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In partial fulfillmentIn partial the of requirements the for Department of InternationalDepartment and Relations European of Studies GEOPOLITICS OF THE GERMAN THEOF GEOPOLITICS Supervisor: Professor Michael Merlingen Relations and Central European University ENERGIEWENDE Budapest, Hungary Tomislav Leko Tomislav Submitted to Submitted Word Count Word 17 246 2014 European Studies By

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CEU eTD Collection geopolitical narratives Keywords: Germany toconduct are aimed takes commu international convince to aims it where dimension external its also domestic and external policies of With these clai ensure Germany will technologies “role renewables to transition energy the ( of implementation the on based is and one, dominant the emerging geopolitical narrative in the energy security dom showto aims thesis this today, even strongpoints their havenarratives both Although Federation. a identified two geopolitical narratives in emergingGermany in 2006 renewables. By reaction onUkraine/Russia observing wh energysystem its restructuringof best the getting and technology in investments to materials, earth rare and gas oil, the from ranging The changing geopolitical landscape of the world marked the new er Energiewende nd a “strategic narrative” partnership elaborating onrelations between Germany and theRussian - practice in using the technology. Germany was the first state to launch an ambitious ambitious an launch to state first the was Germany technology. the using in practice - model”

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CEU eTD Collection Appendices Bibliography Conclusion perspectivesa legitimation as for the geopolitical narrative CHAPTER Germany 3. as a “frontrunner”, Energiewendeas a ‘bestseller’ CHAPTER German 2. Energiewende and the emerging (economic) geopolitical narrative CHAPTER 1: Geopolitics, renewable energy and narratives in Germany Introduction Contents Appendix 2. Appendix Geopolitical 1. ga Thinktanks and the German energy transition leadership and as role anexample to others responsibility “Energy of the future” reportsand parliamentary debates protection, competitiveness issuesand energy security considerations German energy transition conceptThe of narrativeand geopolitical narratives in Germany Geopolitical thinking inGermany Geopolitics of renewable energy Geopolitical reasoning and the geopolitical culture Foreign policy and the legitimation of the geopolitical narrative infrontof the domesticaudience Parliamentary debatesin the18th election period “Energy of the future” reportsto the German parliament

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CEU eTD Collection 95 7 95 2006), Routledge, York: Ó (New Tuathail Gearóid ed. Edition., 2nd Reader Geopolitics The in ForeignPolicy” 6 that say can we Therefore, area. that in interests its evaluates and area certain a of characteristics areas of the a state in the international system, the national interest needs changed, but the perception of it can be influenced by the power of some state. From a position of the phenomenon, is geography that state Agnew and Touathail state. one in territory, particular a on environmental determinism and evaluates its i policy.” foreign of conduct the and particularly the betweenrelationship the environmentphysical (location, resources, territory, etc.) concern “geopolitics that, describe Agnew John T O Gearoid geopolitics, of understanding academic conventional the to According culture geopolitical the and reasoning Geopolitical implications This chapter will present main definitions used by the author and will set togethe CHAPTER 1: Geopolitics,renewable energy and narrativesin Germany

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- resources in the world. For us, the subject is aware of its role in the global system (and in in (and system global the in role its of aware is subject the us, For world. the in resources economic argument that a that argument economic , however in this thesis esnn i: a rcs o rpeetto b wih h itletas f statecraft of intellectuals the which by representation of process “a is: reasoning a geopolitical culture in which they conceptualize the role of their state and its its and state their of role the conceptualize they which in culture geopolitical a

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at e global market. Assuming a position in the in position a Assuming market. global e ively act. Also, in theoretical terms, we use we terms, theoretical in Also, act.ively

Geopolitics” in The Geopolitics Reader 2nd 2nd Reader Geopolitics The in Geopolitics” - economic aspect mic gains in the game the for in micgains ,

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. 13

the ical geopolitics looks at narratives produced by policy makers and politicians politicians and makers policy by produced narratives at looks geopolitics ical

depends on the bureaucratic reorganization which is adapted to the emerging emerging the to adapted is which reorganization bureaucratic the on depends of those leading the state, critical geopolitics focuses on focuses geopolitics critical state, the leading those of

political culture aspolitical t oeg plc f policy foreign

lecd y aiu ntok o power) of networks various by fluenced

ed wih s tde through studied is which ield, he state relateshe with state narrative r 8 opolitical discourses which each have a each have which discourses opolitical

litics which takes a look at the popular culture of a state state a of culture popular the at look a takes which litics o wrd politics.” world of s

the world.

fiil pehs n public and speeches official hog hc tesrs its ensures it which through

t the construction and social social and construction the t . 11

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different CEU eTD Collection 2. 1997, &Sons, Wiley John Chichester: 17 York: 16 15 Practice.” and as Language 14 resources” natural dwindling possibly, and, frontiers vulnerable and routes, sea dangerous that Ewan Anderson and Liam Anderson in their book use the contemporary definition of “geopolitics” environmental and energyse conside security resources. over violence and depletion in front of the world, a few of those being: environmental degradation, climate change, ozone layer Dalby Simon in the security domaininGermany emerges. stakes and awards in the geopolitical game around renewables, decision geopolitics of types two first in my research for investigating the elements of popular geopolitics, I will concentrate only on the has narratives…” geopolitical terms other find people, regions, states and the shifting boundaries

Ibid. Ewan W. Anderson and Liam D. Anderson, Strategic Minerals: Resource Geopolitics and Global Geo Global and Geopolitics Resource Minerals: Strategic Anderson, D. Liam and Anderson W. Ewan Simon Dalby, “Introduction to Part Four” in The Geopolitics Reader 2nd Edition., ed. Gearóid Ó Tuathail (New (New Tuathail Ó Gearóid ed. Edition., 2nd Reader Geopolitics The in Four” Part to “Introduction Dalby, Simon Martin Felix Felix C is today used to highlight “visions of oil supplies, strategic minerals, agricultural potential, potential, agricultural minerals, strategic supplies, oil of “visions highlight to used today is Routledge, 2006), 177. 2006), Routledge,

- Müller makers and iuta’s concept of a “narrative” that will be presented later in the text. identified new emerging challenges a challenges emerging new identified ,

“Reconsidering the Concept of Discourse fo Discourse of Concept the “Reconsidering

such ain ad h long the and rations politicians, politicians,

as “g as Political Geography

15

eopolitical storylines, geopolitical imaginations, geopolitical scripts, scripts, geopolitical imaginations, geopolitical storylines, eopolitical In my work, I will refer to geopolitical “narrative”, which in which “narrative”, geopolitical to refer will I work, my In curity and brought to renewables –

formal and practical geopolitics, and will analyze the p the analyze will and geopolitics, practical and formal and of think tank experts.

16

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the center of discussion. discussion. the center of we shall see how the new narrative I

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its core its 17 . The . CEU eTD Collection 20 3. 2014. 19 3, Dependencies?” Geopolitics Energy June in Landslide or Shift Mere Accessed a Energy; Renewable of Geopolitics and “The 2011 Policy, Bosman. International for Centre Flemish & Antwerp of University energy?, 18 “ the observed: be can energy renewable to transition transition, energy of consequences Criekemans gave a geopolitical the analyzed authors many not Although a The and increased importance” natural oil, as such sources states developing to industrialized from world, whole the in important more becoming slowly are technologies related and energy renewable a is Energy Renewable of Geopolitics of field The energy renewable of Geopolitics inthata production chain. position attain to aims state each and market, the on goes that product final the to resources of mining the competition for acquiring important minerals or technologies h

Criekemans, Ibid, David. Criekemans, “The geopolitics of renewable energy: different or similar to to similar or different energy: renewable of geopolitics “The Criekemans, David.

the prospect of

bove mentioned factors trigger economic, social and poli and social economic, trigger factors mentioned bove 4

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significant significant contribution and id energyscarcity inthe future.

, demographic growth in Asia and Asia in growth demographic , .

gas and coal constitute physical geographical variables of strategic strategic of variables geographical physical constitute coal and gas http://www.drift.eur.nl/wp

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lso lacking in reading material, however, however, material, reading in lacking lso due to internal

two perspectives from which the energy

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increased fuelsfossil burning of tical changes around the world. the around changes tical

higher demand for e for demand higher the geopolitics of conventional conventional of geopolitics the

Daniel “conventional energy “conventional - Scholten, Scholten, and - Bosman

and Rick Rick and and the the and 2013. , nergy - 2013 - ,

CEU eTD Collection 24 23 22 7 21 oil current the of landscape geopolitical the change could and supply energy the decentralize might sources Unlike Bosman Figure 1.Reasoning towards the geopolitics of renewables designed by D market leaders tomorrow engaged in investing developingand the sector of renewable energy might crucialbecome energy O countries. of growth be tothe similar industrial revolution attheendnineteenth of century asserts that changes by technological advancement of energy transition will in the coming 25 years “ - external

8 Criekemans, Criekemans, “The of geopolitics renewable energy: ordifferent similar to the geopolitics of energy?” conventional Ibid, 5 Ibid, Ibid Ibid,

and technical Geographical , features 8 7

the supply of conventional energy sources (oil and gas), the usage of renewable energy energy renewable of usage the gas), and (oil sources energy conventional of supply the

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CEU eTD Collection 28 204 2006), Routledge, York: Ó (New Tuathail Gearóid 27 9 26 4. Dependencies?”, 25 cause it will changes radical which and is sector sources energy renewable the in advantage the Where importing states” resources natural of “geopolitics the markets”. and routes, trading networks, commodityof control and “access their to due important more becomes market, international the to exported be LePhilippe Billon argues thatthe role ofstates that are rich ineither ofth sources, and technology energy renewable or gas, natural or oil about talking are we Whether firms firms, which the number of patents and technological achievements raise concerns within states and their base” power a develop and wellness, and welfare create operate, play the set and context geographical characteristics and limitations of some geographical areas, will shape the geopolitical technolog found Newly to establishan important player inshaping a energy renewable system. potential a has markets to possibilities technical and sources renewable the up bring to abilitythe

Criekemans, Criekemans, “The of geopolitics renewable energy: ordifferent similar to the geopolitics of enerconventional I Daniel Scholten and Rick Bosman, “The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy; a Mere Shift or Landslide in Energy Energy in Landslide or Shift Mere a Energy; Renewable of Geopolitics “The Bosman, Rick and Scholten Daniel Phillipe Le Billon, “The Geopolitical Economy of Resource Wars” in The Geopolitics Reader 2nd Edition., ed. ed. Edition., 2nd Reader Geopolitics The in Wars” Resource of Economy Geopolitical “The Billon, Le Phillipe bid, 205 bid, ’ ? ?

), competitiveness in this “race”.in this ), competitiveness these Decreased dependence on energy monopolies monopolies energy on dependence Decreased

states are aware of their future perspect future their of aware are states

28 .

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In this changing system, in system, changing this In 25

ese resourcesese thatcould

e able to to able e changed changed gy?”, gy?”, CEU eTD Collection 31 30 21 29 development thepost2012 models in (2) generate, will technologies over the technologies which have to be developed further, and the division of the ad countries competing main the as one is the United States Europe. First geographical zone is the European Union with Germany as a core country, the second new “geopolitics ofrenewable energy” and interestinglygives enough, Germanya leading role in thematical playing fields geographical and and zones three presents three (Sainteny,Criekemans theSainteny’s 2010) uses changereconomic, socialand shape and thefuture. will in political conditions society broader transition offers the licens and patents can be sold abroad and accompanied by the development of dialogues on energy transition issues, and therefore alongside with the decreased dependence on Secondly, panels). (solar generation electricity own its with and technologies efficient energy bottom a of introduction the with

Criekemans, Criekemans, “The of geopolitics renewable o energy: different Ibid. Ibid.

decrease possible political pressure , but, in the long the in but, , es decentralization decentralization of producers and suppliers

which

of of America and the third is Asia with China, India, South Korea and Japan 29

(see Appendix 1, table 1.

could

diminishing energy dependence, and (3) the impact on national national on impact the (3) and dependence, energy diminishing - . term 30 -

up approach that encourages that approach up then

Playing fields in which countries compete are: (1) are: compete countries which in fields Playing - . As it appears, the change to renewable to change the appears, it As . era of climate policy.era ofclimate

be sold to others in the global market. The whole energy whole The market. global the in others to sold be energy monop 13

through through energy. Thirdly, developed technologies

Geopoli r r similar to the geopolitics of energy?”, conventional olies 31 tical game

, it might of of energy and this change involves people people to build smart houses with houses smart build to –

reduce fossil fuel stakes stakes and awards s will be the game the be will s

ded ded value these

the control the

imports ) in the -

CEU eTD Collection 5 2/2007), No. (CAPAnalysisa 2007 München, 35 15 (2011), 9 34 33 21 32 its offline’’.go to plants and grid the of parts cause can accidents simple or o demand, of times with peak during overstraining problem a have US the and Europe world. the of infrastructure the is renewables with security energy ensuring of considerations main the of One energyimport decidecho andwhich to need optionthey Bosman suggests world. the of landscape geopolitical changing the in goals diverging dependence “energy and race” energy “green the relation in puts and geopolitics energy new the in affairs of state current the describe to order in metaphor “race” the uses Eisen B. Joel mentioned above. alongside firms and small to opinion, Germany does the most of the encouragement to activate its own researchers and expert his In sources. energy renewable “extract” successfully and effectively to order in employed be Criekemans concludes that the geopolitical game will be played for the technologies

Criekemans, Criekemans, “The of geopolitics renewable energy: ordifferent similar to the geopolitics of energy?”, conventional Ibid 21. 21. Ibid Joel B. Eisen,,”New Energy Geopolitics: China, Re China, Geopolitics: Energy Eisen,,”New B. Joel

Baumann, Florian. “Energy security: a transatlantic challenge? “ Center for Applied Policy Research (C.A.P):. (C.A.P):. Research Policy Applied for Center “ challenge? transatlantic a security: “Energy Florian. Baumann, physically integrated

for electricity that is a is that electricity for

that states in the new renewables “game” have a dual choice either to produce or 33

35

Therefore, infrastructure

medium enterprises in

the

primary source of energy in energy of source primary

most important element of the renewable electricity grid is grid electricityrenewable the of element important most that connects the producer and the consumer through transit

newable Energy, and the Greentech Race” 6 Chi. 6 Race” Greentech the and Energy, newable 14

order to link the three thematical playing fields ose.

ld grids and ‘’external influence, influence, ‘’external and grids ld most of the industrialized states industrialized the of most

34

Danie l Scholten and Rick and Scholten l 32

functioning functioning t - Kent L. Rev. Rev. L. Kent hat need to ” as two as ” s, CEU eTD Collection 39 18. 38 2003 IP, Politik: 37 16 36 national, global regionaleven or markets higher are disruptions of possibilities be included with available renewable resources, and (4) the bigger the grid is, it grid,more the larger the (3) higher, becan production the and it to load of losses grid and put forward four considerations: (1) electricity transport is affected on the of size the to regards with considerations few a highlight Bosman Rick and Scholten Daniel supply. capacities storage market,the on renewableenergies of availableamount the andprices volatility in ensure orderto in energy produced the storing of problem the highlighted Rifkin Jeremy accidents, from Aside be influenced are and possible. blackouts would system whole the which through happen can accidents sources, energy renewable havewill tobepaid by taxpayers. Although theenergy can supply decentralize states.

Scholten and B Scholten and Bosman “The Ibid

Jeremy Rifkin, “Die Energierevolution : Deutschland vor der Führung im Wasserstoffzeitalter,” Internationale Internationale Wasserstoffzeitalter,” im Führung der vor Deutschland : Energierevolution “Die Rifkin, Jeremy E mphasisadded. , 36 16.

38 The infrastructure needs

Vol. 58.2003, 3, 25 3, Vol. 58.2003, osman “The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy; a Mere Shift or Landslide in Energy Dependencies?”, can occur, ( occur, can long

is important in order to stabilize energy markets in case o case in markets energy stabilize to order in important is - term energy supply security even when there is no sun or wind. or sun no is there when even security supply energy term

Geopolitics Geopolitics of Renewable Energy; a Mere Shift or Landslide in Energy Dependencies?”, 2) the larger the transmission grid is, the more sources can be attached be can sources more the is, grid transmission the larger the 2)

- 30

high high investments

39 need markets energy renewable conclusion, their In . to becost 15

,

- and and the effecti ve. distribution distribution of costs

various geographical sites geographical various longer distances as f short f

s vulnerability and through theuse of of its construction development of development 37 -

falls in the the in falls Due to the to Due

can can CEU eTD Collection Affairs, 42 41 5 40 new establish also dependencies can but mix, energy the diversify could sources energy renewable from entanglements international cars, hybrid more of use the that development that states Bryce Robert mix supply energy of diversification o is energy renewable discussions, security energy In in insomeexpensive point and time inorder needsheet. tobalance tobesold the and the possibility to include also considerations securityThe product. related otherany or position of the country, whether the country is a producer, a transit state or a consumer of electricity securi energy Therefore, earnand moneytonegotiate are ablesuppliers withboth and theconsumer. they which from infrastructure the in position their maintain to aim that countries transit (3) and economic their boost to revenues earn to ensure its security of supply and aim for the affordable and stable energy prices, (2) for the conventional energy sources and Scholten and Bosman assume that: (1) consumer countries a are considerations security energy grid, integrated physically the from Aside

Scholten and B Robert Bryce,Robert Joel B.Eise Joel

2010, 132. 132. 2010, n,,”New Energy Geopolitics: China, Renewable Energy, and the Greentech Race”, 15 Race”, the Greentech Energy, and Renewable China, Geopolitics: n,,”NewEnergy

“ upon the outside world for natural resources such as lithium (batteries), or silicium or (batteries), lithium as such resources natural for world outside the upon osman “The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy; a Mere Shift or Landslide in Energy Dependencies?” Power Power Hungry: MythsThe of“Green” Energy theand Real ofFuels the Future

sell

those technologies afterwards as the development of technologies is fairly ty considerations in the renewable energy sector highly depend on the on depend highly sector energy renewable the in considerations ty 42 . On that note, Criekemans points out that producing more energy more producing that out points Criekemans note, that On .

wind turbines and solar panels will free us from the need for need the from us free will panels solar and turbines wind

and of a “green” economy is a myth a is economy “green” a of growth and need to ensure the demand for their energy, energy, their for demand the ensure to need and growth decreased dependence on foreign imports foreign on dependence decreased 16

tn noe a a mean a as invoked ften technologi and he refutes the notion the refutes he and

40

lmost the same as as same the lmost ” cal advancement cal .

New New York

producers producers aim s .

41 o further for

However, :

Public Public ,

CEU eTD Collection strategy,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf su http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/raw sustainable 47 132 Future”, ofthe Fuels Real the and “Green” Energy Myths of The “PowerHungry: more comeparticularly fromlanthanides China, and lithiumfrom A 46 45 44 24 43 partnerships bilateral of goal a with instruments On that note, policy implicat and especiallydevelopedmaintain theimportofimportant minerals Germany, strategiesthat earth materials can also be used as a weapon for “political outcomes”. For that purpose, each state resources the all owns that player one by influenced be also can renewables around game Geopolitical risky. be also can a restructuring “industry is it to due concerns” environmental minerals earth rare of exports on back cut China Recently, world. the around partners reliable in shift a means also chain, production global the whethe argue can One new technologiesplanningwhen security and national panels) (solar

Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, The German Government’s raw materials strategy Safeguarding a Ministry a Federal materials Safeguarding strategy German ofand The Government’s raw Technology, Economics Criekemans, “The of geopolitics renewable energy: ordifferent simila Approximately 90 percent of the minerals used for the production of renewable technologies and its infrastructure, infrastructure, its and technologies ofrenewable production the for used minerals the of percent 90 Approximately Ibid, 33 Ibid,

33. 33.

43 py f non of pply . Dependence on import of minerals of import on Dependence

r the new orientation towards renewable energy and subsequent change in in change subsequent and energy renewable towards orientation new the r ih rdcn cutis or countries producing with 45

for the production of renewable energy renewable of production the for and this showed again that dependencies on imports of those sources those of imports on dependencies that again showed this and ions for the nuig tblt ad fodblt o supply of affordability and stability ensuring -

energy mineral resources for Germany, strategy online at: at: online strategy Germany, for resources mineral energy securitization securitization of mineral policy - material 17 s -

through causes further challenges when developing developing when challenges further causes 44 .

rgentina, Chile, rgentina, Bolivia and China.

r r to the geopolitics of energy?”, conventional

on projects joint

and as in the case of gas, rare rare gas, of case the in as and

include include employing policy

from abroad through through abroad from n onre rich countries in Robert Bryce, Robert 47

. nd nd

in 46

CEU eTD Collection 50 49 14 2013, August StrategicStudies, for 48 public the to presented be to tool a and government the by acquired be to goal a and strategy thorough a requires and mission costly The “race”technology toacquireand the numberin country toincrease of renewables isa r to transition costly but sustainable, more towards path their on engage that countries the world, we can assume that the energy transition to renewables will shift partnerships of certain limited resources). (and sector gas and oil the in monopolies with situation current the from differ greatly would which system, international and domestic whole the decentralizing of potential a has it however The geopolitics of renewable energy is similar to the geopolitics of themselves sector, inthis cangame geopolitical also findaplace inthe and on keen also is cooperation International of substitutes development the and sources domestic alternative of exploitation the materials, of recycling and in the value chain (Germany) to the mineral extraction stage which offers the access to resources abroad through the integration resources.

Marjolein Marjolein de Ridder, “The Geopolitics of Mineral Resources for Renewable Energy Technologies The Hague Centre Ibid. 16 Ibid, the reuse of materials for renewable energy technologies, and countries that manage to position

48

Other two strategies include: (1) developing more effective methods in stages closer stages in methods effective more developing (1) include: strategies two Other . ” 50

Although Although

49 the the

, and (2) by reducing the

mining mining activities are mostly done in China and are sold all around which exchanging the ‘’know the exchanging

in the in 18 end funds this costly change. This is where is This change. costly this funds end

demand demand for energy while promoting “reuse - conventional sources of energy, how”

(like Germany)(like

in substitution, recycling substitution, in enewables. enewables. .

the

CEU eTD Collection 107 unification”, 53 115 2007), Press, CornellUniversity (Ithaca, Order. International 52 Universi Cambridge Cambridge: ed Guzzini. Crises Steffano Policy Identity Mechanisms in Foreign Geopolitics and ReturnSocial unification” Europe: in: of The 51 on therole Germany inEurope. has “Verantwortungspolitik”, or of thepolitics responsibility was “Verantwor terms: three around Government German the by produced narratives era, War Cold the During and forEastern wouldhave its connotations neighbors bad German a of form a as seen Andreas Behnke, Germany needed to be cautious not to invoke expansion or security ensure to order in policy foreign in goals expansionist often connected with the mis prohibited” not if problematic, remains Geopolitik of speak to making, policy for relevant as acknowledged is geopolitics of “logic the Behnke, Andreas of words the In regarded not was geopolitics Germany, of unification the and discourses in Germany various analyze to important is it Germany, in thinking geopolitical the understand to order In German in thinking Geopolitical interested success state the witheconomic holds culture geopolitical the and game the in comes narrative geopolitical Andreas Behnke: “The “The that theme Andreas Ge Behnke: not speak name: dare its and Strategies Power Great World: the Rethinking in: Insider” to Outsider from “Germany Legro. W. Jeffrey . Andreas Andreas Behnke tungspolitik”, “Westbindung” and “A European Germany”, each of them elaborating them of each Germany”, European “A and “Westbindung” tungspolitik”,

: “The theme that dare not speak its name: Geopolitik, geopolitics and German foreign policy since

that that emerged after the end of the Cold War. After the end of the Cold War, sion of Nazism and their search for the Sonderweg

y ty Press, 2012, 102 2012, Press, ty

which would be seen as opposite to Western orientation Western to opposite as seen be would which 19

background of the narrative background ofthe

opolitik, foreign since opolitik, geopolitics German policy and

53 .

as an important topic in Germany. in topic important an as Geopolitik Lebensraum

of a self a of 51 . The term The .

again, as this would .

- 52 confident and confident

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Germans Geopolitik

self with be be is - CEU eTD Collection 57 56 55 unification”, 54 internationalBehnke level. rightly AsAndreas stated: ‘self nation andGerman ‘normal’ a of proclamation the was concern primary “NeoGeopolitik’s the Germany, before were challenges international many when territory, German the outside th of sending the allowed Court Constitutional German the when 1990s the After leadersUnion. European of the economic the of one as regarded today is Germany and rising was made were policies common concerns in its neighboring countries abo raised unification the and policy foreign German the on implications had Germany of unification identity” Western pro to task difficult a had it Germany, of unification the After transatlanticnetworkand of European(European institutions NATO). and Community itself for and Europe for both opposed to “Machtpolitik” as the power politics which means that Germany has t

Andreas Andreas Behnke: “The theme that dare not speak its name: Geopolitik, geopolitics and German foreign policy since Ibid, 113 Ibid, Ibid, 109 Ibid,

107 107

109

- state” 56

hc ws oe hog frhr nerto o te uoen no. The Union. European the of integration further through done was which

57

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“etidn” ak te nerto o Gray ihn the within Germany of integration the marks “Westbindung” . ut Germany’s role in Europe. The number of areas where 20

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CEU eTD Collection 62 666 2008, 61 2005. Hellman 120 unification”, 60 Ge British of Institute 59 unification”, 58 strategic not decision Until 2006, energy security played a secondary role in G the “self “responsibility”, its of aware indeed Germanyis that an playing is Germany important role as a producer, consumer which and a transit state. Through the in security energy of issue the increasingly is Organization) Germany its has which “‘national Europe’ in power “‘great a as Germany of description the uses who Hellman policies pursued and oriented interest self more become has Germany 90s the in that and West and East between position balancing intermediary its into back moved has Germany War, Cold the after that, writes Bassin Mark

Andreas Andreas Behnke: “The theme that dare not speak its name: Geopolitik, geopolitics and German foreign policy since Andreas B Ibid Mark Dolata E uropean .

Bassin. “Between Realism and the ‘New Right’: Geopolitics in Germany in the 1990s.” 1990s.” the in Germany in Geopolitics Right’: ‘New the and Realism “Between Bassin. dissol Verantwortungspolitik Westorientierung - Kreutzkamp, Petra. “Canada Petra. Kreutzkamp, - making. interests’, to‘responsibility’ ehnke: “The theme that dare not speak its name: Geopolitik, geopolitics and German foreign policy since and its neighbors and allies (especially the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Treaty Atlantic North the and EU the (especially allies and neighbors its and 114 - good and relied on market on relied and good ves theidea ofa European Germany. U

nion 61 ographers

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and theglobalenergyand transition

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, and a German nation German a and , - Germany Westbindung

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pride’ anpride’ - - based solutions based EU: Energy Security and Climate and Security Energy EU: 358

21 d ‘self , power politics challenges the notion of of notion the challenges politics power ,

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Change.” The uniting factor between Energiewende

International Journal International Transactions of the the of Transactions , on . e can see

both in - - , CEU eTD Collection PROD/PROD0000000000324468/Energiewende+2_0+ https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN 67 66 65 W Sicherheit, Außenpolitik: 355. 2007, für Sozialwiss., VS Verl. Wiesbaden, Normen, Deutsche (Ed.): e.V. Politik Auswärtige für Gesellschaft 64 63 market by Interestingly to note, before the gas crises, while energy sup own energy renewablecostly in through security the energy investments its ensuring in engaged highly is Germany that point the to evolving was situation the and crises EU)” the and Germany policy’ and identified energy as security three one ofthe pressing inthe world security (for issues Frank Minister Foreign German energy security policy national a or needed is policy energy external EU an whether considered and sense European in Ukraine, Germany crisis began considering gas first the after stated, Politik und Wissenschaft Stiftung the from Umbach Frank onwards, itchanged. was that it is set by the market conditions and that private companies ensure it first gas crisis between Russia and Ukraine, the prevailing opinion on energy security in Ger world the around nationalismresource increased and disasters natural investments, of ris the with Germany in changed

Petra. Petra. Ibid Petra Frank Umbach. “Deutsche Außenpolitik und Energiesicherheit”. In: Jäger, Thomas (Ed.) et all: Deutsche Deutsche all: et (Ed.) Thomas Jäger, In: Energiesicherheit”. und Außenpolitik “Deutsche Umbach. Frank Deutsche Bank research “Energiewende 2.0 2.0 “Energiewende research Bank Deutsche ,

357 Dolata Dolata

- based mechanisms and was left to private companies, the Federal Ministry of of Ministry Federal the companies, private to left was and mechanisms based - - Kreutzkamp, Kreutzkamp, Kreutzkamp, Kreutzkamp,

is rather needed 66 “Canada “Canada . From the year 2006, Germany and the EU cou EU the and Germany 2006, year the From .

- - Germany Germany ing demand from Asian countries, rising oil and gas prices, lack lack prices, gas and oil rising countries, Asian from demand ing - atr timir h te cie te em frin energy “foreign term the coined then who Steinmeier Walter

further diversification of its energy supply in its national and 65 - . Petra Dolata - EU: Energy Security and Climate and Security Energy EU: EU: Energy Security and Climate Change.”, 668 Change.”, Climate Security and Energy EU: - +d – 22

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CEU eTD Collection of Economic Affairs and Energy, read more at: at: more read Energy, and Affairs Economic http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiepolitik/europaeische of 72 Security Energy National With to Respect Policy: Security and Foreign German 71 Geopolitics 70 at: 69 68 communities national that way a in geopolitics energy the influenced world the of outlook Germany’s ambitions of setting its own e electricity marketandaiming forclimate goals. higher protection supply” of and the European Union is based around thr markets. energy EU’s the of integration further and advancement technological the by aggravated be just can role of most of part is and (Mittellage) position central its to according role context” social and historical its in weighted semantically is critical geopolit Wolkersd Gunter and Reuber Paul issues. b is Germany Today, and Energy for cha toaccount inorder it with dealing was Economics

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accessed on 23.05.2014. 23.05.2014. on accessed

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CEU eTD Collection 75 194 2007), Macmillan, Palgrave ed.(London: Mole, C.M. Richard Politics” European 74 286 73 which readers/listeners and speakers/audiences are able to take what they hear and construct it into constru socio of “sets as discourse geopolitical a of Agnew certain logic behind it. On the other hand, Muller uses the definition of Gearoid Touathail and John Narratives events a connect various in co coherence” internal end and middle beginning, a plot, unfolding sto a of properties the has which account “an as narratives define we that way the in asset theoretical additional an us offers “narrative” a of concept Ciuta’s Felix inGermany narratives geopolitical and narrative of concept The awithout narrative involving directs that alldiscussions andshapes possible be not would transition costly The energy. renewable the towards transition the in states the beg p The recognizeddevelopment role its inthe ofrenewableenergy. other market. global the in integrate orderto in possibilities production of range a in specialize

Dhaka,Ambrish. “The Geopolitics of Energy Security theand Response to Its by Challenges India and Germany.” Ibid. ofIdentity in Constructions in “Discursive politics” European ofIdentity in Constructions Felix“Discursive Ciuta.

osition of Germany in this “green race”, and the fulfillment of its goals, will certainly mark certainlymark will goals, its of fulfillment the and race”, “green this in Germany of osition nentoa paes Gray on is lc a a ehooial dvlpd tt and state developed technologically a as place its found Germany players, international inning inning of a new and more competitive German economy that will be a role model for other ction of meaning about their world and their activities” and as a “an ensemble of rules by rules of ensemble “an a as and activities” their and world their about meaning of ction 75

nraie fae h dsuso ad u maig n cin conducted. actions on meaning put and discussion the frame narratives ,

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73

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CEU eTD Collection 78 322 77 Practice.” and as Language Discourse Towards Geopolitics: 76 events and therefore evaluate the situation and react on the situation. Narrative whic in framework a form narratives direction, guidance” policy particular to opportunity and security of notions specific links and identities spatial constructs whole, structured a “as world the frame which writings geopolitical up made plot, tripartite a and protagonists include Ian Klinke Ukraine onrelationsFederation Russian elaborate as between the an they in events the after today also invoked be could 2) Appendix 2. table (See partnership” “Strategic 20 Ciuta and Klinke by used were “narratives” Ciuta’s and geopolitics critical of framework conceptual The and media Germanenergy dealing transition. withthe texts written by various ministries state institutions in Germany, but can also be seen in think t by framed partially is observing am I narrative The Germany. of Republic Federal the in policies ene on discussion the frame that events and practices texts, of set as narrative” “geopolitical of wording the using am I research, my In Germany. in transition energy the around discussion the frame that elements to relating whole”. organized a meaningful

Ian Klinke, “Geopoliti Klinke, Ian Felix Ciută, and Ian Klinke. “Lost in Conceptualization: Reading the ‘new Cold War’ with Critical Geopolitics.”, Geopolitics.”, Critical with War’ Cold ‘new the Reading Conceptualization: in “Lost Klinke. Ian and Ciută, Felix O Tuathail & Agnew, 1992; quoted by quoted 1992; Agnew, & Tuathail O 0 - 8 332 n nryscrt icus n Germany. in discourse security energy in )

in their research and they gave us an overview of the existi the of overview an us gave they and research their in understands cs in Germany cs inGermany

narratives “as accounts that have the characteristics of stories and therefore

76 – g tasto ad hrfr sae h dmsi ad external and domestic the shape therefore and transition rgy

the In my work, I term usingIn am work, the my Muller

Return

“Reconsidering the Concept of Discourse fo Discourse of Concept the “Reconsidering

of the Living Dead?” Living ofthe 25 h actors within a state reason about the current current the about reason state a within actors h 77

, of beginning, middle and end” that are that end” and middle beginning, of 325

Narratives as “the new Cold War” and the and War” Cold new “the as Narratives

, 713

“geopolitical when narrative” ng narratives (period 2006 (period narratives ng d Germany.d s give r the Field of Critical Critical of Field the r

a structure to

78 I this In . part of part anks –

CEU eTD Collection 82 81 326. 80 79 from arising issues security and conflict energy the is Germany in narrative War Cold new a of emergence the for basis The independence andgas oil bepromoted onMoscow’s must im policy narrative, a such of emergence the After states. various in considerations security energy influence, hegemony and imperialism lite” Germany". currentlyweak depend but democratic the threatens Russia overpowering and authoritarian irrational, and stresses it "competition, polarityand power presents and thesituation in which an aggressive, The first geopolitical narrative used by Ian Klinke and Felix Ciuta is the "ne narrative”authorsWar are“a“a Cold 2) and partnership New strategic narrative”(see Appendix various the decision

Ibid, 327 Ibid, Ibid, “Geopoliti Klinke, Ian Felix Ciută, and Ian Klinke. “Lost in Conceptualization: Reading the ‘new Cold War’ with Critical Geopolitics.”, Geopolitics.”, Critical with War’ Cold ‘new the Reading Conceptualization: in “Lost Klinke. Ian and Ciută, Felix lctos r tkn n a a ase t ti nraie acrig o imlec, higher Himmelreich, to according narrative, this to answer an as and taken are plications

326

confrontedanwhich Other byisdifferent isvillainous. asit must be protected from The ostensible logic ofprotectionWar Cold thenew actors to its framework. Two narratives found in Germany by previously mentioned mentioned previously by Germany in found narratives Two framework. its to actors

- making process and accounts cs in Germany cs inGermany

79

the use of energy as a political tool by tool political a as energy of use the

This narrativeThis

Russia Russia (“them, there”) –

the

Return , 80

and gives arguments to adapt all subsequent actions of “is seen to revive the power politics of old, spheresof old, of powerpolitics revivethe to seen “is

of the Living Dead?” Living ofthe

and the main tool is energy that greatly influences the 26

–

is enabled by the portrayal of a moral Self 81

, 711 –

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CEU eTD Collection 86 85 25.05.2014. on March 4, 2014 at: 84 325 83 long ensure infrastructure" export Russia's modernize to resources financial the commands and gas Russian requires that "Germany and and markets investment" consumer of need dire in but resources natural with "blessed is that Federation narrative partnership” “strategic the is Office Foreign German the by previouslyused but Ciuta, Felix and Klinke Ian by found also narrativegeopolitical otherThe influence in agenda policy foreign new a has indeed Russia that argue analysts Ukraine, in events recent with Today, space. it strives to use gas as a tool of great towards Ukraine. Russia’s behavior was seen as a new directi one promoted by the government (strategic partnership) and was concerned with Russia’s behavior a newspaper in think articles, magazine narrative War” Cold “New a of emergence the tracked Klinka and Ciuta EU completely is

Ibid in“Geopolitics Germany Klinke, Ian Felix Ciută, and Ian Klinke. “Lost in Conceptualization: Reading the ‘new Cold War’ with Critical Geopolitics.”, Geopolitics.”, Critical with War’ Cold ‘new the Reading Conceptualization: in “Lost Klinke. Ian and Ciută, Felix Jeffrey Sachs, “A New Post New “A Sachs, Jeffrey .

83 ,

712 .

84

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em atesi with partnership term against the prevailing German prevailing the against http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140999/jeffrey hc i wns o nlec post influence to wants it which

- tank publications, and other sources. This narrative was opposed to opposed was narrative This sources. other and publications, tank - Soviet Playbook Why the West Should Tread Carefully in Ukraine: Foreign Affairs Foreign Ukraine: in Carefully Tread Should West the Why Playbook Soviet

–

the - power politics for gaining influence over former Soviet Union the

Return Russian Federation through the North European Gas Gas European North the through Federation Russian 86

. Germ . of the Living Dead?”. 712 Dead?”. Living ofthe

position of deeper relations between Russia and the and Russia between relations deeper of position 27

any sees in Russia a valid partner and aims to aims and partner valid a Russia in sees any - oit tts n rvv is na abroad” “near its revive and states soviet on of Russia’s foreign policy in which - sachs/a

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CEU eTD Collection 90 89 325 88 283 87 policy and interests “rationalities, different for argue and define therefore and Russia, and Germany between relations of reading own their have narratives both that add Klinke Ian other is inherently conflictual and considers mainly security concerns i different the and background, by economic the fuelled with relation cooperative are a by driven Germany is one in considerations, discussion security energy the in narratives two The narrative by“interconnectedness, ischaracterized theglobalization” interdependenceand (market logic some to according functions and rules certain has part strategic the of narrative Russia. with confrontation avoiding favored and Russia with interdependence the the supply of gas to Ukraine (and caused slight shortages in Germany) t was who player market rational a of reaction the as crisis gas The government developed the “strategic partnership” narrative and it framed their opinion on the disturbances intheir trade. na partnership strategic The countries). European other and Ukraine (Poland, Europe within split a caused which Pipeline

Dhak Ian Klinke “Geopolitics in Germany Germany in “Geopolitics KlinkeIan I Felix Ciută, and Ian Klinke. “Lost in Conceptualization: Reading the ‘new Cold War’ with Critical Geopolitics.”, Geopolitics.”, Critical with War’ Cold ‘new the Reading Conceptualization: in “Lost Klinke. Ian and Ciută, Felix bid, 325 bid,

a, Ambrish. “Thea, Geopolitics of Energy Security theand Response to Its by Challenges India and Germany.”

rrative keeps the focus on business and countries countries and business on focus the keeps rrative nership simplifies the world and shows it as a structured whole that whole structured a as it shows and world the simplifies nership

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Return

of the Living Dead?”. 715 Living Dead?”. of the 28

empted by economic means to cut cut to means economic by empted

- based). Klinke states that this that states Klinke based). . 88 n the relations. F. Ciuta and

This narrative highlighted and 89

The second The avoid 90 .

s

any any 87 ,

CEU eTD Collection 92 325 91 t of overview an For forums. energy in renewables promoting and goals protection climate of technologies to rising number of partnering states (bilateral cooperation), setting EU energy and narrative is enlarging the suppor sustainable development and ensuring energy security. firms), German of competitiveness boost to order in costs distributing and (lowering transition tran energy the in Considerations resources. those for prices rising is not one state, but the future challenges posed by the competition for resources and by subsequent technolog the in position its from profit to aims and oil and gas of foreignimports on relativeindependence is aware of the changing geopolitical landscape of energy resources in the world, it tries to achieve geo better ensure to waya in policies its framing is blackouts inenergy (2) supply); isdefining global its role when dealing withthosethreats and(3) and development unsustainable change, climate wars, (resource world the in threats defining Germany in narrative geopolitical dominant the become has but narratives other two the of existence the energ the to contribution These two narratives that emerged in Germany are concerned with the oil and gas markets and my other narrativeduring emerged of theperiod 2006 prescriptions”

Ibid, 325 Ibid, Felix Ciută, and Ian Klinke. “Lost in Conceptual in “Lost Klinke. Ian and Ciută, Felix

ical chain with developing renewable energy technologies. The object of this narrative this of object The technologies. energy renewable developing with chain ical –

the the energy transition or the 91 . Important findings of the r the of findings Important .

y security domain will prove the third narrative, which does not exclude exclude not does which narrative, third the prove will domain security y

t for the energy transition through research & development, export Energiewende ization: Reading the ‘new Cold War’ with Critical Geopolitics.”, Geopolitics.”, Critical with War’ Cold ‘new the Reading ization: esearch by F. Ciuta and Ian Klinke showed that no that showed Klinke Ian and Ciuta F. by esearch 29

- 2008 inthe German debate. public - economic position in the future. As Germany Germany As future. the in economicposition . According to this narrative, Germa The The m eans eans of promoting and ensuring this sition are profitability of the the of profitability are sition 92

ny is (1) hree CEU eTD Collection 2,TableAppendix see narrative, the of audience the and narrative the of means object, subject, their: and narratives Geopolitical narratives inenergyGeopolitical security domaininGermany.

30

CEU eTD Collection AußenS Zeitschrift 95 energy sound environmentally and affordable Technology and Economics of Ministry Federal 94 Stiftung Adenauer 93 Furthermore, production. energy in energy renewable of use increasing to role central G the of front in goals ambitious set In September 2010, the government adopted a comprehensive new strategy “Energy Concept” that narrativeforcostly givesaenergy backgrounda that Germany. transition in se goals These country. the destabilize would and chaos cause would which supply energy in blackout possible the is transition, the for burden the interviewee also added that the main motivator behind the energy the of functioning the as production electricity self (7) and resources for conflicts of potential the decreasing (6) emissions, environ with dealing in goals high setting with protection climate of goal the pursuing (4) States, United the spill politically on dependence decreasing (1) are: interviews my of one in highlighted ones important most the but various, are (Energiewende) transition energy the foster to decision the to led that Germany in considerations security Energy geopo CHAPTER 2. GermanEnergiewende and emergingthe (economic) Dennis Tänzler · Stephan Wolters. “Energiewende und Außenpolitik: Gestaltungsmacht auf dem Prüfstand”, Prüfstand”, dem auf Gestaltungsmacht Außenpolitik: und “Energiewende Wolters. Stephan · Tänzler Dennis G Personal interview with Franziska Fabritius, Officer for Environment, Climate and Energy Policy at Konrad Konrad at Policy Energy and Climate Environment, for Officer Fabritius, Franziska with interview Personal ermany currently imports 88 % of its gas needs - overs from the energy sector, (3) insufficient resources coming from Norway, Canada and and Canada Norway, from coming resources insufficient (3) sector, energy the from overs litical narrative etl aatohs n cutrn goa wrig () eraig h CO the decreasing (5) warming, global countering and catastrophes mental

icherheitspolit (2014) 7: 7: 135 (2014) icherheitspolit

erman government to be fulfilled until 2050 which gave the the gave which 2050 until fulfilled be to government erman ”, April/2012, 8 April/2012, ”, : - 136 “ Germany’s new energy policy Heading towards 2050 with secure, secure, with 2050 towards Heading policy energy new Germany’s

and and 98 % of its oil needs and is heavily dependent on imports, see:

unstable countries unstable 31

t the scene for the emergence of a geopolitical a of emergence the for scene the t

- intensive economy depends economy intensive Energiwende 94 , (2) decreasing foreign policy foreign decreasing (2) , , although in the same time

- reliance in at least at in reliance

on it on . 95

The the 93 2

CEU eTD Collection 98 97 http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/germany2013SUM.pdf 96 policyenergy byand phasing outnuclear decreasing CO energy in change radical its with competitiveness and affordability sustainability, of elements t try will country industrialized highly which in challenge a is transition energy German reversing ofextending decisions theprevious lifetime of thenuclear plants effic energy promoting expansion, grid and energy renewable now call we transition the started that Package Energy second the adopted government German the which 2011, in accident nuclear Daiichi Fukushima the after happened policy energy in change prosperity” frie environmentally and efficient energy “most world’s the to policies German directed deliberately government

Ibid 9 Ibid, E: nry oiis f E Cutis Germa Countries, IEA of Policies Energy IEA: .

sustainability,affordabilitycompetitiveness. and between balance a maintain to is transition energy Germany’s if necessary are measures syste energy Europe’s of heart the its at location and of economy, intensity energy and size the with coupled ambitions, Germany’s of scale The –

the . 96

Although this got the energy transition going, the main “push” to a more radical more a to “push” main the going, transition energy the got this Although Energiewende. ndly economies, while keeping affordable energy prices and a high level of of level high a and prices energy affordable keeping while economies, ndly

The package consisted of seven legislative aimedacts at supporting 32

y 21 Rve, 9 Review, 2013 ny, 98 2

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after CEU eTD Collection 101 100 (BEE). Federation Energy Renewable memberof the German board a and (EREF) Federation 99 t In it. of consumers and energy renewable of conditions market the improved which Scheer i to decided and government the to came Greens and SPD the when 1998, in government in change the With the about the environmentally meltdown Chernobyl 1983 from Bundestag pro Scientists, Atomic anti of result real the and 1980s the in back Germany in renewablesto transition energy the beginningof the for motive a not geopoliticswas opinion, his renewable (rising to100%) which was for thattime q of 40% of goals ambitious with utilities energy by pursued was technology of development the Hinrichs anti the locating against was anti to link the as started renewables around discussion the 80s, the In considerations env energy transition German

Personal interview with Rainer Hinrichs Rainer with interview Personal

Lutz Metz (2012) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 68(6), 23 68(6), Scientists Atomicthe Bulletin of (2012) LutzMetz withinterviewHinrichs Personal ironmental protection, competitiveness issues and energy security security energy issues and competitiveness protection, ironmental

pressed pressed for the development of law for renewable energies the law came into force in 2000 - Rahlwes poe eilto fr eeals Te ot motn Sca Dmca Herman Democrat Social important most The renewables. for legislation mprove - nuclear and environmental protection movementsprotectionenvironmental nuclearand

99

stated, renewable energy comes to the fore of the discussion in 1985/1986 as1985/1986 in discussion the of fore the to comes energy renewable stated,

101 - . Environmental concerns and anti and concerns Environmental . - ula Sca Dmcas n te res ht ee ersne i the in represented were that Greens the and Democrats Social nuclear

eadd hsn dw o al ula pat i Gray after Germany in plants nuclear all of down phasing demanded -

- – - Rahlwes friendly sources of energy. sources of friendly alsi msie ytm i Erp. s h int the As Europe. in systems missile ballistic

historical cut of a merger of anti of merger a of cut historical - Rahlwes. He is the Vice the is He Rahlwes.

Energiwende Energiwende 33

uiet unlikely withthe technologyIn at hand.

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- nuclear movement marked the start of start the marked movement nuclear 100 nt of the European Renewable Energies Energies Renewable European the of nt . As stated in the Bulletin of theof Bulletinstated the inAs . - nuclear movements, nuclear - nuclear movement which movement nuclear

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CEU eTD Collection duties sold; actually is it which than higher 88% be should Prices is. value market their than cheaper far Europe to panels solar selling 104 http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5497 103 2012 102 that particular moment, German governing coali Chinese solar panels effectiveness of level modules caused the clo in tariffs (cuts or increases in subsidies), the constant and ever more successful competing Chinese arouncountries competitiveness of issue the with coupled which energy of producers many for end the marked and development fina and economic the 2010, In reportsaffairs onthestate of o of foundations pace of the energy transition was not really high and i the However, increased). installations of number the lower, were (costs happened tariffs the of tuning the andincreased market the on competition the 2000, in Act EnergyRenewable the With sector the which scenegrowing for set energ renewable the energies renewable the in engaged producers German subsidies, by Fuelled subsidies. through problem this answer to needed legislators German and table the at was issue competitiveness Personal i The The German Solar Energ After nine months of inves http://www.paristechreview.com/2012/04/13/german - on - solar nterview with Hinrichs - panel d Europe decided to stop supporting solar energy and, joined by the dramatic cuts cuts dramatic bythe joined and, energy solar supporting stop decidedto Europe d Energiewende 102 - imports

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. 103 sure sure

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Rahlwes, Rahlwes, china/ f energyI Germany transition in analyze will which later. are set in the EEG law and the Monitoring Commission delivers Commission Monitoring the and law EEG the in set are MEMO/12/647 , accessed 23.05.2014 accessed , http://www.euintheus.org/press ncial crisis caused the contraction in the renewable energy energy renewable the in contraction the caused crisis ncial ,

accessed on 26.05.2014. 26.05.2014. on accessed more at: China on Pace to Become Global Leader in Renewable Energy ), the European Commission found that Chinese companies are 34 tion tion from FDP and CDU/CSU wanted to postpone - solar

mprovements were needed. The institutional - crisis/

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- dumpin . At g - CEU eTD Collection 108 deutsche Institute percent 107 106 “ [nuclear] exit) was not anymore politically possible with the German “A public titled program FDP and CDU/CSU the of persuasion the accident, an of 105 their on can they investment as much as gain to want lobbies oil and gas other and market the in share more get to wants Germany in coal abundant and cheap the plants, nuclear of lifetime the extend wan energies Incumbent transition. energy the implement to required are which conditions to barriers biggest The internationally known. thatthe are makes thefactor actors EU as (electricity) generatepower to resources supplementary a find to need the (3) and production energy renewable efficient more for need The transition. implications of the policy energy were the following: (1) the increased of dependence on g direction the holds and policy new the embraced government The t extending After the reactor catastrophe in Fuku attitude. energy nuclear from exit the Sweden, Finland and the German Energiewende the and German Finland Sweden,

“ Personal interview withinterviewHinrichs Personal interview Personal “For private households and the majority of businesses, the current price 2002 price current the businesses, of majority the and households private “For The The accident in Fukushima, in which a fully modern nuclear power plant in a country wasdeveloped in the center

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zahlen as strong as in any other industrialized country, shared with the consulting firm BDO and the Hamburg Hamburg the and BDO firm consulting the with shared country, industrialized other any in as strong as of International Economics”. Economics”. International of

108 he working time of nuclear plants, decided to phase out all nuclear plants until 2022. until plants nuclear all out phase to decided plants, nuclear of time working he - , butlobbyingforalso renewables developed is zweit

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in Germany are high costs of it of costs high are Germany in 106 ”

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ergiewende 3) Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Friedrich Ebert 3) accessed on 24.05.2014. accessed24.05.2014. on 35

” a geopolitical project which is already geopoliticala isalready which project - . yellow coalition although previously

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however Fukushima changed this changed Fukushima however in: ustieg aus dem Austieg” (exit from the the from (exit Austieg” dem aus ustieg

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107

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See more in: Kathrin Suhlsen, Matthijs Hisschemoller, “Lobbying the ‘Energiewende’. Assessing the effectiveness First Monitoring Report “Energy of the future” German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), Technology and Ministry (BMWi), of Economics future”“Energy Report Federal of the First German Monitoring

Ho wever, by distributing the burden of costs to the whole German population and by ensuring and by German population thewhole costs to of burden distributingwever, the by narrative - ose reports shows the assumption from the German government and experts that experts and government German the from assumption the shows reports ose term self term e e sltos o i i rnwbe nry Gas f iiihn energy diminishing of Goals energy. renewable is it for solutions key he o te nry rniin eiiae isl i picpe o environmental of principles in itself legitimates transition energy the of ”

- and reliance and long and reliance

guarantees Germany higher energy independence

nergy business in Germany” Energy Policy 69 (2014) (2014) 69 Policy Energy in Germany” nergybusiness - em a edne Gra energy German endanger can term

, states that the energy transition ( - ” has various elements that characterize it and I was was I and it characterize that elements various has ” term growth possibilities growth term 36

th

election period). The title “Energy of of “Energy title The period). election –

Germany as a leader and leader asa Germany

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Energiewende

110 . The threat of ) reduces reduces CEU eTD Collection 114 21 113 umweltschutz protection industry in Germany, study available at: Economic factor conservation Production 112 18 111 the assess we If industry. energy renewable in producers geo the to contributes employment exporting nation made be to needs for th important is which (Wirtschaftlickeit) profitability its is transition energy the of aspect Another technologiesexport through itdeveloped costlyinvestments. th see can goods protection environmental in trade world the of 15.2 around of share its to led transition energy and protection climate in frontrunner a as According to the study published by the Ge fuels. fossil of prices increasing ever to alternative an be will and improvements technical will energy renewable of development the on, Further to renewable energy. considerations and therefore are used as elements in the new geopolitical narrative that gives

First Monitoring Report “Energy of the future” German Federal Ministry of Economi future”“Energy Report Federal of the First German Monitoring thefor German Environme Ministry Federal Ministry of E future”“Energy Report Federal of the First German Monitoring Ibid e technological and economic competitiveness of Germany in the global market .

at the interest of Germany in this game is to gain credibility in global markets and to to and markets global in credibility gain to is game this in Germany of interest the at -

0

and accessed 25th ofMay. 25th accessed

through welfare a business center business a

- economic argument where Germany is trying to compete with other other with compete to trying is Germany where argument economic new technologies and products, new export possibil

in the whole country. country. whole the in

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Foreign Foreign Trade

(“Wirtschaftsstandort”) and needs to build its image as an as image its build to needs and (“Wirtschaftsstandort”) nt, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety 01/2014: report Nuclear Conservation, nt,and Building Nature http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/wirtschaftsfaktor rman rman Federal Office for Environment, Germany’s role . 37 112 -

Research

If we take a look again at the Appendix 1, we 1, Appendix the at again look a take we If 114

hs lmn i te eot significantly report the in element This - current prices of electricity in Germany Germany in electricity of prices current

Patents: Patents: The performance of the environmental eie cepr technologies cheaper deliver

conomics and Technology (BMWi), Technology and (BMWi), conomics cs and Technology (BMWi), Technology cs and (BMWi), ities

that will enhance 113 . Germany

through a role 111 -

CEU eTD Collection 117 116 21 115 important to countries awareness of problems the in world and will increase the credibility of the German government in supply. energy friendly climate is that Germany is the first big industrialize negotiations change climate of topics projects of political communication, for the enhancement of sustainable andpolitics to popularize reversal, change climate the to world a for striving their in elements important The report hi bottom. infrastructure their of efficiency energy the top Government since the energy transformation (tra German the for crucial is efficiency energy increased the of importance the above, written As costs wouldbe ofthe lower. energy transition scaachieve the economyof will Germany if made be can Profitability citizens. and industry German to implications big has which electricity of prices higher cent per 40 approximately paying are Germans today, of as

. First Monitoring Report “Energy of the future” German Federal Ministry of Economics future”“Energy Report Federal of the First German Monitoring I Ibid,

- bid, 104 bid, down approach. down

8

where the cooperation emerged. As already mentioned in the table 1 (Appendix 1), it is it 1), (Appendix 1 table the in mentioned already As emerged. cooperation the where

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German government encourages enterprises and households to enhance to households and enterprises encourages government German le in the European Union where prices would slowly decrease and the and where the decrease priceswouldslowly European Union le inthe

117 the

Political communication is used as an instrument of raising of instrument an as used is communication Political emn oenet s nae i selected in engaged is Government German . 116

The perception of energy transition by the government the by transition energy of perception The d nation that decided on this way of more efficient and 115

in the post

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and Technology (BMWi), Technology and (BMWi),

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First Monitor Technology and Ministry (BMWi), of Economics future”“Energy Report Federal of the First German Monitoring Projects in the area of renewable energy, energy efficiency and electricitytransmission. and efficiency energy, energy ofrenewable in the area Projects Economy,read Global the Hurts Mercantilism China’s How Industry Chinese to Subsidies of Rise Explosive The According to the first report, the expenses increased from 401 million euros in 2006 to 647 million euros in 2011 2011 in euros million 647 to 2006 in euros million 401 from increased expenses the report, first the to According

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119 i

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The 39

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123

In addition to the climate protection aspect, they highlight the highlightthey aspect, protection climate the to Inaddition

by engaging more and local other producers, interested

ordability and profitability of the German energy German the of profitability and ordability 40 and the expert team to the German Parliament Parliament German the to team expert the and

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CEU eTD Collection 20.05.2014 germanys market. global the in competitive remain could these are falling gas thanks shale to to to so companies savethe In boom. order gave government exemptions jobs, German compet less makingthem companies, for up going also are Costs household now pays an extra €260 a year to subsidize renewables: which is in total in 2013 approximately €16 billion. 129 128 (BMWi) 127 direction general a for arguments as used are climate the and environment protecting of Goals 2010 was pay in order to remain profitable within the country’s economy that stated ways how to keep its firms competitive i find to needs Germany Union), European the by (pressured Act Energy Renewable the of reform new the with Germany in subsidies of lowering possible and issue competitiveness the to Due engagement inenergy transition, more to commitment the long reaffirms and the discussion the of that fore the see in increasingly is can perspective we report, the from statement mentioned above the analyze we creat welfare, enhance will and imports of independent more Germany make will protection, climate and environmental of standards higher to lead will but Germany for challenge big a is transition energy the that states and community international The with International activities of the German government include dialogues on cli

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,

- 102 new

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F I I Christian Hübner, “Germany’s Foreign Policy and the “Energiewende” “Energiewende” the and Policy Foreign “Germany’s Hübner, Christian Dirk Messner and Jennifer Morgan, “Germany needs an Energy Transformation foreign policy” German German policy” foreign Transformation Energy an needs “Germany Morgan, Jennifer and Messner Dirk bid bid. ischer and Geden, “Moving Targets”, 27 Targets”, “Moving Geden, ischerand .

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tics, (2) and (2) tics, although not broadly discussed by think tanks, think by discussed broadly not although of of its energy transition and needs to keep the European Union on its side in order

therefore to lower the costs of its investments in transmission grids and grids transmission in investments its of costs the lower to therefore 172

motn t nt, h eeg tasto o Gray s ml in small is Germany of transition energy the note, to Important 26

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173

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German diplomacy was the establishment of a new intergovernmental intergovernmental new a of establishment the was diplomacy German he Ministry supports their engagement abroad with finding markets or or markets finding with abroad engagement their supports Ministry he , he newsletter he yil Reratn n Krtn Westphal Kirsten and Roehrkasten Sybille s can become members if they will act according to objectives and activities set by setby activities and objectives to will according act they ifmembers become scan

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Peter Altmaier’s speech during the establishment of the “Renewables Club” “Renewables of the establishment the during speech Peter Altmaier’s Röhrkasten, Sybille and Kirsten Westphal. IRENA: Stay th Stay IRENA: Westphal. Kirsten and Sybille Röhrkasten, Altmaier establishes “Renewables Club”, read more at: more read Club”, “Renewables establishes Altmaier - renewables .” l Renewable Energy association press release; IRENA welcomes the “Renewables Club” Club” “Renewables the welcomes IRENA release; press association Energy Renewable l . . These goals are 188 190 rman Federal Minister of Environment Peter Altmaier formed the “Club of states for

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2014 191 World” the for Model Energy “TheEn or, for Transition” the ModelMoon as a the to Mission “The US will eventually be sold to other countries that will follow. Die Zeit Federal Republic of G the of policies external and domestic shape to aims narrative geopolitical This done. be should tanks, Germany has the means to achieve its goals and to show the world how the energy transition parli by both shown as and narrative, geopolitical the to defines ownrole its inthetransformation ownand ofits of theworld’s energy system. According Germany Federation), (Russian uranium and gas oil, of conf supplier biggest a the or with relationship partnership strategic the to relate that narratives other two Unlike security. of climate protection, Germanyaims toensure its own economic and prosperity long technology, the of patents of acceptance export partnerships, strategic promoting While worldwide. and Europe its of arguments Using narrative in which German officials are frami the behind that showed conducted have I research The European t of future discussing when table the at present partnership bilateral through is Germany other, the on

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ermany through the promotion of the development of new technologies that abroad and promoting ideas of environmentally of ideas promoting and abroad 191

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ww.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2013 - klimawandel ng the discussion about Germany’s role in the world - 63 bericht

- modell amentarians, official speeches and think think and speeches official amentarians, Energiewende - deutschland - 01/Energiewende published published various articles titled, -

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.spiegel.de/international/topic/german_energy_revolution/ 192 domestic and foreign policy. 2, Appendix research. my of scope the outside is aspect this however, policy, energy sh could world the in countries other and Germany between agreements partnership of research Further technology. energy renewable protection issues as more expect can we however, transition, the of costs the with Revolution” Energy “Green the leading

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