Caçadores Portugueses Na Guerra Peninsular

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Caçadores Portugueses Na Guerra Peninsular ACADEMIA MILITAR DIRECÇÃO DE ENSINO Mestrado em Ciências Militares – Especialidade de Infantaria Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular Autor: Aspirante Tirocinante de Infantaria Humberto Nuno Araújo Barbosa Teixeira Orientador: Tenente-Coronel de Infantaria António José Machado Marracho Co-Orientador: Coronel de Infantaria Américo José Guimarães Fernandes Henriques Lisboa, Setembro de 2010 ACADEMIA MILITAR DIRECÇÃO DE ENSINO Mestrado em Ciências Militares – Especialidade de Infantaria Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular Autor: Aspirante Tirocinante de Infantaria Humberto Nuno Araújo Barbosa Teixeira Orientador: Tenente-Coronel de Infantaria António José Machado Marracho Co-Orientador: Coronel de Infantaria Américo José Guimarães Fernandes Henriques Lisboa, Setembro de 2010 Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular DEDICATÓRIA À minha família, que sempre me apoiou. À minha namorada, que tanto me aturou. A todos aqueles, que na escuridão acenderam uma vela para me indicar o caminho. I Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular AGRADECIMENTOS Escrever uma dissertação, é um processo longo e introspectivo que nos leva por vezes ao cansaço e ao desespero. Momentos de inteira solidão, que nos preenchem a alma e que são ultrapassados com a ajuda daqueles que nos amam. Queria publicamente expressar a minha gratidão e reconhecimento: À Biblioteca da Academia Militar, por todo o apoio e atenção prestada; À Sociedade Histórica da Independência de Portugal, por me ter facultado toda ajuda necessária; Ao Arquivo Histórico Militar, pela sua permanente disponibilidade; Ao meu orientador, o Tenente-Coronel António José Machado Marracho e ao meu co-orientador, o Coronel Américo José Guimarães Fernandes Henriques, por me terem prontamente auxiliado sempre que necessitei e por nunca terem permitido que eu me desviasse do caminho; Aos meus pais, irmãos e namorada, por me terem auxiliado naqueles momentos de maior tensão. II Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular Lista de Siglas e Abreviaturas AHM – Arquivo Histórico Militar D. – Dom / Dona Dir – Direcção EUA – Estados Unidos da América id. – idem Kg – quilogramas LLL – Leal Legião Lusitana LTL – Legião de Tropas Ligeiras m – metros Nº – Número p. – página pp. – páginas s.d. – sem data s.e. – sem editora séc. – século seg – segundos s.l. – sem local TIA – Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada TPOI – Tirocínio para Oficial de Infantaria III Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular Resumo O séc. XVIII e o início do séc. XIX, só por si constituem um dos períodos da história mundial mais ricos em termos de acontecimentos. Desde a Guerra da Independência Americana (1776 – 1783), à Revolução Francesa (1789 – 1799), culminando na Guerra Peninsular (1807 – 1814), todo um clima de novos valores e novas vontades emergem, sob a forma de uma luta armada, onde ao contrário do antecedente, a Guerra deixa de ser feita em prol dos desígnios de um Rei, para passar a ser alvo de uma luta pela sobrevivência de um ideal chamado liberdade. É neste contexto de agitação social e política, que os Exércitos europeus de índole Prussiana assistem ao seu desmoronamento. Contrariamente a essa realidade, assiste-se à emancipação da Infantaria Ligeira, que viria somente a ser possível pela participação francesa e inglesa nos campos de batalha americanos, uma vez que possibilitaram a implementação nos respectivos países do conceito de soldado pensante, que em França ganharia a sua expressão máxima através da Revolução Francesa e da sua “Levée en Masse” e em Inglaterra por intermédio de Sir Jonh Moore, que o transpunha para as fileiras britânicas pela da via reformista. Subjacente a todo esse processo, encontramos a evolução, generalização e padronização das armas de projecção de fogo de alma estriada, que possibilitou que determinadas unidades, como os “Rangers”, os “Rifles” e as Companhias de Atiradores dos Batalhões de Caçadores, fossem empregues além da escaramuça, enquanto atiradores especiais. A participação portuguesa, ao lado das forças da primeira coligação, na Guerra contra a recém formada República Francesa e a posterior aliança Franco-Espanhola, que resultou da assinatura da Paz de Basileia, originou todo um período de reformas militares em Portugal, que haveriam de proporcionar a criação da Legião de Tropas Ligeiras (LTL). A política de neutralidade seguida por D. João e a sua recusa sistemática em aceder ao Bloqueio Continental, levou Napoleão a decidir invadir Portugal, dando desta forma, em Novembro de 1807, início à Guerra Peninsular. É durante esse período dramático da história portuguesa, que surge a Leal Legião Lusitana (LLL) e os Batalhões Caçadores, objecto de estudo deste trabalho. É desta forma, através de uma série de factores de ordem política, social, militar e até mesmo pessoal, que a força mais brilhante de todo o Exército Anglo- Luso haveria de ser criada. Força esta, recordada nos anais da história como “Os Galos de Combate de Wellington” e que haveriam de dar início a um dos períodos áureos da Infantaria Ligeira portuguesa. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: CAÇADORES, ESCARAMUÇA, INFANTARIA LIGEIRA, GUERRA PENINSULAR, REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA. IV Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular ABSTRACT In XVI and XIX centuries, are some of the richest in important events for the world History. Independence of America(1776 – 1783), French Revolution (1789 – 1799) and the Peninsular War (1807 – 1814), are icons of a new way of fighting where the Kings will is supplanted by a fresh ideal of freedom. In this context, Prussian Model Armies are condemned to disappear, although Light Infantry, it is increasing its projection in the battlefield. The thinking soldier had an important role in these new kinds of armies. In Europe this concept was introduced by France and its “Levée en Masse” and by England through Sir John Moore. Underlying all this evolutionary process, evolutions in the weaponry, like new kinds of barrels that allow more accuracy, gave an important opportunity to units like, Rangers, Rifles and “Caçadores”, for now long, can be used like Snipers instead of skirmishing. The Portuguese participation in the war against the recent French Republic and after that, the Franco-Spanish union, that result of the signature of the Peace of Basileia, brought a new season of military reforms, that would have provide the creation of the “Legião de Tropas Ligeiras”. D. João’s policy of being neutral and refusing taking part in the Continental Blockade, had its consequences in November of 1807, whit Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal. This time is known as Peninsular War. It’s also when appear the “Leal Legião Lusitana” and the Battalions of “Caçadores”, which are the object of study of this investigation work. This is how begins one of greatest times of Portuguese Light Infantry. É desta forma, através de uma série de factores de ordem política, social, militar e até mesmo pessoal, que a força mais brilhante de todo o Exército Anglo-Luso haveria de ser criada. Força esta, recordada nos anais da história como “Os Galos de Combate de Wellington” e que haveriam de dar início a um dos períodos áureos da Infantaria Ligeira portuguesa. It is in such a way, through a series of politics, socials, militaries and even though personals’s factors, that the best force of all Anglo-Portuguese Army was created. Such forces, remembered in annals of history as “Wellington’s Fighting Cocks” and who would have to give beginning to the golden age of the Portuguese Light Infantry. KEY WORDS: CAÇADORES, D. MIGUEL PEREIRA FORJAZ, FRENCH REVOLUTION, PENINSULAR WAR, SKIRMINSHING. V Caçadores Portugueses na Guerra Peninsular ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................. 1 1. Enquadramento histórico ........................................................................................... 4 1.1. A Revolução Francesa ........................................................................................... 4 1.2. D. João e a Neutralidade ........................................................................................ 6 1.3. Aliança Luso-Britânica ...........................................................................................10 1.4. Breves Conclusões ....................................................................................... ……14 2. Evolução histórica do armamento vs Organização Geral da Infantaria no campo de batalha: Idade Média – Guerras Napoleónicas ..........................................15 2.1. Idade Média ..........................................................................................................15 2.2. Idade Moderna ......................................................................................................17 2.3. Idade Contemporânea ...........................................................................................19 2.4. Breves Conclusões ...............................................................................................20 3. Evolução da Infantaria Ligeira até 1814 .......................................................................21 3.1. Modelo Prussiano ..................................................................................................22 3.2. Modelo Americano ................................................................................................24 3.3. Modelo Francês ....................................................................................................25 3.4.
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