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Developing a Meal-Planning Exchange List for Traditional Pakistani Dishes

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Developing a Meal-Planning Exchange List for Traditional Pakistani Dishes Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Home Economics Submitted By Mahnaz Cosser Ali Khan Supervisors Professor Dr. Ayyaz Ali Khan Professor Dr. Samia Kalsoom Govt. College of Home Economics Gulberg, Lahore University of the Punjab 2017 Supervisor's Certificate It is hereby certified that this thesis "Developing a Meal-Planning Exchange List for Traditional Pakistani Dishes" is based on the results of research work carried out by Maltnaz Cosser Ali Khan, student of PhD. Home Economics and that it has not been previously presented for PhD or M.phil degree. ManhnazCosser Ali Khan has done her research work under our supervision. She has fulfilled all the requirements and is qualified to submit accompanying thesis for award of PhD degree. The document has been checked and corrected for typographic and grammatical errors. Prof. Dr Ayyaz AIi Khan Superviior Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Shaikh Zay ed Hospital, Lahore. Prof. Dr Samia Kalsoom, Supervisor Govt. College of Home Economics, Gulberg, Lahore. Ilechrntion I, Mahnaz Cosser Ali Khan fr,om the departmsnt of Food md Nutrition h€reby sotmnty declue ftd eis disertatiou is &s r€srilt ofmy indegendelil inrmigdion except uihere I have irdicated other sources. h has not been previousty srbmitted b auy other institution or unirrersity formy dsgrce. **z ltlehnaz Cogtcr AIi trftrn ncsearch€r, Deprtnent of Food and Nutition, Govt Collegp ofHme Eaonrcunics, Gulb€r& Lahore. i Abstract Pakistani cuisine is culturally diverse as most of the dishes are one-pot combination dishes, the nutritional composition of which are not available in any Food Composition Tables thus the aim of the study was to develop a Meal Planning Exchange List (MPEL) for Traditional Pakistani Dishes (TPDs). Mixed method sequential exploratory research design was used for this purpose. Data was collected from housewives via focus group discussion and 30 TPDs were selected which made the foundation of the study. The TPDs were prepared according to the recipes provided by the participants of focus group and net weight of recipes was recorded. Proximate analysis of the dishes was done following the AOAC procedures. Using theoretical triangulation the 30 selected TPDs were grouped into 9 groups and the serving size was adjusted in such a manner that the macro-nutrient and energy content of each TPD in the amount stated was equal to the other TPD within the group ; one way ANOVA established that there was no statistical difference (p value ≥0.05) within the group, and as such mean of macro-nutrients could be representative of each group. The TPDs were categorized under the Bean & Lentil group; Cereal group; Meat group enlisted both lean and medium fat separately; and Vegetable group presented as Non-starchy and Starchy Vegetables. One-pot combination TPDs were also grouped together as Meat & Meat Substitute (medium fat ) plus non- starchy vegetables; Meat (medium fat) plus starchy vegetables; and lastly Meat (both lean & medium fat) with cereal group. Thus, the developed MPEL is comparable to any other FEL worldwide and is ready to be used countrywide for meal planning of Pakistani population both at home and overseas. Keywords: Meal Planning Exchange List (MPEL), Traditional Pakistani Dishes (TPDs). ii The Blessings of Allah (Subhan-o-Tallah) & prayers of my mother has made this possible. DEDICATED TO FULFILLING THE DREAMS OF MY MOTHER iii Acknowledgement Finally the day has come when I am writing my acknowledgement and it seems like a dream come true. This was a long journey which had its bumps, ups and downs but indeed a memorable one; it was an enlightening path through which I passed with the support and strength of my friends and family. I would first of all like to extend my thanks and gratitude to Professor Dr. Rukhsana David, Principal and Professor Dr. Nikhat Khan, Vice Principal and Dean Post graduate Program, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore for facilitating my research work; my supervisors Professor Dr. Ayyaz Ali Khan and Dr. Samia Kalsoom for guiding me every step of my research and Dr. Sharea Ijaz for her valuable input for shaping my write up. The most valuable asset of this research pathway is my Kinnaird family, who was by my side every step, either it be their support in the practical work, or just a little shake up to say that you need to get going or just being there for me. My family members are Memoona, Nasreen, Samiya, Hira, Nida and Aliya. Finally, this research would not have been possible without the unconditional support of my husband, Nasir. Thank you all for being there for me in this long, tedious but fruitful and most important journey of my life. Mahnaz Cosser Ali Khan iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Significance of the Problem ................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Delimitations of the Study...................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Definitions of Key Terms ....................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Operational Definitions .......................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 12 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................................................... 12 2.1 Food Exchange List .............................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Historical Background: Revision and Modification ........................................................... 14 2.3 Development of the Food Exchange List ............................................................................ 17 2.4 Cultural Importance and Development of Food Exchange List ........................................ 22 2.5 Validation of Data ................................................................................................................. 26 2.6 Food Exchange List: A Culturally Sensitive Tool for Meal Planning .............................. 30 2.7 Food Exchange List and Dietary Management ................................................................... 32 2.8 Food Exchange List: An Effective Tool for Meal Planning .............................................. 37 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 40 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 40 v 3.1 Research Design.................................................................................................................... 40 3.2. Phase I .................................................................................................................................. 44 3.3 Sampling Procedure .............................................................................................................. 45 3.4 Focus Group .......................................................................................................................... 47 3.5 Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 49 3.6 Qualitative Content Analysis of Phase I.............................................................................. 50 3.7 Phase II .................................................................................................................................. 52 3.8 Quantitative Data Analysis of Phase II ............................................................................... 59 3.9 Phase III ................................................................................................................................. 60 3.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 65 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA.................................................................... 65 4.1 PHASE I Descriptive Results............................................................................................... 66 4.2 Phase II .................................................................................................................................
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