Pezzottaite from Ambatovita, Madagascar: a New Gem Mineral
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Tapia Woodlands of Highland Madagascar: Rural Economy, Fire Ecology, and Forest Conservation
The 'degraded' tapia woodlands of highland Madagascar: rural economy, fire ecology, and forest conservation Christian A. Kull This is an author-archived version of the following paper: Kull 2002. The 'degraded' tapia woodlands of highland Madagascar: rural economy, fire ecology, and forest conservation. Journal of Cultural Geography 19 (2): 95-128. The final definitive version is available from Taylor and Francis (www.tandfonline.com) Direct link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08873630209478290 Abstract Madagascar is well-known for deforestation. However, highland "tapia" (Uapaca bojeri) woodlands may present a counter-example of indigenous management leading to woodland conservation. Contrary to common wisdom that these woodlands are degraded, tapia woodland extent and composition have seen little change this century. Tapia woodlands harbor many benefits, including wild silkworms (whose cocoons have been harvested for centuries to weave expensive burial shrouds), fruit, woodfuel, mushrooms, edible insects, and herbal medicines. As a result, villagers shape and maintain the woodlands. Burning favors the dominance of pyrophitic tapia trees and protects silkworms from parasites. Selective cutting of non-tapia species and pruning of dead branches also favors tapia dominance and perhaps growth. Finally, local and state-imposed regulations protect the woodlands from over-exploitation. These processes -- burning, cutting, and protection -- are embedded in complex and dynamic social, political, economic, and ecological contexts which are integral to the tapia woodlands as they exist today. As a result, I argue on a normative level that the creation and maintenance of the woodlands should not be seen as “degradation,” rather as a creative “transformation.” INTRODUCTION Few endemic forests exist in highland Madagascar, a region dominated by vast grasslands, rice paddies, dryland cropfields, and pine or eucalyptus woodlots. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Ecosystem Profile Madagascar and Indian
ECOSYSTEM PROFILE MADAGASCAR AND INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS FINAL VERSION DECEMBER 2014 This version of the Ecosystem Profile, based on the draft approved by the Donor Council of CEPF was finalized in December 2014 to include clearer maps and correct minor errors in Chapter 12 and Annexes Page i Prepared by: Conservation International - Madagascar Under the supervision of: Pierre Carret (CEPF) With technical support from: Moore Center for Science and Oceans - Conservation International Missouri Botanical Garden And support from the Regional Advisory Committee Léon Rajaobelina, Conservation International - Madagascar Richard Hughes, WWF – Western Indian Ocean Edmond Roger, Université d‘Antananarivo, Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Christopher Holmes, WCS – Wildlife Conservation Society Steve Goodman, Vahatra Will Turner, Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International Ali Mohamed Soilihi, Point focal du FEM, Comores Xavier Luc Duval, Point focal du FEM, Maurice Maurice Loustau-Lalanne, Point focal du FEM, Seychelles Edmée Ralalaharisoa, Point focal du FEM, Madagascar Vikash Tatayah, Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Nirmal Jivan Shah, Nature Seychelles Andry Ralamboson Andriamanga, Alliance Voahary Gasy Idaroussi Hamadi, CNDD- Comores Luc Gigord - Conservatoire botanique du Mascarin, Réunion Claude-Anne Gauthier, Muséum National d‘Histoire Naturelle, Paris Jean-Paul Gaudechoux, Commission de l‘Océan Indien Drafted by the Ecosystem Profiling Team: Pierre Carret (CEPF) Harison Rabarison, Nirhy Rabibisoa, Setra Andriamanaitra, -
Phenomenal Gemstones Possess Striking Optical Effects, Making Them Truly a Sight for Sore Eyes
THE PHENOMENAL PROPERTIES OF GEMS Phenomenal gemstones possess striking optical effects, making them truly a sight for sore eyes. Here is GIA’s guide to understanding what makes each phenomenon so uniquely brilliant. ASTERISM CROSSING BANDS OF REFLECTED LIGHT CREATE A SIX-RAYED STAR-LIKE APPEARANCE. ASTERISM OCCURS IN THE DOME OF A CABOCHON, AND CAN BE SEEN IN GEMS LIKE RUBIES AND SAPPHIRES. ADULARESCENCE THE SAME SCATTERING OF LIGHT THAT MAKES THE SKY BLUE CREATES A MILKY, BLUISH-WHITE GLOW, LIKE MOONLIGHT SHINING THROUGH A VEIL OF CLOUDS. MOONSTONE IS THE ONLY GEM THAT DISPLAYS IT. AVENTURESCENCE FOUND IN NATURAL GEMS LIKE SUNSTONE FELDSPAR AND AVENTURINE QUARTZ, IT DISPLAYS A GLITTERY EFFECT CAUSED BY LIGHT REFLECTING FROM SMALL, FLAT INCLUSIONS. CHATOYANCY OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “CAT’S EYE” EFFECT, BANDS OF LIGHT ARE CAUSED BY THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM MANY PARALLEL, NEEDLE-LIKE INCLUSIONS INSIDE A CABOCHON. NOTABLE GEMS THAT DISPLAY CHATOYANCY INCLUDE CAT’S EYE TOURMALINE AND CAT’S EYE CHRYSOBERYL. IRIDESCENCE ALSO SEEN IN SOAP BUBBLES AND OIL SLICKS, IT’S A RAINBOW EFFECT THAT IS CREATED WHEN LIGHT IS BROKEN UP INTO DIFFERENT COLORS. LOOK FOR IT IN FIRE AGATE AND OPAL AMMONITE (KNOWN BY THE TRADE AS AMMOLITE). LABR ADORESCENCE A BROAD FLASH OF COLOR THAT APPEARS IN LABRADORITE FELDSPAR, IT’S CAUSED BY LIGHT INTERACTING WITH THIN LAYERS IN THE STONE, AND DISAPPEARS WHEN THE GEM IS MOVED. INSIDER’S TIP: THE MOST COMMON PHENOMENAL COLOR IN LABRADORITE IS BLUE. PLAY OF COLOR THE FLASHING RAINBOW-LIKE COLORS IN OPAL THAT FLASH AT YOU AS YOU TURN THE STONE OR MOVE AROUND IT. -
TDR Annexe7 Rapport Analyse 322 Communes OATF
ETAT DES LIEUX DES 319 COMMUNES POUR LE FINANCEMENT ADDITIONNEL DU PROJET CASEF Février 2019 TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES .................................................................................................................... i LISTE DES ACRONYMES ................................................................................................................ iii Liste des tableaux ......................................................................................................................... v Listes des Cartes ........................................................................................................................... v Liste des figures ............................................................................................................................vi Liste des photos ...........................................................................................................................vi I INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 II METHODOLOGIES .................................................................................................................... 2 II.1 CHOIX DES 322 COMMUNES OBJETS D’ENQUETE ............................................................... 2 II.2 CHOIX DES CRITERES DE SELECTION DES COMMUNES ........................................................ 5 II.3 METHODOLOGIE DE COLLECTE DE DONNEES ET ACTIVITES ................................................. 6 -
Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Madagascar
Public Disclosure Authorized Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Madagascar INCEPTION REPORT [ENGLISH VERSION] August 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a. in association with Mhylab, under contract to The World Bank. It is one of several outputs from the small hydro Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning [Project ID: P145350]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. This document is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this has not been subject to full peer review. The final, validated, peer reviewed output from this project will be a Madagascar Small Hydro Atlas, which will be published once the project is completed. Copyright © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. -
Ambositra Est La Suivante
UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO École Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo UFR Sciences Economiques et de Gestion de Bordeaux IV MEMOIRE DE DIPLOME D’ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES SPÉCIALISÉES OPTION : « ÉTUDES D’IMPACTS ENVIRONNEMENTAUX » En co-diplômation entre L’Université d’Antananarivo et l’Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV Intitulé : EETTUUDDEE DD’’’IIIMMPPAACCTTSS EENNVVIIIRROONNNNEEMMEENNTTAAUUXX EETT SSOOCCIIIAAUUXX DDUU PPRROOJJEETT «VVIIITTRRIIINNEE DDEE LL’’’EENNTTRREETTIIIEENN RROOUUTTIIIEERR NN°° 0022 »» SSUURR LL’’’AAXXEE :: AAmmbboossiiittrraa –– IIImmaaddyy IIImmeerriiinnaa –– MMaahhaazzooaarriiivvoo -- FFaannddrriiiaannaa Présenté le 09 octobre 2012 par Monsieur: RANDRIAMANANJO Dina Lalaina D E S S - E I E 2011 – 2012 D E S S EIE 2011 - 2012 École Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo UFR Sciences Economiques et de Gestion de Bordeaux IV MEMOIRE DE DIPLOME D’ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES SPÉCIALISÉES OPTION : « ÉTUDES D’IMPACTS ENVIRONNEMENTAUX » En co-diplômation entre L’Université d’Antananarivo et l’Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV Intitulé : EETTUUDDEE DD’’’IIIMMPPAACCTTSS EENNVVIIIRROONNNNEEMMEENNTTAAUUXX EETT SSOOCCIIIAAUUXX DDUU PPRROOJJEETT «VVIIITTRRIIINNEE DDEE LL’’’EENNTTRREETTIIIEENN RROOUUTTIIIEERR NN°° 0022 »» SSUURR LL’’’AAXXEE :: AAmmbboossiiittrraa –– IIImmaaddyy IIImmeerriiinnaa –– MMaahhaazzooaarriiivvoo -- FFaannddrriiiaannaa Présenté le 09 octobre 2012 par Monsieur : RANDRIAMANANJO Dina Lalaina Devant le jury composé de : Président : - Monsieur ANDRIANARY Philippe Antoine Professeur Titulaire Examinateurs : - Mme Sylvie -
SOME UNUSUAL SILLIMANITE CAT's-EYES by E
NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES SOME UNUSUAL SILLIMANITE CAT'S-EYES By E. Giibelin, M, Weibel, and C. P. Woensdregt Brown-black sillimanite cat's-eyes from Sri Lanka thin-section study and the ion etching necessary present an unusually sharp band, which would make for subsequent electron diffraction. them extraordinary gems wereit not for therather un- This article summarizes the results of the elec- attractive body color of the stones. A study of six of tron microscope study of the inclusions causing these stones found that they contain 0.5 wt.% iron the chatoyancy, as well as the gemological charac- oxide. The principal inclusion mineral is ilmenite, teristics of this unusual material. which occurs in elongated, submicroscopically thin lamellae. Complex thicker lamellae consist of hercy- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS nite spinel grown together with a member of the pyroxene group. These thicker inclusions were not Chatoyancy, like asterism, is caused by the scat- foundin all of the specimens investigated. tering of light on numerous fibrous inclusions aligned in one or more directions in the host crys- tal; proper cutting en cabochon is required to re- veal the phenomenon. For good chatoyancy or asterism, the elongated inclusions must be thin sillimanite, also known as fibrolite, is a common compared to the wavelengths of light (Weibel, metamorphic mineral. Cuttable material is ex- 1985). Such minute crystal individuals are not ac- tremely rare but is found in the Mogok Stone Tract cessible to ordinary microscopy and X-ray analy- of Burma and in the Sri Lankan gem gravels, as sis. Even though the inclusions may show up in a transparent rounded crystals with a blue, violet- thin section viewed with a polarizing microscope, blue, or grayish green hue (Webster, 1983). -
Autumn 07 Cover
Winter Antiques & Fine Art Auction Wednesday 28, Thursday 29 £5 & Friday 30 November 2018 ewbank’s auction sale dates 2018/19 Viewing days/times vary, please contact the auctioneer for details December 2018 August Thursday 13th Toys & Models Wednesday 7th Antique & Collectors inc. Silver Thursday 13th Entertainment & Memorabilia Wednesday 21st Antique & Collectors inc. Silver Friday 14th Vintage Posters Wednesday 21st Garden Furniture & Statuary Wednesday 19th Antique & Collectors’ Thursday 22nd Militaria, Stamps, Books & Maps Wednesday 19th Fine Wines & Spirits September January Wednesday 11th Jewellery, Watches & Coins Wednesday 16th Antique & Collectors inc. Silver Thursday 12th Silver & Fine Art Thursday 17th Decorative Arts Friday 13th Antique Furniture & Clocks Thursday 17th Contemporary Art & Modern British Paintings October February Wednesday 2nd Antique & Collectors inc. Jewellery & Silver Thursday 007th Bond & Beyond Wednesday 2nd Toys & Models Wednesday 13th Antique & Collectors inc. Silver Thursday 3rd Entertainment & Memorabilia Thursday 14th Militaria, Stamps, Books & Maps Thursday 3rd Movie Props Wednesday 27th Toys & Models Friday 4th Vintage Posters Thursday 28th Entertainment & Memorabilia Thursday 24th Decorative Arts Thursday 28th Movie Props Thursday 24th Contemporary Art & Modern British Paintings March November Friday 1st Vintage Posters Wednesday 6th Antique & Collectors inc. Silver Wednesday 6th Antique & Collectors inc. Silver Thursday 7th Asian Art Wednesday 20th Jewellery, Watches & Coins Thursday 7th Vintage -
Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
.'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications. -
Répartition De La Caisse-École 2020 Des Collèges D'enseignement
Repartition de la caisse-école 2020 des Collèges d'Enseignement Général DREN ALAOTRA-MANGORO CISCO AMBATONDRAZAKA Prestataire OTIV ALMA Commune Code Etablissement Montant AMBANDRIKA 503010005 CEG AMBANDRIKA 1 598 669 AMBATONDRAZAKA 503020018 C.E.G. ANOSINDRAFILO 1 427 133 AMBATONDRAZAKA 503020016 CEG RAZAKA 3 779 515 AMBATONDRAZAKA SUBURBAINE 503030002 C.E.G. ANDINGADINGANA 1 142 422 AMBATOSORATRA 503040001 CEG AMBATOSORATRA 1 372 802 AMBOHIBOROMANGA 503070012 CEG ANNEXE AMBOHIBOROMANGA 878 417 AMBOHIBOROMANGA 503150018 CEG ANNEXE MARIANINA 775 871 AMBOHIBOROMANGA 503150016 CEGFERAMANGA SUD 710 931 AMBOHIDAVA 503040017 CEG AMBOHIDAVA 1 203 171 AMBOHITSILAOZANA 503050001 CEG AMBOHITSILAOZANA 1 671 044 AMBOHITSILAOZANA CEG TANAMBAO JIAPASIKA 622 687 AMPARIHINTSOKATRA 503060013 CEG AMPARIHINTSOKATRA 1 080 499 AMPITATSIMO 503070001 CEG AMPITATSIMO 1 530 936 AMPITATSIMO 503070015 CEG ANNEXE AMBOHITANIBE 860 667 ANDILANATOBY 503080025 CEG ANDRANOKOBAKA 760 039 ANDILANATOBY 503080001 CEG ANDILANATOBY 1 196 620 ANDILANATOBY 503080026 CEG ANNEXE SAHANIDINGANA 709 718 ANDILANATOBY 503080027 CEG COMMUNAUTAIRE AMBODINONOKA 817 973 ANDILANATOBY 503080031 CEG COMMUNAUTAIRE MANGATANY 723 676 ANDILANATOBY 503080036 CEG COMMUNAUTAIRE RANOFOTSY 668 769 ANDROMBA 503090005 CEG ANDROMBA 1 008 043 ANTANANDAVA 503100020 CEG ANTANANDAVA 1 056 579 ANTSANGASANGA 503110004 CEG ANTSANGASANGA 757 763 BEJOFO 503120016 C.E.G. -
Summer 2007 Gems & Gemology Gem News
EDITOR Brendan M. Laurs ([email protected]) CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Emmanuel Fritsch, IMN, University of Nantes, France ([email protected]) Henry A. Hänni, SSEF, Basel, Switzerland ([email protected]) Franck Notari, GemTechLab, Geneva, Switzerland ([email protected]) Kenneth V. G. Scarratt, GIA Research, Bangkok, Thailand ([email protected]) DIAMONDS U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) awards patents, and consequently it may affect the validity of a Bar code technology applied to diamonds. Inscribing dia- number of patents on diamond cut designs. monds using lasers and other technologies has become a A general review of U.S. patent law as it applies to routine method for identifying a stone and personalizing it diamond cuts can be found in the Winter 2002 G&G (T. for individual situations. At the same time, bar coding has W. Overton, “Legal protection for proprietary diamond evolved from the traditional one-dimensional array of lines cuts,” pp. 310–325). One of the factors that the USPTO to a two-dimensional matrix code that can hold far more considers in awarding a patent is whether the claimed information. invention is a development that would be “obvious” to Diamond laser inscription technology has now pro- a person having ordinary skill in the relevant field. An gressed to the point where a miniature matrix code can be obvious invention is not eligible for a patent. Until the inscribed on the girdle of a diamond (see, e.g., figure 1). KSR International case, the U.S. Court of Appeals for Instead of just a grading report number, the matrix code the Federal Circuit (which has jurisdiction over patent can store all of the information in the report itself, such as disputes) applied a fairly narrow definition of obvious- clarity, cut, and color grades, as well as country of origin (if ness: whether a specific motivation or suggestion to known), the name of the manufacturer, and other combine prior inventions or knowledge (referred to as specifics.