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1 Introduction NOTES 1 Introduction 1. This view can be found inJ. R. Seeley, The Growth of British Policy, vol. i, 2nd edn (Cambridge, 1903); A. F. Pollard, Henry VIII (1905); A. F. Pollard, Wol­ sey (1929); R. B. Wernham, Before the Armada: The Emergence of the English Nation, 1485-1588 (1966). 2. Seeley, Growth of British Policy, vol. i, p. 51. 3. James A. Williamson, The Tudor Age (1953, 1979), p. 444; ]. S. Corbettt, Drake and the Tudor Navy (1905), vol. ii, pp. 131, 172. 4. Seeley, Growth of British Policy, vol. i, p. 65. 5. E. Lodge, Illustrations of British History (1838), vol. ii, p. 87. 6. R. B. Wernham, The Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy, 1558-1603 (Berke­ ley, CA, 1980), p. 72. 7. Hiram Morgan, 'British Policies before the British Isles', in The British Problem c. 1534-1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago, ed. Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (1996), p. 68. 8. Steven Gunn, The French Wars of Henry VIII', in The Origins of War in Early-Modern Europe, ed.]. Black (Edinburgh, 1987), pp. 28-51. 9. David M. Head, 'Henry VIII's Scottish Policy', The Scottish Historical Review (hereafter SHR), 61 (1982), pp. 1-24. 10. Richard Hoyle, 'War and Public Finance', in The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy and Piety, ed. Diarmaid MacCulioch (Basingstoke, 1995), pp. 84-99; R. S. Schofield, Taxation and the Political Limits of the Tudor State', in Law and Government under the Tudors: Essays Presented to Sir Geoffrey Elton ... , ed. C. Cross, D. Loades and].]. Scarisbrick (Cambridge, 1988), pp.227-55. 11. For the Middle Ages, see Nigel Saul, 'England and Europe, Problems and Possibilities', in England and Europe, 1066-1453, ed. Nigel Saul (1994) p. 19; Frank Tallett, War and Society in Early-Modern Europe 1495-1715 (1992), pp. 23, 36-7, 252-3; David Eltis, The Military Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Europe (1995), pp. 99-104. 12. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 135-236,268-71; Simon Adams, The Armada Cam­ paign of 1588, New Appreciations in History 13 (1988); Graham Darby, The Spanish Armada of. .. 1597?', The Historian, 55 (1997), pp. 14-16. 13. Religion is entirely missing as a theme of foreign policy in P. S. Crowson, Tudor Foreign Policy (1973). 121 122 Nores 14. E. I. Kouri, England and the Attempts to Form a Protestant Alliance in the Late 15605: A Case-study in European Diplomacy (Helsinki, 1981), p. 195. 15. Conyers Read, 'Walsingham and Burghley in Queen Elizabeth's Privy Council', English Historical Review, 28 (1913), p. 37. See also Conyers Read, Mr Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth (London, 1965) and Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth (l960). 16. Stephen Alford, 'Reassessing William Cecil in the 1560s', in The Tudor Mon­ archy, ed. John Guy (1997), pp. 237-41; Malcolm R. Thorp, 'William Cecil and the Antichrist: A Study in Anti-Catholic Ideology', in Politics, Religion, and Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe, ed. Malcolm R. Thorp and Arthur J. Slavin (Kirksville, MO, 1994), pp. 289-304. 2 Honour and Reputation 1. Machiavelli, The Prince, Penguin Classic (1961), p. 119. The Prince was written in 1514; English translations appeared in manuscript during Elizabeth I's reign and the first printed translation was published in 1640. 2. Mervyn James, 'English Politics and the Concept of Honour, 1485-1642', Past and Present, Suppl. 3 (1978), pp. 3,10; Malcolm Vale, War and Chivalry (l 981), pp. 14-5, 22-3; G. Kipling, The Triumph of Honour (Leiden, 1977), pp. 11-20, 32-5. 3. S. Gunn, The Early Tudor Tournament', in Henry VIII: A European Court in England, ed. David Starkey (1991), pp. 47-51; Steven Gunn, 'Chivalry and the Politics of the Early Tudor Court', in Chivalry in the Renaissance, ed. Syd­ ney Anglo (Woodbridge, 1990), pp. 107-28. 4. J.J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (1972), p. 1. 5. Geoffrey Elton, 'War and the English in the Reign of Henry VIII' in War, Strategy and International Politics: Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard, ed. Lawrence Freedman, Paul Hayes and Robert O'Neill (Oxford, 1992), p.4. 6. Glenn Richardson, 'Anglo-French Political and Cultural Relations during the Reign of Henry VIII', London University PhD thesis, (1995), p. 25; Let­ ters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. XVIII, i, no. 622; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII (hereafter cited as L & P) Edward Hall, Henry VIII, ed. C. Whibley (1904), pp. 320-7. 7. Roger A. Mason, The Scottish Reformation and the Origins of Anglo-Brit­ ish Imperialism', in Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603, ed. Roger A. Mason (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 168-9. 8. L & P, vol. I, i, pp. 115, 129; C. S. L. Davies, The English People and War in the Early Sixteenth Century', in Britain and the Netherlands, vol. VI: War and Society, ed. A. C. Duke and C. A. Tamse (The Hague, 1977) p. 1. For the argument that Henry VII's old councillors (Ruthall, Fox and War­ ham) wanted to keep the peace with France, see Dominic Baker­ Smith, '''Inglorious Glory": 1513 and the Humanist Attack on Chivalry', in Chivalry in the Renaissance, ed. Sydney Anglo (Woodbridge, 1990), pp. 133-5. 9. L & P, vol. I, i, no. 969; Cal. S. P. Span., vol. II, pp. 59-60. Notes 123 10. Denis Hay (ed.), The Anglica Historia of Polydore Virgil AD 1485-1537', Camden Society, 3rd series 74 (1950) pp. 175, 181-3; L & P, vol. I, i, nos 1286, 1292,1326,1327; Hall, pp. 44-51. II. Hall, pp. 4-6; 'Anglica Historia', pp. 187-8. 12. 'Anglica Historia', p. 197. 13. 'Anglica Historia', p. 163; Helen Miller, Henry VIII and the Nobility, pp. 136-7. 14. L & P, vol. I, i, nos 1568, 1572, 1588; vol. I, ii, nos 1726, 1728, 1736, 1750, 1822,1897. 15. L & P, vol. I, ii, no. 1844; S.]. Gunn, Charles Brandon,Duke of Suffolk 1484-1545 (Oxford, 1988), p. 14. 16. Hall, p. 64. 17. L & P, vol. II, ii, nos 4137, 4357, 4351; Hall, pp. 165-75. Scarisbrick,Henry VIll, pp. 102-6. 18. J oycelyne G. Russell, Peace-making in the Renaissance, (1986), pp. 93-6; P. Gwyn, The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey (1990), pp. 144-51. 19. L & P, vol. III, ii, no. 1508. 20. Hall, p. 229. 21. Gwyn, Wolsey, pp. 355, 379. 22. Gunn, 'French Wars', p. 36; Clifford]. Rogers, 'Edward III and the Dialec­ tics of Strategy, 1327-60', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (hereafter TRHS), sixth series 4 (1994), pp. 90-1. 23. L & P, vol. III, ii, no. 3485; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 177; S.]. Gunn, The Duke of Suffolk's March on Paris in 1523', English Hi.ltorical Review (here­ after EHR), 101 (1986), pp. 596-634. 24. Gwyn, Wolsey, pp. 383-90. 25. William D. Hamilton, 'A Chronicle of England by Charles Wriothesley', Cam­ den Society, n. s. II (1875), p. 14; G. Bernard, War Taxation and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey and the Amicable Grant of 1525 (1986), pp. 3,4; G. W. Bernard and R. W. Hoyle, The Instructions for the Levying of the Amicable Grant, March 1525', Historical Research, 67 (1994), pp. 190- 202. For reactions in Yorkshire and Northumberland to the forced loan of 1522-3, see R. W. Hoyle, 'Letters of the Cliffords: Lords Clifford and the Earls of Cumberland', Camden Miscelleny, 31, Camden 4th Series 44 (1992), pp. 91,93. 26. State Papers, vol. VI, v, p. 480. 27. R. J. Knecht, Francis I (Cambridge, 1982), p. 218. 28. For Henry's opportunism, David Potter, 'Foreign Policy', in The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy and Piety, ed. Diarmaid MacCulioch (1995), pp. 119-23. For Henry's financial resources, F. Dietz, English Public Finance, 1485-1558 (Illinois, 1920), pp. 150-1. 29. L & P, vol. XIX, i, nos 700, 730, 741,786,816,817. 30. Hall, pp. 349-50. For details of the French campaign, L. MacMahon, The English Invasion of France, 1544', MA thesis, University of Warwick (1992). 31. Samuel Rhea Gammon, Statesman and Schemer: William, First Lard Paget, Tudor Minister (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 104-7. 32. For Henry II's policy see D. L. Potter, 'Diplomacy in the Mid 16th Century: England and France 1536-1550', PhD thesis, Cambridge University (1973), Chapter 4. 124 Notes 33. The treaty was heavily criticized in W. K. Jordan, Edward VI: The Threshold of Power (1968), p. 116. For a more realistic assessment, D. L. Potter (ed.); 'Documents concerning the Negotiations of the Anglo-French Treaty of March 1550', Camden Miscellany, 27, Camden 4th Series 29 (1984), pp. 58-180. For Paget's views, Gammon, Paget, pp. 170-2. 'Wriothesley's Chronicle', vol. I, pp. 35, 39-40. 34. Glenn Richardson, 'Entertainments for the French Ambassadors at the Court of Henry VIII', Renaissance Studies, 9 (1995), pp. 404-15. 35. Gwyn, Wolsey, pp. 58-82. 36. Rymer's Foedera, 13, pp. 624-32; Hall, pp. 170-2, Gwyn, Wolsey, p. 98; S. Anglo, Spectacle, Pageantry and Early-Tudor Policy (Oxford, 1969), pp. 128- 36; G. Mattingly, 'An Early Non-aggression Pact',Journal of Modem History, 10 (1938), pp. 1-30; Richardson, 'Entertainments', pp. 405-8. 37. Hall,pp.174-5. 38. L & P, vol. III, i, nos 137,216; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 138-9. 39. Hall, Henry VIII, pp. 180-218; Anglo, Spectacle, pp. 154-69; Richardson, 'Entertainments', pp. 408-10. 40. For the 1522 pageants, see The Somers Collection of Tracts, ed.
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