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Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope
(ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories
Papa‘anui Ahupua‘a, Makawao District, Island of Maui

TMK: (2) 2-2-07:008
Prepared for
KC Environmental and
The National Science Foundation (NSF)

Prepared by
Colleen Dagan, B.S. Robert Hill B.A.
Tanya L. Lee-Greig, M.A. and
Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D.

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc.
Wailuku, Hawai‘i
(Job Code: HALEA 2)

May 2007

  • O‘ahu Office
  • Maui Office

Kailua, Hawai‘i 96734 Ph.: (808) 262-9972 Fax: (808) 262-4950
16 S. Market Street, Suite 2N Wailuku, Hawai‘i 96793 Ph: (808) 242-9882 Fax: (808) 244-1994

www.culturalsurveys.com

  • Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2
  • Management Summary

Management Summary

Report Reference

Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories Papa‘anui Ahupua‘a, Makawao District, Island of Maui TMK: (2) 2-2-07:008 (Dagan et al. 2007)

Date

May 2007

Project Number Project Location

CSH Job Code: HALEA 2 Overall Location: Pu‘u Kolekole, Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories (TMK [2] 2-2-07:008), as depicted on the USGS 7.5 minute Topographic Survey Map, Portions of Kilohana Quadrangle and Lualailua Hills Quadrangle.

Preferred ATST Site Location: Mees Solar Observatory Facility Alternate ATST Site Location: Reber Circle

Land Jurisdiction Agencies

State of Hawai‘i National Science Foundation (NSF) – Proposing Agency Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) – Proposing Agency

University of Hawai‘i Institute for Astronomy (UH IfA) – Managing Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Federal Reviewing Agency U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFW) – Federal Reviewing Agency Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR/SHPD) – State Reviewing Agency

State of Hawai‘i Office of Planning – State Reviewing Agency

Project Description Project Acreage

The National Science Foundation is proposing to build the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at the 18.166-acre Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories.

0.60-acres

Region of Influence (ROI)

The area of direct affect is considered as the 0.60-acre site for the potential construction of the ATST. When contemplating both direct and indirect effects on the cultural and historic resources the ROI for this undertaking is defined as the entire summit area of Haleakalā.

Project Environmental Regulatory Context

As a federally funded project on state lands, this undertaking is subject to both Federal and State of Hawai‘i Environmental Regulations. With regard to Federal regulations, this undertaking is subject to the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) 40 Code of Federal Regulation [CFR} Part 1500- 1508, as well as the National Science Foundation’s NEPA-implementing regulations 45 CFR Part 640. With regard to State of Hawai‘i Environmental Regulations, this undertaking is subject to Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) Title 11 Chapter 200-4(a) and Chapter 343 of the Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS).

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Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories

TMK (2) 2-2-07:008

  • Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2
  • Management Summary

Based on the information gathered during the course of this study and presented in this report, the overwhelming evidence, from a cultural and traditional standpoint, points toward a significant adverse impact on Native Hawaiian traditional cultural practices and beliefs. This determination of significant adverse impact would apply to both the preferred Mees Location and the alternative Reber Circle location. To the majority of Native Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians who participated in the scoping, public comment, and overall Section 106 process, the proposed undertaking is unmitigable and therefore, following the “No Action” alternative and keeping both the Mees site and Reber Circle site in their current undeveloped state was strongly recommended.

Consultation Results and Cultural Impact Recommendation

In the event that the proposed undertaking is approved and funding secured, it is highly recommended that more time for mitigative proposals be allotted and the development of working relationships with Native Hawaiian groups be actively pursued. As Haleakalā plays a central role in the history and culture of Maui Island kanaka maoli it is imperative that there be open lines of communication and that every effort is made to hear, understand, and respect the cultural concerns and beliefs of the community during the course of project construction, as well as throughout the operational time span of the facility itself.

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Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude

TMK (2) 2-2-07:008

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2

Table of Contents

Management Summary ............................................................................................................ i Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................1 1.2 SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................................................1 1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING............................................................................................................2
1.3.1 Natural Setting........................................................................................................................2 1.3.2 Built Setting............................................................................................................................5

Section 2 Methods .................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH ...........................................................................................................6 2.2 COMMMUNITY CONSULTATION .....................................................................................................6

Section 3 Traditional and Historic Background ................................................................... 7

3.1 TRADITIONAL ACCOUNTS OF HALEAKALĀ....................................................................................9
3.1.1 Legends of the Demi-god Māui as Related to Haleakalā......................................................14

3.1.1.1 A Description of the Demi-god Māui by Kalakaua (1888) ............................................................................ 14 3.1.1.2 Stories Collected by Taylor (1870) ................................................................................................................ 15 3.1.1.3 Legends Collected by Fornander (1919) ........................................................................................................ 16

3.1.2 Legends of the Goddess Pele as Related to Haleakalā .........................................................17

3.1.2.1 The Arrival of Pele in Hawai‘i by Kalakaua (1888)....................................................................................... 17 3.1.2.2 Pele Legends Collected by Fornander (1919) ................................................................................................ 18 3.1.2.3 Pele Legends Collected by Westervelt (1916) ............................................................................................... 18 3.1.2.4 A Description of the Powers of Pele by William Ellis (1826)........................................................................ 18 3.1.2.5 A Description of Pele’s Journey to Hawai‘i by Forbes .................................................................................. 21

3.1.3 Other Traditional Descriptions of Haleakalā ........................................................................21

3.1.3.1 A Description of the ‘Ua‘u Bird in Kalakaua (1888) ..................................................................................... 22 3.1.3.2 Haleakalā in Mele [music] and Oli [chants]................................................................................................... 24

3.2 PRE-CONTACT SETTING ...............................................................................................................24 3.3 EARLY HISTORIC ERA TO THE LATE-1800’S................................................................................25
3.3.1 An Expedition by Missionaries William Richards, Lorrin Andrews and Jonathan S. Green to the Summit of Haleakalā (1828).....................................................................................................25
3.3.2 The U.S. Navy Exploration of Haleakalā by Cmdr. Charles Wilkes (1841) ........................27 3.3.3 Government Survey of Haleakalā by William DeWitt Alexander (1869)............................28 3.3.4 An Ascent of Haleakalā by C.F. Gordon Cumming (1881)..................................................29 3.3.5 U.S. Geological Survey of Haleakalā by Clarence E. Dutton (1883)...................................30
3.4 THE PROJECT AREA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY .....................................................................32
3.4.1 Geological Survey by Harold T. Stearns (1942)...................................................................32 3.4.2 Military Use of the Haleakalā National Park........................................................................33

Section 4 Archaeological Research....................................................................................... 36

4.1 FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF HALEAKALĀ BY EMORY (1921) ......................................36
4.1.1 Haleakalā Group ...................................................................................................................36 4.1.2 Pu‘u Naue Group ..................................................................................................................37 4.1.3 Burial Ahu in Kamoa O Pele.................................................................................................37 4.1.4 Halāli‘i Group.......................................................................................................................38 4.1.5 Pa Pua‘a o Pele Group ..........................................................................................................39

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Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories

TMK (2) 2-2-07:008

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2

4.1.6 Hanakauhi Group..................................................................................................................40 4.1.7 Mamani Group......................................................................................................................40 4.1.8 Kihapi‘ilani Road..................................................................................................................41 4.1.9 “Dante’s Inferno” Group ......................................................................................................41 4.1.10 Keahuokaholo Group..........................................................................................................41 4.1.11 The ‘Ō‘Ō Group .................................................................................................................42 4.1.12 Keonehe‘ehe‘e Trail Group ................................................................................................42 4.1.13 Wai Kapalaoa Shelters........................................................................................................42 4.1.14 Hunter’s Cave Terraces ......................................................................................................43 4.1.15 Lā‘ie Group.........................................................................................................................43
4.2 OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES............................................................................................43

Section 5 Scoping Meetings and Section 106 Testimony .................................................... 45

5.1 ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF PUBLIC TESTIMONIES AND FORMAL LETTERS.............................83

5.1.1 Opposition to the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) .....................83 5.1.2 Support for Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST)...............................83
5.2 PETITIONS SUPPORTING AND OPPOSING ATST ...........................................................................84
5.2.1 Cultural Implications of Petitions.........................................................................................86

Section 6 Community Contacts and Consultations............................................................. 87

6.1 SUMMARIES OF INFORMAL INTERVIEWS......................................................................................94
6.1.1 Ms. Wallette Pelegrino .........................................................................................................94 6.1.2 Mr. Leslie Kuloloio ..............................................................................................................94 6.1.3 Mr. Hinano Rodrigues ..........................................................................................................95 6.1.4 Mr. Brian Jenkins..................................................................................................................95 6.1.5 Ms. Roselle Bailey................................................................................................................95 6.1.6 Mr. Charlie Lindsey..............................................................................................................96 6.1.7 Dr. Alan Kaufman ................................................................................................................96 6.1.8 Mr. Stanly H. Ki‘ope Raymond............................................................................................96 6.1.9 Mr. Sam Ka‘ai ......................................................................................................................97 6.1.10 Mr. Kawika Davidson.........................................................................................................97 6.1.11 Mr. Timothy Bailey ............................................................................................................97
6.2 KAHIKINUI HOMESTEAD COMMUNITY MEETING ........................................................................99
6.2.1 Mr. Norman Abihai...............................................................................................................99 6.2.2 Ms. C. Mikahala Kermabon..................................................................................................99 6.2.3 Mr. Quintin Kiili.................................................................................................................100 6.2.4 Mr. Aimoku Pali and Mrs. Lehua Pali................................................................................100 6.2.5 Mr. Earl Mo Moler .............................................................................................................100 6.2.6 Ms. Donna Sterling.............................................................................................................100 6.2.7 Ms. Chad Newman .............................................................................................................100
6.3 MAUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE (MCC)-HAWAIIAN STUDIES PROGRAM .....................................101
6.3.1 Kama‘āina, Student.............................................................................................................101 6.3.2 Ms.Cheynne Sylva..............................................................................................................101 6.3.3 Mr. Walter Kozik................................................................................................................101 6.3.4 Ms. Kathleen Zwick............................................................................................................101

Section 7 Traditional Cultural Practices............................................................................ 102

7.1 GATHERING FOR PLANT RESOURCES.........................................................................................102 7.2 TRADITIONAL HAWAIIAN SITES.................................................................................................103

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Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories

TMK (2) 2-2-07:008

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2

7.3 TRADITIONAL HAWAIIAN BIRTH AND BURIAL PRACTICES .......................................................103 7.4 NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND CONTEMPORARY HUNTING PRACTICES .............................................103 7.5 W AHI P ANA (STORIED PLACE)....................................................................................................104 7.6 HALEAKALĀ AS A SACRED MOUNTAIN .....................................................................................105 7.7 PŌHAKU PĀLAHA-THE PIKO OF EAST MAUI .............................................................................106 7.8 CULTURAL PRACTICES...............................................................................................................107 7.9 IMPACTS ON VIEWPLANE ...........................................................................................................109 7.10 CEDED LANDS AND SOVEREIGN IDENTITY ..............................................................................110 7.11 HALEAKALĀ AS A TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTY.........................................................111 7.12 ECONOMIC CONCERNS.............................................................................................................112

Section 8 Summary and Recommendations ...................................................................... 113

8.1 RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................................114

Section 9 References............................................................................................................. 116 Appendix A ATST Petition – Unknown Origin .................................................................... 1 Appendix B Kilakila O Haleakalā Petition............................................................................ 1 Appendix C E-Mail and Letter Responses to Current Study Mail-Out Inquiries............. 1

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Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories

TMK (2) 2-2-07:008

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2

List of Figures

Figure 1. Portions Kilohana (1983) and Lualailua Hills (1983) 7.5-minute USGS topographic quadrangles with project location indicated by blue shaded area........................................3
Figure 2. TMK (2) 2-2-07 showing loction of project area shaded in red.......................................4 Figure 3. A portion of the Hawaiian Government Survey Map (Dodge 1885) showing Pōhaku
Pālaha in relation to Pu‘u Kolekole. ....................................................................................8
Figure 4. Petition from an unknown distributor in support of ATST............................................84 Figure 5. Kilakila O Haleakalā Petition A, opposing the proposed ATST atop Haleakalā...........85 Figure 6. Kilakila O Haleakalā Petition B; opposing the proposed ATST atop Haleakalā with
Section 106 Clause.............................................................................................................86

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of Traditions Related to Haleakalā..................................................................10 Table 2. Development Timeline atop Haleakalā............................................................................34 Table 3. Cameron Center - July 12, 2005......................................................................................46 Table 4. Kula Community Center - July 13, 2005.........................................................................47 Table 5. Pukalani Community Center - July 14, 2005...................................................................49 Table 6. Mayor Hannibal Tavares Community Center - March 28, 2006.....................................51 Table 7. Paūkukalo Community Center - May 1, 2006.................................................................55 Table 8. Cameron Center - September 27, 2006............................................................................60 Table 9. Mayor Hannibal Tavares Community Center - September 28, 2006 ..............................69 Table 10. Kula Community Center - September 29, 2006 ............................................................71 Table 11. Maui County Cultural Resource Commission - October 12, 2006................................75 Table 12. Formal Letters................................................................................................................78 Table 13. Preliminary Results of Community Consultations ........................................................87

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Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) at Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories

TMK (2) 2-2-07:008

  • Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2
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    SPIRIT AND SONG OF THE MAORI OF AOTEAROA {NEW ZEALAND} ANN CLEMENTS “Kei a te Po te timatatanga o te waiatatanga mai a te Atua. Ko te Ao, ko te Ao marama, ko te Ao turoa.”1 It was in the night that the gods sang the world into existence. From the world of light, into the world of music. MAORI are the indigenous people of Aotearoa (island of the “long white cloud”) or New Zealand. According to Maori mythology, music called the world into creation. As soon as the gods turned night into light, they turned light into music. The connotation of this story is that when life fi rst appeared, it brought with it the complexities of living experience, including emotions that are most easily and genuinely expressed through music. All Maori songs (waiata) stem from the emotions that the gods displayed during creation. “There are songs of sorrow, anger and lament; of loneliness, desire and joy; of peace and love.”2 These aesthetic attributes of music echo music’s functions and uses globally. Humans use music to defi ne, represent, symbolize, and unify or disrupt society. Music is an expression of our social, political, spiritual, and self and group identity. Within Maori culture, music plays all of these roles—from its imperative position in sacred (tapu) ritual to its unifying task in the preservation, creation, and demonstration of group identity. Music is a primary social adhesive that has sustained Maori culture and heritage for hundreds of years. Ann Clements Associate Professor of Music Education The Pennsylvania State University School of Music [email protected] CHORAL JOURNAL Volume 55 Number 2 17 SPIRIT AND SONG OF THE MAORI This brief encounter with Maori Over several centuries in relative iso- an independent dominion in 1907 and music will provide an interweaving of lation, these Polynesian settlers refined supported the United Kingdom militarily culture and musical knowledge.
  • The Ancient Astronomy of Easter Island: the Mamari Tablet Tells (Part 1)

    The Ancient Astronomy of Easter Island: the Mamari Tablet Tells (Part 1)

    The Ancient Astronomy of Easter Island: The Mamari Tablet Tells (Part 1) Sergei Rjabchikov1 1The Sergei Rjabchikov Foundation - Research Centre for Studies of Ancient Civilisations and Cultures, Krasnodar, Russia, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The ancient priest-astronomers constantly watched many heavenly bodies. The record about Halley‟s Comet of 1682 A.D. has been decoded completely. Good agreement between it and the results of European astronomers is seen. The records about Halley‟s Comet of 1835 A.D. as well as about the sun, the moon, Mars and Saturn have been de- ciphered as well. The obtained information is the basis in order to understand some aspects of the bird-man cult. Keywords: archaeoastronomy, writing, folklore, rock art, Rapanui, Rapa Nui, Easter Island, Polynesia Introduction The civilisation of Easter Island is famous due to their numerous ceremonial platforms oriented on the sun (Mulloy 1961, 1973, 1975; Liller 1991). One can therefore presume that some folklore sources as well as rongorongo inscriptions retained documents of ancient priest-astronomers. The Faint Echo from Rapa Nui Routledge (1998: 249) says about the rongorongo board called kohau-o-te-ranga (the Mamari tablet): It was the only one of the kind in existence, and was reported to have been brought by the first immigrants; it had the notable property of securing victory to its holders, in such a manner that they were able to get hold of the enemy for the “ranga” – that is, as captives or slaves for manual labour. Consider the record on the Mamari tablet (C), see figure 1.
  • Oceanic Mythology

    Oceanic Mythology

    Oceanic Mythology Roland B. Dixon Oceanic Mythology Table of Contents Oceanic Mythology....................................................................................................................................................1 Roland B. Dixon............................................................................................................................................2 Author's Preface.............................................................................................................................................3 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................4 PART I. POLYNESIA................................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER I. MYTHS OF ORIGINS AND THE DELUGE........................................................................7 CHAPTER II. THE MAUI CYCLE............................................................................................................24 CHAPTER III. MISCELLANEOUS TALES..............................................................................................30 CHAPTER IV. SUMMARY........................................................................................................................44 PART II. MELANESIA............................................................................................................................................47