hydropower evaporation Tharthar Canal Initial project modified; 1956; Flow reroutingto Euphrates 1976; via Tharthar depression for irrigationand floodcontrol; Diversion from Tharthar to 1988 Tigris canal, for irrigation &drainingTharthar depr. [80 BCM] Al Kut barrage Irrigation;flood control 1939 Karkh Water Urban water supply for 1.363MCM/day 1987? Completed? Supply Project Baghdad (intake on Tigris)
3 CEWRC-IWR-P Preliminary-Not for Attribution 17 April 91
Project Purpose Existing Projected Con- Status [cu km totalcapacity,live] Use/data Use/data structed
Tigris tributaries Bekme Dam Flood control; No Design (Greater Zab) Supplement Tigris flows; Irrigation [33 cu km) Khazir-Gomel Irrigation 25,000 Ha No Planning dams (dams on Khazir tributary of Greater Zab) Mandawa Dam Reregulation No Planning? (Greater Zab) Dokan Dam Primarilyflood control; 1959 (Lesser Zab) Supplement Tigris flows; Irrigation;hydropower Dibbis Dam Irrigation (Lesser Zab) Adhaim dams No Design (3 dams on Adhaim river & tributaries)
Darbandikhan Primarily flood control; 1961 Dam Supplement Tigris flows; (Diyala) Irrigation Diyala weir Irrigation? 1928 (Diyala)
4 EWRC-IWR-P Preliminary - Not for Attribution 17 April 91
purees:
eaumont, Peter,GeraldBlake, and J. Malcolm Wagsta$ 1976.The MiddleEast:A GeographicalStudy,Chapters 12 13, Wiley &Sons,Ltd., New York.
Peaumont, Peter, 1978."The Euphrates River - an internationalproblem of water resources development," nduonmentalConservation5(1):35-44.
Buyukdoluca,K, MufitKulen, and Suheyl Elbir, 1967."HydrologicalPotentialofTurkey,"pp. 90-97in Water for Peace, Vol. 1, InternationalConference on Water for Peace,May 1967,U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC.
rusoe, Jonathan,1989.., MEEDProfile, Middle East Economic Digest, London,February 1989, 94pp. 1-Hadithi,Adai, 1979."Optimal utilizationof thewater resources of the Euphrates River in Iraq,"PhD Dissertation, niversityof Arizona.
)SI (Turkish State Hydraulic Works), 1989."South-EasternAnatolian Project,"Ankara (Pamphlet).
)SI (Turkish State HydraulicWorks),1989. Dams and HydroelectricPowerPlants inTurkey,Ankara
raq, 1981."Water, soil and land reclamationin Iraq,"Round-TableMinistrial Meeting in Agro-Industrial )evelopment,Baghdad, June 1981, U.N. Industrial Development Organization
olars,J. andMitchell,T., InPress.The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project.Southern llinoisUniv. Press,Carbondale,Illinois. Manners,I. and Sagafi-Nejad, T.,1985. "AgricluturalDevelopmentin Syria,"pp. 255-278 inP. Beaumont & K cLachlan,eds., AgriculturalDevelopmentin the Middle East,John Wiley& Sons,Inc., New York, 349 pp. Middle East Economic Digest (NEED) 23 March 1984, 8 February 1985, 31 January 1987, 18 April 1987. Middle East Water & Sewage, September 1985, January 1989. Mosul Dam Project," Arab Water World International,May-June1990. aff, Thomas and Ruth Mason, 1984.Water in the Middle East: Conflictor Cooperation, Westview Press, Inc., oulder, Colorado. ewspot (Turkish Digest), 1990.18 January. Jzis, U. 1982."The Development of the Lower Euphrates Basin in Turkey,"pp. 73-89 in W. Ernst et. al., Natural tesources and Development. Vol. 16, Institute ScientificCooperation in Conjunctionwith Federal Institutefor G osciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany. tobson, J. Sonter, R. & Perry,J., 1984."Disposal of drainage water from irrigatedalluvialplains,"Water Science Cechnolo¢v,Vol. 16,pp. 41-55. "ekeli, Sahim, M., 1990."Turkey seeks reconciliationfor the water issue induced by the southeastern Anatolia Project GAP)," Water International15: 206-216. 5