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1813 - 1814 * * La Campagne Dans Le Midi De La France *

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1813 - 1814 * * La Campagne Dans Le Midi De La France * * 1813 - 1814 * * LA CAMPAGNE DANS LE MIDI DE LA FRANCE * Thierry Louchet © 2019 Thierry Louchet © 2018 A la mémoire de mon père Gilbert (1930 - 2018), dont l'histoire personnelle a contribué à renforcer mon attrait pour l'Histoire. A la mémoire de mon ami italien le Docteur Marco Falaschi (1966 - 2017), alias 'EylauHurricane', passionné par les batailles napoléoniennes et les jeux de stratégie. T.L. 1814 - LA CAMPAGNE DANS LE MIDI DE LA FRANCE L'Armée des Pyrénées - La bataille d'Orthez : 27 février 1814 SOMMAIRE Sommaire - Abréviations : ….............................................................................................p. I et II Introduction : L'après Vitoria - Les opérations en 1813....................................................p. 1 - Vitoria : le 'Leipzig du Midi'..............................................................................................p. 2 - La nomination de Soult...................................................................................................p. 3 - Wellington et l'armée alliée.............................................................................................p. 4 - Les opérations à la fin de 1813..........................................................................................p. 5 Chapitre I : Un semblant de trêve - Mi-décembre 1813 à mi-février 1814......................p. 6 - Situation de l 'Armée des Pyrénées................................................................................p. 6 - Situation de l'armée alliée............................................................................................ p. 11 Chapitre II : Nouvelle campagne de Wellington – Mi-février 1814..................................p. 15 - Les préparatifs de Wellington.........................................................................................p. 16 - L'inquiétude de Soult......................................................................................................p. 18 - Le début de l'offensive des Alliés...................................................................................p. 19 - Le combat de la Motte-de-Garris...................................................................................p. 21 - Du Gave de Saint-Palais au Gave d'Oloron.......................................................................p. 23 - Du Gave d'Oloron au Gave de Pau..................................................................................p. 27 Chapitre III : La ligne du Gave de Pau – Les préparatifs de la bataille..........................p. 32 - Vendredi 25 février..........................................................................................................p. 32 - Samedi 26 février.............................................................................................................p. 37 Chapitre IV : La bataille d'Orthez – 27 février 1814...........................................................p. 47 - Le dispositif défensif de Soult................................................................................................p. 48 - Le dispositif offensif de Wellington......................................................................................p. 53 - Les mouvements préliminaires (6h00 – 9h00).................................................................p. 55 - Les combats à Saint-Boès (9h00 – 11h30).............................................................................p. 57 - Les mouvements au centre (9h00 – 11h30).......................................................................p. 62 - Wellington modifie son plan (11h00 – 11h30).................................................................p. 66 - L'attaque contre le centre français (11h30 – 12h30)............................................................p. 67 - Hill franchit le Gave de Pau (12h30 - 13h30).......................................................................p. 71 - Le centre français cède (12h30 – 13h30)........................................................................p. 77 - Nouvelle attaque contre l'aile droite française (11h30 – 13h30).......................................p. 80 - L'aile droite française cède (13h30 – 15h00)...................................................................p. 84 - Hill menace l'aile gauche française (13h30 – 15h00).......................................................p. 91 - La retraite de l'Armée des Pyrénées (15h00 – 16h00)................................................... p. 93 - La poursuite (16h00 – 18h00).............................................................................................p. 96 - Bilan de la bataille..............................................................................................................p. 105 Chapitre V : La fin de la guerre péninsulaire – De mars à avril 1814...................................p. 108 - D'Orthez à Toulouse.........................................................................................................p. 108 - Les ultimes opérations militaires et l'armistice....................................................................p. 118 Carte de la bataille d'Orthez (12h00)...............................................................................p. 74 Légende de la carte : - Armée des Pyrénées...........................................................................p. 75 - Armée alliée................................................................................p. 76 Annexe I : Ordre de bataille de l'Armée des Pyrénées.....................................................p. 120 - Notes sur l'ordre de bataille de l'Armée des Pyrénées............................................................p. 120 - Ordre de bataille de l'Armée des Pyrénées de Soult................................................................p. 122 - Récapitulation : Armée des Pyrénées de Soult..................................................................p. 132 I Annexe II : Ordre de bataille de l'armée alliée........................................................... p. 133 - Notes sur l'ordre de bataille de l'armée alliée.................................................................p. 133 - Ordre de bataille de l'armée alliée de Wellington...........................................................p. 134 - Récapitulation : armée alliée de Wellington....................................................................p. 149 Annexe III : Les pertes de l'Armée des Pyrénées.....................................................................p. 150 Annexe IV : Les pertes de l'Armée Alliée........................................................................p. 153 Annexe V : Cartes et plans.................................................................................................p. 156 - La bataille d'Orthez - La retraite de Soult vers Aire-sur-l'Adour en 1814 (Soriano).................p. 156 - La bataille d'Orthez, 27 février 1814 (Oman).................................................................p. 157 - Orthez / Plan au 1/40 000e - Bayonne / Plan au 1/40 000e (Vidal de la Blache)................p. 158 - Bayonne - Plan de la ville et de la citadelle (XVIIIe siècle)...............................................p. 159 - Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port - Plan de la ville et de la citadelle (1797-1798)..........................p. 159 Bibliographie sélective......................................................................................................p. 160 ________________________________________________________________________________ ABREVIATIONS AAG = Assistant Adjutant General ACG = Assistant Commissary General AdC = Aide de Camp AG = Adjutant General AQMG = Assistant Quartermaster General (Assistant au Chef d'état-major) BG = Brigadier General Capt. = Captain (Grande-Bretagne) et Cap. = Capitão (Portugal) CdB = Chef de Bataillon CdE = Chef d'Escadron CG = Capitán General (Espagne) Col. = Colonel (Grande-Bretagne et France) et Cor. = Coronel (Portugal) DAAG = Deputy Assistant Adjutant General DACG = Deputy Assistant Commissary General DAQMG = Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General (Député Assistant du Chef d'état-major) DCG = Deputy Commissary General DI = Division d'Infanterie (France) et ID = Infantry Division (Grande-Bretagne) DIH = Deputy Inspector of Hospitals DQMG = Deputy Quartermaster General (Député du Chef d'état-major) FM = Field Marshal GB = Général de Brigade (France) GD = Général de Division (France) K.G.L. = King's German Legion LC = Lieutenant Colonel (Grande-Bretagne) et TC = Tenente Coronel (Portugal) LG = Lieutenant General (Grande-Bretagne) et Lieutenant-Général (France) Maj. = Major MdC = Marechal de Campo (Portugal) et Mariscal de Campo (Espagne) MG = Major General R.F.A. = Royal Field Artillery R.H.A. = Royal Horse Artillery RI = Regimento de Infantaria (Portugal) TG = Teniente General (Espagne) II INTRODUCTION L'après Vitoria - Les opérations en 1813 - ès après l'échec de ses opérations militaires à l'automne 1812 et la retraite de son armée, rentrée au Portugal jusque derrière l'Agueda pour prendre ses quartiers d'hiver, le marquis Dde Wellington s'est déclaré prêt à reprendre l'offensive au printemps suivant. Début 1813, sa décision est confortée par l'affaiblissement des forces impériales en Espagne en raison du rappel en France par Napoléon de contingents prélevés sur tous les régiments, afin de reconstituer et de renforcer l'Armée d'Allemagne, conséquence prévisible de la désastreuse retraite de Russie qui a décimé la Grande Armée. Dès le mois de février, le projet du général en chef
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