Third Annual Archbishop Iakovos Graduate Student Conference In
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Traditional Education of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Its Potential for Tourism Development (1975-Present)
" Traditional Education of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Its Potential for Tourism Development (1975-present) By Mezmur Tsegaye Advisor Teklehaymanot Gebresilassie (Ph.D) CiO :t \l'- ~ A Research Presented to the School of Graduate Study Addis Ababa University In Patiial FulfI llment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Ali in Tourism and Development June20 11 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES (; INSTITUE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (IDS) Title Traditional Education of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Its Potential for Tourism Development (1975-present). By Mezmur Tsegayey '. Tourism and Development APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS: SIGNATURE Dr. Belay Simane CENTER HEAD /~~ ~~~ ??:~;~ Dr. Teclehaimanot G/Selassie ADVISOR Ato Tsegaye Berha INTERNAL EXAMINER 1"\3 l::t - . ;2.0 1\ GLOSSARY Abugida Simple scheme under which children are taught reading and writing more quickly Abymerged Moderately fast type of singing with sitsrum, drum, and prayer staff C' Aquaqaum chanting integrated with sistrum, drum and prayer staff Araray melancholic note often chanted on somber moments Astemihro an integral element of Degua Beluy Old Testament Debtera general term given to all those who have completed school of the church Ezi affective tone suggesting intimation and tenderness Fasica an integral element of Degua that serves during Easter season Fidel Amharic alphabet that are read sideways and downwards by children to grasp the idea of reading. Fithanegest the book of the lows of kings which deal with secular and ecclesiastical lows Ge 'ez dry and devoid of sweet melody. Gibre-diquna the functions of deacon in the liturgy. Gibre-qissina the functions of a priest in the liturgy. -
THE NATURE and POWER of SATAN Theorizing About the Nature
CHAPTER THREE THE NATURE AND POWER OF SATAN Theorizing about the nature, origin, and cosmological status of Satan occurs among the selected writings, especially among the later ones. However, there is an obvious lack of "speculative" interest in the sense of seeking to work out a complete cosmology of evil. Concepts as to the origin, abode, and ultimate future of Satan are often very diverse, and there are only a small number of referen ces. An analysis and interpretation of the nature of Satan as conceiv ed by the early Christian tradition will be therefore necessarily less comprehensive than a discussion of his activities. There are some basic understandings as to the nature and power of Satan common to most of the selected writers, however, and they are best summarized by the New Testament phrases: Satan, the "prince of the power of the air," "ruler of demons," "ruler of the world," and "god of this age." A. SATAN: PRINCE OF THE POWER OF THE AIR 1. Origin of Satan For the most part, the New Testament writers make no theoreti cal assertions as to the origin of Satan. However, a number of passages by choice of words and phraseology seem to reflect the idea of Satan as a fallen angel who is chief among a class of fallen angels, an idea which appears frequently in apocalyptic literature.1 II Peter 2 :4, for example, refers to the angels that sinned and were cast into hell. Jude 6 mentions "the angels that did not keep their own position but left their proper dwelling .. -
AXUM – Welcoming and Engaging Visitors – Design Report
Pedro Guedes (2010) AXUM – Welcoming and engaging visitors – Design report CONTENTS: Design report 1 Appendix – A 25 Further thoughts on Interpretation Centres Appendix – B 27 Axum signage and paving Presented to Tigray Government and tourism commission officials and stakeholders in Axum in November 2009. NATURE OF SUBMISSION: Design Research This Design report records a creative design approach together with the development of original ideas resulting in an integrated proposal for presenting Axum’s rich tangible and intangible heritage to visitors to this important World Heritage Town. This innovative proposal seeks to use local resources and skills to create a distinct and memorable experience for visitors to Axum. It relies on engaging members of the local community to manage and ‘own’ the various ‘attractions’ for visitors, hopefully keeping a substantial proportion of earnings from tourism in the local community. The proposal combines attitudes to Design with fresh approaches to curatorship that can be applied to other sites. In this study, propositions are tested in several schemes relating to the design of ‘Interpretation centres’ and ideas for exhibits that would bring them to life and engage visitors. ABSTRACT: Axum, in the highlands of Ethiopia was the centre of an important trading empire, controlling the Red Sea and channeling exotic African merchandise into markets of the East and West. In the fourth century (AD), it became one of the first states to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Axum became the major religious centre for the Ethiopian Coptic Church. Axum’s most spectacular archaeological remains are the large carved monoliths – stelae that are concentrated in the Stelae Park opposite the Cathedral precinct. -
The Old Chants for St. Gärima: New Evidence from Gärˁalta
84 Scrinium 12 (2016) 84-103 Nosnitsin Journal of Patrology and Critical Hagiography www.brill.com/scri The Old Chants for St. Gärima: New Evidence from Gärˁalta Denis Nosnitsin Universität Hamburg, Hiob Ludolf Centre for Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg [email protected] Abstract The article presents an old folio kept in the church of Däbrä Śaḥl (Gärˁalta, northern Ethiopia), one of a few other leaves, all originating from a codex dating to a period well before the mid–14thcentury. The codicological and palaeographical features reveal the antiquity of the fragment. The content of the folio is remarkable since it contains chants dedicated to St. Gärima (also known as Yǝsḥaq) which can be identified as the chants for the Saint from the Dǝggwa, the main Ethiopian chant book. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥǝdo Church the feast of Gärima is celebrated on the 17th of Säne. By means of the fragment of Däbrä Śaḥl, the composition of the liturgical chants for Gärima can be dated to a time much prior to the mid-14th century. Moreover, both the chants and the 15th-century Acts of Gärima by Bishop Yoḥannǝs refer to a famous mir- acle worked by the Saint. This fact proves that the miraculous account, in whatever form, was in circulation prior to the mid-14th century. Keywords palaeography – codicology – manuscripts – Ethiopia – Aksum – “Nine Saints” – Ethiopic script – Gǝˁǝz – liturgical chants – hagiography – Acts – miracles Introduction This essay aims at presenting an old manuscript fragment among those discov- ered in northern Ethiopia (Tǝgray) in recent years.1 I was able to see and to 1 For other recent publications on the same issue, see D. -
Mountain Constantines: the Christianization of Aksum and Iberia1
Christopher Haas Mountain Constantines: The Christianization of Aksum and Iberia1 At the beginning of the fourth century, Ezana I of Aksum and Mirian III of Iberia espoused Christianity, much like their better-known contempo- rary, Constantine the Great. The religious choices made by the monarchs of these two mountain polities was but one stage in a prolonged process of Christianization within their respective kingdoms. This study utilizes a comparative approach in order to examine the remarkably similar dynam- ics of religious transformation taking place in these kingdoms between the fourth and late sixth centuries. The cultural choice made by these monarchs and their successors also factored into, and were infl uenced by, the fi erce competition between Rome and Sassanian Persia for infl uence in these stra- tegically important regions. In September of 324, after his victory at Chrysopolis over his erstwhile impe- rial colleague, Licinius, the emperor Constantine could look out over the battlefi eld with the satisfaction that he now was the sole ruler of the Roman world. Ever since his public adherence to the Christian God in October of 312, Constantine had been moving slowly but steadily toward more overt expressions of favor toward Christianity through his avid patronage of the Church and his studied neglect of the ancient rites. For nearly eight years after his conversion in 312, Constantine’s coinage continued to depict pagan deities like Mars and Jupiter, and the Christian emperor was styled “Com- panion of the Unconquerable Sun” until 322.2 Christian symbols made only a gradual appearance. This cautious attitude toward religion on the coins can be ascribed to Constantine’s anxiety to court the loyalty of the principal 1 The following individuals generously shared with me their suggestions and assistance: Niko Chocheli, Nika Vacheishvili, David and Lauren Ninoshvili, Mary Chkhartishvili, Peter Brown, and Walter Kaegi. -
Fallen Angels and the Origins of Evil Takes You Back to the Primordial Drama of Good and Evil, When the first EVIL Hint of Corruption Entered a Pristine World — Earth
FBS_Enoch_fnl11_1.qxd:FAOE book 5/23/07 2:11 PM Page 1 Spirituality / Lost Texts Did rebel angels take on human a e bodies to fulfill their lust for F ll n the “daughters of men”? F Did these fallen angels teach men to build weapons AND THE n e s allen A g l of war? That is the premise of the Book of Enoch, a text AND cherished by the Essenes, early Jews and Christians but THE ORIGINSof EVIL later condemned by both rabbis and Church Fathers. The book was denounced, banned and “lost” for over ORIGINS a thousand years — until in 1773 a Scottish explorer discovered three copies in Ethiopia. Elizabeth Clare Prophet examines the controversy surrounding this book and sheds new light on Enoch’s A forbidden mysteries. She demonstrates that Jesus and the apostles studied the Book of Enoch and tells why ngels Church Fathers suppressed its teaching that angels could incarnate in human bodies. o f Fallen Angels and the Origins of Evil takes you back to the primordial drama of Good and Evil, when the first EVIL hint of corruption entered a pristine world — earth. Why Church Fathers suppressed Contains Richard Laurence’s translation of the Book of Enoch, all the other the Book of Enoch and Enoch texts (including the Book of the Secrets of Enoch), biblical parallels. its startling revelations PROPHET ELIZABETH SUMMIT $9.95 UNIVERSITY CLARE PROPHET PRESS 01Front_Matter_i_1.qxd:FallenAngelsBook 5/23/07 12:58 PM Page i Once again Elizabeth Clare Prophet, author of The Lost Years of Jesus, challenges timeworn doctrine by shedding light on forgotten manuscripts. -
A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia Abbink, G.J
A bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia Abbink, G.J. Citation Abbink, G. J. (2003). A bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia. Asc Working Paper Series, (52). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/375 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/375 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). African Studies Centre Leiden, the Netherlands ,, A Bibliography on Christianity in Eth J. Abbink ASC Working Paper 52/2003 Leiden: African Studies Centre 2003 © J. Abbink, Leiden 2003 Image on the front cover: Roof of the lih century rock-hewn church of Beta Giorgis in Lalibela, northern Ethiopia 11 Table of contents . Page Introduction 1 1. Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and Missionary Churches: Historical, Political, Religious, and Socio-cultural Aspects 8 1.1 History 8 1.2 History of individual churches and monasteries 17 1.3 Aspects of doctrine and liturgy 18 1.4 Ethiopian Christian theology and philosophy 24 1.5 Monasteries and monastic life 27 1.6 Church, state and politics 29 1. 7 Pilgrimage 31 1.8 Religious and liturgical music 32 1.9 Social, cultural and educational aspects 33 1.10 Missions and missionary churches 37 1.11 Ecumenical relations 43 1.12 Christianity and indigenous (traditional) religions 44 1.13 Biographical studies 46 1.14 Ethiopian diaspora communities 47 2. Christian Texts, Manuscripts, Hagiographies 49 2.1 Sources, bibliographies, catalogues 49 2.2 General and comparative studies on Ethiopian religious literature 51 2.3 On saints 53 2.4 Hagiographies and related texts 55 2.5 Ethiopian editions and translations of the Bible 57 2.6 Editions and analyses of other religious texts 59 2.7 Ethiopian religious commentaries and exegeses 72 3. -
Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity
P1:JZZ s0521853781 agg.xml CB912B-Reed 0521853788 May 28, 2006 8:37 fallen angels and the history of judaism and christianity This book considers the early history of Jewish–Christian relations through a focus on traditions about the fallen angels. In the Book of the Watchers,anEnochic apocalypse from the third century bce,the“sonsofGod”ofGen6:1 –4 are accused of corrupting humankind through their teachings of metalworking, cos- metology, magic, and divination. By tracing the transformations of this motif in Second Temple, Rabbinic, and early medieval Judaism and early, late antique, and Byzantine Christianity, this book sheds light on the history of interpretation of Genesis, the changing status of Enochic literature, and the place of parabibli- cal texts and traditions in the interchange between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. In the process, it explores issues such as the role of text-selection in the delineation of community boundaries and the development of early Jewish and Christian ideas about the origins of evil on the earth. Annette Yoshiko Reed is presently an Assistant Professor in the Department of ReligiousStudiesatMcMasterUniversity,wheresheteachescoursesontheHebrew Bible, early Judaism, and early Christianity. Her publications span the fields of Biblical Studies, Jewish Studies, and Patristics, and include articles in Journal of Biblical Literature, Jewish Studies Quarterly, Journal for the Study of Judaism, Vigiliae Christianae,andJournal ofEarlyChristian Studies.Shehas coedited two volumes, The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (with Adam H. Becker, 2003)andHeavenly Realms and Earthly Realities in Late Antique Religions (with Ra’anan S. -
Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology
Orlov Dark Mirrors RELIGIOUS STUDIES Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology Dark Mirrors is a wide-ranging study of two central figures in early Jewish demonology—the fallen angels Azazel and Satanael. Andrei A. Orlov explores the mediating role of these paradigmatic celestial rebels in the development of Jewish demonological traditions from Second Temple apocalypticism to later Jewish mysticism, such as that of the Hekhalot and Shi ur Qomah materials. Throughout, Orlov makes use of Jewish pseudepigraphical materials in Slavonic that are not widely known. Dark Mirrors Orlov traces the origins of Azazel and Satanael to different and competing mythologies of evil, one to the Fall in the Garden of Eden, the other to the revolt of angels in the antediluvian period. Although Azazel and Satanael are initially representatives of rival etiologies of corruption, in later Jewish and Christian demonological lore each is able to enter the other’s stories in new conceptual capacities. Dark Mirrors also examines the symmetrical patterns of early Jewish demonology that are often manifested in these fallen angels’ imitation of the attributes of various heavenly beings, including principal angels and even God himself. Andrei A. Orlov is Associate Professor of Theology at Marquette University. He is the author of several books, including Selected Studies in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha. State University of New York Press www.sunypress.edu Andrei A. Orlov Dark Mirrors Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology Andrei A. Orlov Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2011 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. -
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Analytical Overview of Articles on the Historical and Commemoration Themes in the Zena Betakerestiyan Ze Eteyop
Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 95 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Analytical Overview of Articles on the Historical and Commemoration Themes in the Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya1 Newspaper of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: 1945 - 1950; 1955 - 1968 Buruk Wolde-Michael Jima* Abstract Sixty eight articles of the historical and commemoration themes found in the Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya newspaper of the nineteen years period have been analyzed for their content and scholarship. The result revealed that the explored articles are comprehensive in their content dealing with the history of the church, its popular figures, institutions, communities and relation with the state and foreign communities. The scholarship applied for the reconstruction of such issues, however, threatens not only the quality but also the reliability of the produced accounts, no matter how the few strong sides are not deniable. Key Words: Zena Betakerestiyan, article, content, scholarship, history, commemoration INTRODUCTION publication was started on 20th November The Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya 19452 and it seems comprehensive in its newspaper is the newspaper of the content. For the present paper, however, Ethiopian Orthodox Church published articles of the historical and under the patriarchate office to acquaint the commemoration themes are selected for religious followers with the history, analytical overview of their content and doctrine as well as recent historical scholarship. developments of their church. Its _________________________________________________________________________ -
The Pteromorphic Angelology of the Apocalypse of Abraham
The Pteromorphic Angelology of the Apocalypse of Abraham ANDREI A. ORLOV Marquette University Milwaukee, WI 53201 IN THE APOCALYPSE OF ABRAHAM, a Jewish work composed in the early cen- turies ofthe Common Era,' God invites Abraham on a celestial joumey to receive ' The Apocalypse of Abraham survived solely in its Slavonic translation. For the published Slavonic manuscripts and fragments of the text, see loan Franko, "KHwra o ABpaaMe npaoTUH H naTpnapcH" [The Book about the Forefather and the Patriarch Abraham], in AnoKpiipu ijtezeiidu 3 yKpaÏHCbKuxpyKonucie [The Apocrypha and the Legends from the Ukrainian Manuscripts] (5 vols.; Monumenta Linguae Necnon Litterarum Ukraino-Russiearum [Rutheniearum] 1-5; L'vov: Schevchenka, 1896-1910) 1. 80-86; Alexander L Jacimirskij, "OTKpoBeHHe Aßpaaina" [The Apoca- lypse of Abraham], in EuôjiuoepatpuuecKuù 0630p anoKpuípoe e iooKHOcjtae>tncKoù u pyccKoû nuchMeHHocmu (CnucKu TlaMHmHUKoe). BunycK 1. AnoKpucjibt eemxo3aeemHhie [The Bibliographi- cal Survey of Apocryphal Writings in South Slavonic and Old Russian Literature, vol. 1, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha] (Petrograd: Russian Academy of Sciences, 1921)99-100; P. P.Novickij, ed., "OTKpoBeHHe AßpaaMa" [The Apocalypse of Abraham], in Oôufecmeo juoôumejteu dpeeneü nucbMemiocmu [The Society of Lovers of Ancient Literature] 99 (St. Petersburg: Markov, 1891); Ivan Ja. Porfir'ev, "OTKpoBeHHe AßpaaMa" [The Apocalypse of Abraham], in AnoKpucjniHecKua CKŒianuH o eemxo3aeemubix Jiui^ax u coôbtmimx no pyKonucíUi cojtoeet^Koü ôuÔJiuonwKU [The Apoc- ryphal Stories about Old Testament Characters and Events according to the Manuscripts of the Solovetzkoj Library] (Sbomik Otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoj akademii nauk 17.1; St. Petersburg: Russian Academy of Sciences, 1877) 111-30; Belkis Philonenko-Sayar and Marc Philonenko, L'Apocalypse d'Abraham: Introduction, texte slave, traduction et notes (Semitica 31 ; Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1981 ) 36-105; Alexander N. -
The Dominion of the Antichrist Revelation 9
The Dominion of the Antichrist Revelation 9: 1-12 Satan is determined to destroy this planet! The Bible describes Satan as the “father of lies” (John 8:44). He is the ultimate deceiver. His name means, “accuser,” and he is depicted as the accuser of God and His people. (Rev.12:10) He is opposed to God and seeks to alienate men from truth! He misled the fallen angels (Rev.12:4) and he tempts men and women to sin against God’s laws. He inspires the very spirit of Antichrist! (1John 2:18-23). The term angel (angelos) means messenger. God’s angels are divine messengers. (Hebrews 1:14). By contrast, Satan is pictured in scripture as a fallen angel, the leader of a band of other fallen angels, who deceive the whole world. (Rev. 12:9) He is ultimate power behind the Antichrist and the False Prophet (Rev. 13:4). Satan’s oldest trick is self-deception. When he tempted Eve in the garden, he appealed to her selfish desire to be like God. This was the same desire that led to his fall in the first place Satan was once called Lucifer, “son of the dawn” (Isaiah 14:12), but he was cast from his lofty position in heaven, along with the angelic host that rebelled with him. The bible calls this rebellion the “mystery of lawlessness” (2 Thes. 2:7). Satan and his angels willfully and deliberately sinned against God. Jude 6 says they “did not keep their own domain but abandoned their proper abode.” 2 Peter 2:4 “For God did not spare even the angels who sinned.