Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde- 95

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Analytical Overview of Articles on the Historical and Commemoration Themes in the Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya1 Newspaper of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: 1945 - 1950; 1955 - 1968

Buruk Wolde-Michael Jima*

Abstract Sixty eight articles of the historical and commemoration themes found in the Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya newspaper of the nineteen years period have been analyzed for their content and scholarship. The result revealed that the explored articles are comprehensive in their content dealing with the history of the church, its popular figures, institutions, communities and relation with the state and foreign communities. The scholarship applied for the reconstruction of such issues, however, threatens not only the quality but also the reliability of the produced accounts, no matter how the few strong sides are not deniable.

Key Words: Zena Betakerestiyan, article, content, scholarship, history, commemoration

INTRODUCTION publication was started on 20th November The Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya 19452 and it seems comprehensive in its newspaper is the newspaper of the content. For the present paper, however, Ethiopian Orthodox Church published articles of the historical and under the patriarchate office to acquaint the commemoration themes are selected for religious followers with the history, analytical overview of their content and doctrine as well as recent historical scholarship. developments of their church. Its

______Department of History and Heritage Management, Jimma University, Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 96

Study Methods common denominator for both of the two Being one of the historical research biographies is, however, the narration from methods, a serious analysis has been birth to death and the glorifying expression employed on sixty-eight articles of the about the proudness of the church and the historical and commemoration themes of country in general in having such a the Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya news remarkable people.15 papers of the aforementioned period for their content and scholarship. In terms of The reconstruction of the history of content, the type of issues addressed and churches and monasteries is organized their themes are critically analysed. In mostly by three major themes: origin and terms of scholarship, on the other hand, an development, invaluable treasures and the evaluation has been made to prove to what size and living tradition of the clergy extent the articles explored are valid from community, and the account usually begins the historical point of view. Such with a brief introduction on the evaluation is based on the way the issues geographical setting.16 are presented and reconstructed, the type of sources used to reconstruct the issues and In the case of the history of oldest Christian the maintenance of objectivity in the towns and communities, the interpretation overall presentation of the issues. aims to show either how the country is an oldest Christian state or how God chooses places to be dwelt by people. For instance, RESULT AND DISCUSSION the article - Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet I. The Content (Ethiopia’s oldest Christianity) is about Articles of the historical and how the Muslim people of Garo, west of commemoration themes identified in the Jimma town, were originally Christians explored Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya before their conversion to Islam following the sixteenth century forceful conversion newspapers of the outlined period deal with 17 the biography of saints3 and popular by the Adal Muslim fundamentalists. religious figures,4 the history of churches,5 While the article – Debre Birhan is about monasteries6 and oldest Christian towns as how the town of Debre Birhan was founded well as communities,7 the historical by Emperor Zera Ya’eqob (1434-1468) because of the light God showed him in the foundation and development of the national 18 church,8 its foreign relation9 and annual specific region. festivals,10 and the national holidays of 11 In the historical reconstruction of the commemoration. foundation and development of the The biography of is concerned mainly with the saints’ achievement Ethiopian Orthodox Church, its foreign () and miraculous doings,12 relation and annual festivals, the description affirms first the so-called while that of the popular religious figures is relation of Queen Sheba and king Solomon concerned with their contribution and of Israel and the subsequent birth of King sacrifices they paid to defend their country in general and their religion in particular Menelik I. Then, it goes bouncing on the from the invasion and destruction of major roles of the successive Solomonic 13 kings praising them more than the foreign enemies, particularly the Italians. and later, the patriarchs, thereby asserting What is more peculiar to the biography of the unification of the two institutions: saints is the prayer of blessing devoted to 19 the described at the end.14 The church and state. Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 97

The theme of articles of the national defining words. For example, Kidus commemoration holidays is similar to the Giyorgis (St George), Zena Marqos (St theme of the biography of the popular Zena Marqos), Debre Birhan (the town of religious figures in the case that both Debre Birhan) and Kidus (St Yared). conclude on the sacrifice paid to the In contrary, there are also topics presented independence of the country and religion in hidden phrases, and such topics do not from foreign aggression, and this is imply their theme of discussion in direct because of the involvement of the religious ways unless the reader goes through the personalities in the national freedom whole description or estimates it using movements. But unlike the history of these his/her previous knowledge of the issue. A known religious figures, who is the subject good reference can be made to the topic – of discussion in the history of the national Menagnu mushira (The Celibate commemoration holidays is a group of Bridegroom) in this respect.22 The topic is people (patriots) and above all, the about how the bridegroom - St. respective emperors. Moreover, the Gebrekristos withdrew from the worldly narration from birth to death in the history comfortable life of his family opting the of the individual religious personalities is ascetic one for the more comfortable and here replaced by the narration of only the eternal life in heaven, and it seems difficult specific events reserving many words of to easily infer this theme of discussion by praise to the particular emperors.20 reading only the topic. The use of such hidden topics, therefore, implies one Generally, the identified articles of the mechanism of the authors to make their historical and commemoration themes are articles interesting and readable. comprehensive in their content dealing with the past of both the religion, its In the case of theme construction, there is popular figures, institutions, communities an attempt in most of the explored articles and relation with the state and foreign to present the theme by dividing the main countries. topic into sub-topics23 and this division of issues seems helpful to the reader to easily II. The Scholarship identify what issue he/she wants to know To begin with the topic selection of the first or concentrate more. There is also an identified articles, most of the topics used attempt in some articles to list out the are open phrases: meaning they tell readers major points of discussion at the beginning about whom and what they are discussing and provide the description thereafter.24 in direct ways, even though some of them are stated in Ge’ez language. From the The subdivision of some of the topics many topics of this type, Ye nebiyou adheres strictly to the smooth flow of ideas 25 Isayiyas tarik ena sira (The history of of the issue under discussion. The Prophet Isiah and his contribution) can be subdivision of most of the topics, however, 26 cited as an example in this regard.21 As the fails to keep the track in the discussion. topic indicates, the historical reconstruction Moreover, the subdivided topics sometimes is about the life of Prophet Isayiyas and it fail to deal with what they are expected to may even be unnecessary to the reader to deal completely. For instance, under the go through the entire description in order to topic – Ye kidus Yared tarik be’achiru (The get in touch with this subject of discussion short history of St Yared), we find a sub- of the article. What is further in the feature topic, Ye Yared sira ena ye hiywotu of such open topics is the use of only the fitsamie (The contribution of St Yared and name of the subject as title without adding the end of his life), and what we read under Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 98 this topic is mainly the death of the saint. this single application of sources is, His important doings and contributions to therefore, clearly manifested in the the church are enshrined under the first sub description of articles of the same theme. A topic – Ye Kidus Yared tiwlid ena neged good reference can be made to the four (The birth and genealogy of St Yared).27 articles produced on the life history of St. Yared in this regard. The articles are What is also important to note in published in four different times: 8 April connection with such mixing up of issues 1946, 7 June 1947, 23 May 1965 and 16 in the theme construction is the May 1966 and according to the article of 8 incorporation of issues seeming irrelevant. April 1946, the teacher’s name of St. Yared The article – Debir kidus Debre Tsige is stated as Yishaq. But this name is Mariyam ze menbere Takle–Haymanot replaced by Gedeon in the two articles of 7 (The St Mary church of Debre Tsige of the June 1947 and 16 May 1966 and Yishaq is Monastery of ) can be taken presented as the father of St. Yared in 28 as a reference for this justification. The articles of 23 May 1965 and the same - 16 article is about how the church of Debre May 1966.33 Tsige Mariyam near the monastery of Debre Libanos was built by Echegue The use of translated Ge’ez phrases is Gebre-Giyorgis in the aftermath of the perennial in the theme elaboration of most Fascist occupation period. In the theme of the distinguished articles34 and the use construction of the article, however, the seems the means the authors employ to ceremony of Echegue29 consecration in the show how they are genuine to their Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the abun’s statements. In most cases as well, the (’s) preaching to the Ethiopian authors provide either the list of people or patriots at the dawn of the Fascist rule are the genealogy of popular figures to included without having any direct guarantee the reliability of their accounts.35 historical relation with the foundation of the aforementioned church.30 What is more appreciable in the historical scholarship is the expression of times of Apart from the main narrative mode of events in defined terms, i.e. using years, writing, it is the general to specific or the months, dates and even hours, even though top to bottom approach which is applied in their accuracy remains doubtful.36 Every the theme construction of the identified statement thought as confusing to the articles. In other words, it is either with the reader is also justified by referring to the overall aspect of the respective issue or the Holy Bible.37 Nevertheless, there is usually ancestral origin of the subject under study the tendency of using the main issue of that the theme construction usually discussion to acquaint the reader with the begins.31 urgent problem of the national church. To make a reference, in the article – Zena Regarding the use of sources, most of the Marqos tsadiq ze Eteyopeya (St Zena explored articles are produced using a Marqos of Ethiopia), we read the single source of either oral or written type evangelization of St. Zena Marqos in the and in some of the topics, this is clearly Mihur district of the Gurage Region, south stated. The topic - Ye kidus Yared tarik ke central Ethiopia. The saint, however, could gedilu endetegegne (The history of St not baptize the people whom he converted Yared as extracted from his hagiography) to Christianity since he did not have the 32 can be cited as an example in this case. priest authority and could not also be The contradiction of facts resulting from ordained as priest because of the non- Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 99 existence of bishops in the country. The institutions during the period under author, therefore, uses this opportunity to discussion. show how the Ethiopian Orthodox Church The scholarship applied for the was still suffering from the shortage of reconstruction of such issues, however, bishops and hence, the utmost necessity of threatens not only the quality but also the consecrating an Ethiopian patriarch as a reliability of the produced accounts, no permanent solution.38 It is after dealing matter how the few strong sides are not with such kind of issues that the authors deniable. usually use the sub-topic – nigba’ekie habe tinte neger (wede tinte negerachin Even though themes are discussed being enimeles) (Let’s come back to our initial subdivided into different aspects, they are point of discussion) in order to keep the subjected to the mixing up and smooth flow of ideas of their topic of incorporation of irrelevant issues. While discussion.39 the times of events stated in precise terms are far from accuracy. Above all, the Exaggeration of facts is the other basic exaggeration of facts and the conclusions feature in the theme presentation of the inferred from the unproved information of explored articles40 and the cause may be a single evidence make the necessity of either the relation of the author to the having an eagle-eye for the right subject (event) under study or his/her information of every article must. strong interest in the issue. It may also be the other mechanism the authors use to influence the reader. Notes

In general, the scholarship employed in the 1It is a Ge’ez word to mean “News of the topic selection and theme construction of Ethiopian Orthodox Church.” Though the the identified historical and calendar used in the newspaper is commemoration articles is largely Ethiopian, it has been converted to the traditional which is highly influenced by equivalent European calendar for the the curriculum and notion of the church convenience of the wider readers. education. 2Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 1st, No. 3(Addis Ababa, 8 February 1946),pp.10-12; Zena Betakerestiyan ze CONCLUSION Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No.13(Addis Ababa, 9 Being one of the reconstructions of the December 1946),p.126. past, articles of the historical and commemoration themes enshrined in the 3Aba Haile Iyesus,“Zena gedlu we hiywotu Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya le Abune Samuel Ze Halie Luya (The newspapers of the aforementioned period History of Father Samuel of Halie Luya)” dedicate themselves to the history of the Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya ,Year subject - Ethiopian Orthodox Church, its 3rd, No.36(Addis Ababa, 9 November personalities, holy shrines, annual festivals, 1948),pp.300-303,309-310; Amde-Tsion ties with the state and foreign nations, and Tesema, “Abune Meba-Tsion: Zena hiywot the commemoration of national struggles ena gedil (The History of Father Meba- waged for the independence of the country Tsion)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, in general and the church in particular Year 2nd, No. 24(Addis Ababa, 10 because of the unification of the two November 1947)pp.239-241,Year 2nd, No. Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 100

25 (December 10,1947)pp.244-245;Amde- Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya,Year 2nd, Tsion Tesema, “Ye Eteyopiyawiwu tsadiq No.22(Addis Ababa, 5 September ye Aba Gebre Nazrawi menfesawi tarik 1946)pp.219-222; Afeworq Asegid, “Ye (The History of the Ethiopian Saint, Father Ewostatewos guzo ena ye sira firew (Father Gebre Nazrawi)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Ewostatewos and His Achievemnets)” Eteyopeya, Year 5th, No.50(Addis Ababa, 8 Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year January 1949)pp.412-413; Amde-Tsion 22nd, No.5(Addis Ababa, 7 January Tesema, “Ye Eteyopiyawiwu tsadiq ye 1966)p.3; Birhanu Mekonen, “Talaqu liq Abune Ewostatewos menfesawi Zena (The Yared: mehaliyaha le betakristiyan (The History of the Ethiopian Saint, Father Great Intellectual, St Yared: Proud of the Ewostatewos)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Ethiopian Church)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 4th, No.48(Addis Ababa, 9 Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.21(Addis Ababa, November 1949)pp.397 and 399; Amde- 16 May 1966.)p.8; Desta Habte-Gebriel, Tsion Tesema, “Zena gedlu we ireftu le “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Aba Yohani Bitsu Abune Aregawi Ze Debre Damo (The menfesawi Zena (The History of the History of Saint Father Aregawi of Debre Ethiopian Saint, Father Yohani)” Zena Damo)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 3rd, Year 2nd, No. 31(Addis Ababa, 7 June No.32(Addis Ababa, 7 July 1948)pp.270- 1948)pp.261-265;Year 3rd, No.32 (7 July 271;Desta Habte-Gebriel, “Zena gedlu we 1948)pp.267-269,Year 3rd, No. 35 (10 hirutu le Abune Gebre-Mariyam ze gedame October 1948)pp.294-297;Amde-Tsion Zelihogn (The History of Father Gebre- Tesema, “Zenahu le Aba Eliyas tsadiq Mariyam of the monastery of Zelihogn)” Eteyopiyawi (The History of the Ethiopian Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya,Year 4th, Saint, Father Elias)” Zena Betakerestiyan No.47 (Addis Ababa, 10 October ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No.25(Addis 1949)p.393; Dibekulu Zewdie, “Kidus Ababa, 10 December 1947)p.249,Year 2nd, Yared (St. Yared)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze No. 26-30(January – 8 May 1948)pp.251- Eteyopeya, Year20th, No.11 (Addis Ababa, 254; Aklilu Gebre-Kiros, “Liqu 23 May 1965) pp.1-2; Fisiha-Tsion Diyonasiyos (The Intelligent Diyonasiyos)” Kassaye, “Metmiqu Yohannis (John the Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Baptist)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze 23rd, No.41(Addis Ababa, 16 November Eteyopeya, Year 20th, No.14 (Addis Ababa, 1968)pp.3-4; Aklilu Gebre-Kiros, “Ye haya 7 July 1965)pp.1-2;Fisiha-Tsion Kassaye, amistegnaw ye Eskindriya liqe papasat ye “Ye Abune Tekle-Haymanot lidet (The Diyosqoros ireft (The commemoration of Birthday of St. Tekle-Haymanot)” Zena the death of the 25th Archbishop of Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21st, Eskindria, Father Diyosqoros)” Zena No.4(Addis Ababa, 31 December 1965) Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 1st, pp.1 and 4;Getachew Mewa, “Ye nebiyou No.11 and 12(Addis Ababa, 10 November Isayiyas tarik ena sira (The History of 1947)p.115; Aklilu Gebre-Kiros, “Zena Prophet Isiah and his contribution)” Zena Alaniqos tsadiq Ze Eteyopiya (The History Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya,Year 23rd, of the Ethiopian Saint:Father Alaniqos)” No.9(Addis Ababa, 16 March 1968) pp.1 Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year and 4; Haregewoin Gebre-Sillassie, “Ye 2nd, No.23 (Addis Ababa, 11 kidus Yared tarik be’achiru (The Short October1947)pp.228-229; Aklilu Gebre- History of St. Yared)” Zena Betakerestiyan Kiros, “Zenahu le Kewustos hawariyaha le ze Eteyopeya, Year 1st, No. 5 (Addis Eteyopiya (The History of the Ethiopian Ababa, 8 April 1945)pp.53-55; Kinfe- Saint, Father Kewustos)” Zena Gebriel Altaye, “A’emadiha le Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 101

Betekristiyan: Petros we Pawulos (Pillars 195;“Sile Abune Anorewos Zena hiywot of the Ethiopian Church: Peter and Paul)” ena be’ale ireft (The history and Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year commemoration day of the death of Father 18, No.15 (Addis Ababa, 7 July Anorewos)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze 1963)pp.55-56; Kinfe-Gebriel Altaye, “Ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No.23(Addis Ababa, Anbesa Marqos (St Mark the Lion)” Zena 11 October 1947)pp.229-232; “Ye Abune Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya,Year 21st, Filipos achir tarik (A Brief History of No.20(Addis Ababa, 8 May 1966.)pp.1 and Father Philip)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze 3; Tekeste-Birhan Wolde-Iyesus, “Ye kidus Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No.17(Addis Ababa, 8 Istifanos tarikawi gedil be’achiru (A short May 1947)pp.184-185;“Ye atsie Dawit history of St. Stephen)” Zena dagmawi lij ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 22nd, Abune Yosef tarik be haymanot (The No.45(Addis Ababa, 28 November history of Father Joseph, the son of 1967)pp.1,3-4; Tekle-Mika’el Fanta, “Zena Emperor Dawit II, in the church)” Zena Marqos (Father Zena Marqos)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 14th, Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.7 (Addis Ababa, 7 July 1959)pp.77-79; No.1(Addis Ababa, 9 December Year 14th, No.11 (10 November 1959)p.93; 1965)pp.1-2,4; Tibebu Beyene, “Filsete “Ye kidus Yared tarik ke gedilu atsmu le Abune Tekle-Haymanot (The endetegegne (The history of St Yared from uproot of the corpse of St Tekle- his hagiography)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Haymanot)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No.19(Addis Ababa, 7 Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.21(Addis Ababa June 1946)pp.190-192; “Ye tsadiqu ye 16 May 1966)pp.1 and 7; Wolde-Rufa’el Abune Habte-Mariyam menfesawi tarik Fetahi, “Kidus Giyorgis (St George)” Zena (The Religious History of St Father Habte- Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21st, Mariyam)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze No.19 (Addis Ababa, 23 April Eteyopeya, Year 4th, No.40(Addis Ababa, 8 1966)pp.1,3-4;Wolde-Rufa’el Fetahi, March 1949)p.336;Year 4th, No.41(8 April “Menagnu mushira(The Celibate 1949)pp.341-342;Year 4th, No.42(8 May Bridegroom)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze 1949) p.353;Year 4th, No.43(7 Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.41(Addis June1949)p.361; “Ye Wegegu (Asebot) Ababa, 25 October 1966)pp.1 and 4; Year Aba Samuel achir tarik (A Brief Hitory of 21st, No.42(2 November 1966)pp.5-6; Father Samuel of Mount Wegeg (Asebot))” “Anorewos hawariya Ze Eteyopeya (Father Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Anorewos of Ethiopia)” Zena 4th, No.37 (Addis Ababa, 9 December Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, 1948)pp.311-312; “Zena Marqos tsadiq Ze No.14 (Addis Ababa, 8 January Eteyopeya (St Zena Marqos of Eteyopeya)” 1946)p.142; “Istifanos liqe diyaqonat Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year weqedamie sema’it (The archdeacon and 2nd, No.14(Addis Ababa, 8 January first martyre of St Stephen)” Zena 1946)pp.139-142. Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 23rd, 4 No.29(Addis Ababa, 26 October Aklilu Gebre-Kiros, “Ye talaqu liq 1968)p.1;“Kibre filsete atsmu le Abune Memhir Wolde-Michael tarik (The history tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya (The of the great church scholar, Teacher holiday for the uproot of the corpse of St Wolde-Michael)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze nd Tekle-Haymanot of Ethiopia)” Zena Eteyopeya, Year 2 , No.19(Addis Ababa, 7 Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, June1947)pp.197-201; “Hawulte simi’a ze No.19(Addis Ababa, 7 June 1947)pp.193- Petros (The statue of Archbishop Peter the martyred)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 102

Eteyopeya, Year 1st, No. 8-10 (Addis Tekle-Haymanot (The history of Debre Ababa, July - 5 September 1946)pp.99- Tsige St Mary church)” Zena 103; “Ye kibirt Woyzero Shewareged Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, Gedlie Zena ireft menfesawi tarik (The No.15 (Addis Ababa, 7 February death of her excellency, Mrs. Shewareged 1947)pp.152-160; “Ye Inewaritu Mariyam Gedlie)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze ameseraret (The foundation of the St Mary Eteyopeya, Year 5th, No.49 (Addis Ababa, church of Inewaritu” Zena Betakerestiyan 9 December 1949)pp.408-409; “Tarik Ze ze Eteyopeya, Year 24th, No.54(Addis Aleqa Mersha Wolde-Mariyam(Mersi’e Ababa, 25 May 1969)pp.1-2; “Ye Jer Hazen) (The history of the church scholar, Sillassie ameseraret ena ametat (The Wolde-Mariyam(Mersi’e Hazen)) ” Zena foundation and development of the Holy Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, church of Jer)” Zena Betakerestiyan No.21(Addis Ababa, 6 August ze Eteyopeya, Year 23rd, No.6 (Addis 1947)pp.211-212. Ababa, 24 February 1968)p.5.

5 Aklilu Gebre-Kiros, “Ye Yeka Debre 6Cherinet Bisewur, “Ye tsadiqun gedam Sahil kidus Mika’el achir tarik (The brief gobegnehut (I have visited the monastery history of Yeka Debre Sahil St Michael of the Saint)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze church)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 23rd, No.7(Addis Ababa, th Eteyopeya, Year 5 , No.49(Addis Ababa, 8 2 March 1968)p.3; Kidane-Mariyam December 1949)pp.403-404; Bezabih Gebre-Hiywot, “Ye Waldiba gedam (The Wolde-Yohannis, “Ye Delema kidist Monastery of Waldeba)” Zena Mariyam Betekristiyan (The history of Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21st, Delema St Mary church)” Zena No.5(Addis Ababa, 8 January 1966)p.3; nd Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 22 , Mekbib Atnaw, “Ye Abune Melke-Tsedeq No.44(Addis Ababa, 21 October gedam: Debre Medhanit (The monastery of 1967)p.5;Bezabih Wolde-Yohannis, “Ye Father Melke-Tsedeq: Debre Medhanit) ” Gideb Mariyam Betekristiyan lemetawequ Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year (The discovery of Gideb St Mary church)” 21st, No.15(Addis Ababa, 24 March Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 1966)p.3; Melaku Feleke, “Ye Aksum st 21 , No.3(Addis Ababa, 24 December Tsion Mariyam Betekristiyan ameseraret be 1965)p.3; Gizaw Sidelil, “Ye Wojja kidus Zemene hadis (The foundation of Aksum Mika’el (The history of Wojja St. Michael St Mary of Zion during the time of the New church)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Testament)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze st Eteyopeya, Year 21 , No.27(Addis Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.16(Addis Ababa, st Ababa, 7 July 1966)p.7;Year 21 , 31 March 1966)p.7; “Be Tana hayk (In No.28(15 July 1966)p.8; Kinfe-Gebriel Lake Tana)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Altaye,“Ye Menbere Birhan Rufa Mariyam Eteyopeya, Year 24th, No.41 (Addis Ababa, Betekristiyan (The history of Menbere 1 February 1969)p.1; “Ye menbere tseba’ot Birhan Rufa St Mary church)” Zena kidist Sillassie gedam atekakel ena ametat st Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21 , (The historical foundation and development No.9(Addis Ababa, 7 February 1966)pp.3- of Menbere tseba’ot Holy Trinity 4; Tesema Wolde-Giyorgis, “Ye Gedeba monastery)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze kidus Giyorgis debir (The history of Eteyopeya, Year 23rd, No.4(Addis Ababa, Gedeba St George church)” Zena 20 January 1968)p.3. st Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21 , No.26(Addis Ababa, 28 June 1966)p.7; “Debir kidus Debre Tsige ze Menbere Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 103

7“Debre Birhan (The town of Debre 14 January 1967)p.3;Year 23rd, No.8(28 Birhan)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze January 1967)p.3;Year 23rd, No.9(4 Eteyopeya, Year 1st, No. 8-10(Addis February 1967)p.3;Year 23rd, No.10(11 Ababa, July - 5 September 1946)pp.95-98; February 1967)p.3; “Ye Eteyopeya “Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet negestat bego adragot be Iyerusalem (The (Ethiopia’s oldest Christianity)” Zena important doings of Ethiopian kings in Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 1st, No. Jerusalem)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze 3(Addis Ababa, 7 February 1946)pp.22-24. Eteyopeya, Year 13th, No.6 (Addis Ababa, 8 May 1958)p.24; Year 13th, No.7(7 June 8Melaku Feleke, “Eteyopeya be Zemene 1958)pp.27-28;Year 13th, No.8(7 July Orit (Ethiopia during the )” 1958)p.32;Year 13th, No.11(10 October Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 1958)p.42;Year 14th, No.2(8 January 24th, No.53(Addis Ababa, 17 May 1959)p.55;Year 14th, No.6(8 May 1969)p.3;Year 24th, No.54(23 May 1959)pp.71-72. 1969)pp.3-4;Year 24th , No.55(31 May 1969)p.3;Year 24th, No.56(7 June 1969)p.3; 10“Ye atsie mesqel be’al (The holiday of Year 24th, No.57 (14 June 1969)p.3; Year the Emperor’s Cross)” Zena Betakerestiyan 24th, No.58(21 June 1969)p.3;Year 24th, ze Eteyopeya, Year 1st, No.11-12(Addis No.60(5 July 1969)p.3;Year 24th, No.61(12 Ababa, October - 9 November July 1969)p.3,Year 24th, No.62(19 July 1946)p.115;“Ye atsie mesqel tarik (The 1969)p.3;Year 24th, No.63(26 July History of the Emperor’s Cross)” Zena 1969)pp.3-4;Year 24th, No.64(2 August Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, 1969)p.3; Year 24th, No.65(9 August No.23(Addis Ababa,10 October 1969)pp.3-4;Year 24th, No.66(16 August 1947)p.227. 1969)p.3;Year 24th, No.67(23 August 1969)p.3;Year 24th, No.69(6 September 11Dagnachew Kassahun, “Dil adraginet be 1969)p.3; “Ibeye kihineta we mengista le haymanot (Becoming victorious in Eteyopeya (The great Ethiopian church and religion)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze state)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Eteyopeya, Year 23rd, No.7(Addis Ababa, Year 14th, No.8(Addis Ababa, 6 August 2 March 1968)p.1; Tamiru Gebre- 1959)pp.82-84; Amde-Tsion Tesema, Mariyam, “Tarik le bale tarikoch (History “Wede Eteyopeya Zena timket sile to the history making people)” Zena memtatu (The introduction of Christianity Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21st, in Ethiopia)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze No.19(Addis Ababa, 23 April Eteyopeya, Year 5th, No.51(Addis Ababa, 7 1966)p.1,Year 21st, No.21(May 8, February 1950)pp.419-420; Tesfahun Kasa, 1966)pp.1,3-4; “Sile ken ye “Ye tarikachin mirt (Our Historical Eteyopeya sema’itat be’al (The Achievements)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze commemoration of Ethiopian martyrs of Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No. 42(Addis Ababa, February 19)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze 2 November 1966)pp.4-6. Eteyopeya,Year 4th, No.40(Addis Ababa, 9 March 1949)pp.330-332. 9Afeworq Asegid, “Ke asra’amistegnaw eske asrasimintegnaw kifle Zemen 12See the whole articles on note no.3. Armenoch be Eteyopeya wust (Armenians in Ethiopia between the 15th and 18th 13See the whole articles on note no.4. centuries)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya,Year 23rd, No.6 (Addis Ababa, 14See the whole articles on note no.3. Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 104

15See the whole articles on note no.3 and 4. ……pp.412-413; Amde-Tsion, “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Abune 16See the whole articles on note no.5 and 6. Ewostatewos menfesawi Zena” Zena ……pp.397 and 399; Amde-Tsion, “Zena 17“Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet” Zena gedlu we ireftu le Bitsu Abune Aregawi Ze …….pp.22-24. Debre Damo”Zena ……, Year 2nd, No. 31 (7 May 1948)pp.261-265; Year 3rd, No.32 18“Debre Birhan” Zena…….pp.95-98. (7 July 1948)pp.267-269;Year 3rd, No. 35(10 October 1948)pp.294-297;Aklilu, 19See the whole articles on note no.8, 9 and “Zena Alaniqos tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya” Zena 10. ……pp.228-229; Aklilu, “Zenahu le 20See the whole articles on note no.11. Kewustos hawariyaha le Eteyopeya” Zena ………pp.219-222; Afeworq, “Ye 21Getachew, “Ye nebiyou Isayiyas tarik ena Ewostatewos guzo ena ye sira firew” Zena sira” Zena …… pp.1 and 4. See also the ………p.3; Desta, “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu following topics as a sample: Haregewoin, tsadiq ye Aba Yohani menfesawi Zena” “Ye kidus Yared tarik be’achiru” Zena… Zena ………pp.270-271;Desta, “Zena gedlu pp.53-55; Tekeste-Birhan , “Ye kidus we hirutu le Abune Gebre-Mariyam Ze Istifanos tarikawi gedil be’achiru” Zena gedame Zelihogn” Zena……p.393;Fisiha- ……pp.1,3-4; “Istifanos liqe diyaqonat Tsion, “Ye Abune Tekle-Haymanot weqedamie sema’it” Zena…… p.1;“Kibre lidet”Zena …pp.1 and 4. filsete atsmu le Abune Tekle Haymanot tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya” Zena …….pp.193- 22Wolde-Rufa’el,“Menagnu mushira” Zena 195;“Sile Abune Anorewos Zena hiywot …, Year 21st, No.41 …..pp.1 and 4; Year ena be’ale ireft” Zena ………pp.229-232; 21, No.42(2 November 1966)pp.5-6. See “Ye Abune Filipos achir tarik” Zena also Dagnachew, “Dil adraginet be ………pp.184-185;“Ye atsie Dawit haymanot” Zena ……p.1; Tamiru, “Tarik le dagmawi lij ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye bale tarikoch” Zena ……, Year 21st, Abune Yosef tarik be haymanot” Zena No.19….p.1;Year 21st, No.21(May 8, ………p.93; “Ye kidus Yared tarik ke 1966)pp.1,3-4; Cherinet, “Ye tsadiqun gedilu endetegegne” Zena ………pp.190- gedam gobegnehut” Zena ……p.3; “Be 192; “Ye tsadiqu ye Abune Habte-Mariyam Tana hayk” Zena ………p.1; Tesfahun , menfesawi tarik” Zena ……,Year 4th, “Ye tarikachin mirt” Zena …pp.4-6. No.40(9 March 1949)p.336;Year 4th, No.41(8 April 1949)pp.341-342;Year 4th, 23“Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet” Zena No.42(8 May 1949)p.353;Year 4th, No.43(7 ……..pp.22-24; Haregewoin, “Ye kidus June 1949)p.361; “Ye Wegegu (Asebot) Yared tarik be’achiru” Zena……. pp.53-55; Aba Samuel achir tarik” Zena ……pp.311- “Hawulte simi’a ze Petros” Zena 312; Aba Haile Iyesus,“Zena gedlu we ……pp.99-103; “Zena Marqos tsadiq Ze hiywotu le Abune Samuel Ze Halie Luya” Eteyopeya” Zena ……pp.139-142; Aklilu, Zena…… pp.300-303,309-310; Amde- “Ye talaqu liq Memhir Wolde-Michael Tsion, “Abune Meba-Tsion: Zena hiywot tarik” Zena ……pp.197-201; Amde-Tsion, ena gedil” Zena Betekristiyan ……pp.239- “Abune Meba-Tsion: Zena hiywot ena 241,Year 2nd, No. 25 (10 December gedil” Zena …., Year 2nd, No. 24….. 1947)pp.244-245;Amde-Tsion, “Ye pp.239-241;Year 2nd, No. 25 (10 December Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Aba Gebre 1947)pp.244-245;Amde-Tsion, “Ye Nazrawi menfesawi tarik” Zena Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Aba Gebre Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 105

Nazrawi menfesawi tarik” Zena ……pp.197-201; Amde-Tsion, “Abune ……pp.412-413; Amde-Tsion, “Ye Meba-Tsion: Zena hiywot ena gedil” Zena Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Abune …., Year 2nd, No. 24….pp.239-241;Year Ewostatewos menfesawi Zena” Zena 2nd, No. 25 (10 December 1947)pp.244- pp.397 and 399; Amde-Tsion,“Zena gedlu 245;Amde-Tsion, “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu we ireftu le Bitsu Abune Aregawi Ze Debre tsadiq ye Aba Gebre Nazrawi menfesawi Damo”Zena ……, Year 2nd, No. tarik” Zena ……pp.412-413; Amde-Tsion, 31……..pp.261-265; Year 3rd, No.32 (7 “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Abune July 1948)pp.267-269;Year 3rd, No. 35 (10 Ewostatewos menfesawi Zena” Zena…… October 1948)pp.294-297;Amde-Tsion, pp.397 and 399; Amde-Tsion, Zena gedlu “Zenahu le Aba Eliyas tsadiq we ireftu le Bitsu Abune Aregawi Ze Debre Eteyopeyawi” Zena ……, Year 2nd, Damo”Zena ……, Year 2nd, No. 31…. No.25……..p.249;Year 2nd, No. 26- pp.261-265; Year 3rd, No.32 (7 July 30(January - 8 May 1948)pp.251-254; Aba 1948)pp.267-269;Year 3rd, No. 35 (10 Haile Iyesus,“Zena gedlu we hiywotu le October 1948)pp.294-297;Amde-Tsion, Abune Samuel Ze Halie Luya” Zena…… “Zenahu le Aba Eliyas tsadiq pp.300-303,309-310; “Ye tsadiqu ye Abune Eteyopeyawi” Zena ……, Year 2nd, No.25 Habte-Mariyam menfesawi tarik” Zena ….p.249;Year 2nd, No. 26-30(January - 8 ……,Year 4th, No.40…..p.336;Year 4th, May 1948)pp.251-254; Aba Haile No.41(8 April 1949)pp.341-342;Year 4th, Iyesus,“Zena gedlu we hiywotu le Abune No.42(8 May 1949)p.353;Year 4th, No.43(7 Samuel Ze Halie Luya” Zena…… pp.300- June 1949)p.361; Desta, “Zena gedlu we 303,309-310; “Ye tsadiqu ye Abune Habte- hirutu le Abune Gebre-Mariyam Ze Mariyam menfesawi tarik” Zena …,Year gedame Zelihogn”Zena ……p.393;Tesema, 4th, No.40…..p.336;Year 4th, No.41(8 April “Ye Gedeba kidus Giyorgis debir” Zena 1949)pp.341-342;Year 4th, No.42(8 May ……p.7; Gizaw, “Ye Wojja kidus Mika’el” 1949)p.353;Year 4th, No.43(7 June Zena ……,Year 21st, No.27……..p.7;Year 1949)p.361; Desta, “Zena gedlu we hirutu 21st, No.28(15 July 1966)p.8. le Abune Gebre-Mariyam Ze gedame Zelihogn” Zena ……p.393. 24“Debir kidus Debre Tsige ze menbere Tekle-Haymanot” Zena ……pp.152-160; 27Haregewoin, “Ye kidus Yared tarik Amde-Tsion, “Wede Eteyopeya Zena be’achiru” Zena…. pp.53-55. See also timket sile memtatu” Zena …pp.419-420. “Kibre filsete atsmu le Abune Tekle Haymanot tsadiq ze Eteyopeya” Zena 25“Hawulte simi’a Ze Petros” Zena ….pp.193-195; Tibebu , “Filsete atsmu le ……pp.99-103; Tesema, “Ye Gedeba kidus Abune Tekle-Haymanot” Zena …..pp.1 and Giyorgis debir” Zena.…p.7; Gizaw, “Ye 7; Tamiru, “Tarik le bale tarikoch” Wojja kidus Mika’el” Zena ……,Year 21st, Zena……, Year 21st, No.19….. p.1; Year No.27…….p.7,Year 21st, No.28(July 15, 21st, No.21(8 May 1966)pp.1,3-4. 1966)p.8;“Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet” Zena ……..pp.22-24. 28“Debir kidus Debre Tsige ze Menbere Tekle-Haymanot” Zena ….pp.152-160. 26Haregewoin, “Ye kidus Yared tarik be’achiru” Zena…… pp.53-55; “Zena 29It is a religious title in the Ethiopian Marqos tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya” Zena Orthodox Church equivalent to bishop. It is ……pp.139-142; Aklilu, “Ye talaqu liq reserved for those bishops heading the Memhir Wolde-Michael tarik” Zena monastery of Debre Libanos. Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 106

30Ibid. See also Mekbib, “Ye Abune Eteyopeya” Zena ……pp.139-142; “Kibre Melke-Tsedeq gedam: Debre Medhanit” filsete atsmu le Abune Tekle Haymanot Zena ….p.3; Bezabih, “Ye Gideb Mariyam tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya” Zena ….pp.193-195; Betekristiyan lemetawequ” Zena …..p.3. Aklilu, “Ye talaqu liq Memhir Wolde- Michael tarik” Zena ……pp.197-201; 31Assess all the identified articles on their Amde-Tsion, “Abune Meba-Tsion: Zena respective pages. hiywot ena gedil” Zena …., Year 2nd, No. 24 ………pp.239-241;Year 2nd, No. 25 (10 32“Ye kidus Yared tarik ke gedilu December 1947)pp.244-245; “Ye menbere endetegegne” Zena …..pp.190-192. tseba’ot kidist Sillassie gedam atekakel ena ametat” Zena ……p.3; “Ye Jer Sillassie 33Haregewoin, “Ye kidus Yared tarik ameseraret ena ametat” Zena …p.5;Kinfe- be’achiru” Zena…. pp.53-55; “Ye kidus Gebriel, “Ze Anbesa Marqos” Zena Yared tarik ke gedilu endetegegne” Zena ……pp.1 and 3. …..pp.190-192; Dibekulu, “Kidus Yared” Zena ……..pp.1-2; Birhanu ,“Talaqu liq 36“Debre Birhan” Zena …pp.95-98; “Ye Yared: mehaliyaha le betekritiyan” Zena atsie mesqel be’al” Zena …p.115; “Kibre ……p.8. Compare also “Anorewos filsete atsmu le Abune Tekle Haymanot hawariya Ze Eteyopeya” Zena ……p.142 tsadiq ze Eteyopeya” Zena ….pp.193-195; and “Sile Abune Anorewos Zena hiywot Aklilu, “Ye talaqu liq Memhir Wolde- ena be’ale ireft” Zena ………pp.229-232; Michael tarik” Zena ……pp.197-201; “Ye atsie mesqel be’al” Zena …p.115 and “Tarik ze Aleqa Mersha Wolde- “Ye atsie mesqel tarik” Zena …p.227. Mariyam(Mersi’e Hazen)” Zena …pp.211- 212; Amde-Tsion, “Abune Meba-Tsion: 34“Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet” Zena Zena hiywot ena gedil” Zena… Year 2nd, ……..pp.22-24; “Ye kidus Yared tarik ke No. 24(10 November 1947)pp.239- gedilu endetegegne” Zena …..pp.190-192; 241,Year 2nd, No. 25(10 November “Debre Birhan” Zena ….pp.95-98; “Debir 1947)pp.244-245; Desta, “Ye kidus Debre Tsige Ze Menbere Tekle- Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Aba Yohani Haymanot” Zena ….pp.152-160; “Ye menfesawi Zena” Zena ………pp.270-271; Abune Filipos achir tarik” Zena Aklilu, “Ye Yeka Debre Sahil kidus ………pp.184-185; “Ye atsie Dawit Mika’el achir tarik” Zena …pp.403-404; dagmawi lij ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye “Ye kibirt Woyzero Shewareged Gedlie Abune Yosef tarik be haymanot” Zena zena ireft menfesawi tarik” Zena …pp.408- ………p.93; Amde-Tsion,“Ye 409; Afeworq, “Ke asra’amistegnaw eske Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Aba Gebre asrasimintegnaw kifle Zemen Armenoch Nazrawi menfesawi tarik” Zena be Eteyopeya wust” Zena …,Year 23rd, ……pp.412-413; Tekeste-Birhan , “Ye No.6…….p.3,Year 23rd, No.8(28 January kidus Istifanos tarikawi gedil be’achiru” 1967)p.3;Year 23rd, No.9(4 February Zena ……pp.1,3-4; Kinfe-Gebriel, 1967)p.3;Year 23rd, No.10(11 February “A’emadiha le Betekristiyan: Petros we 1967)p.3; “Ye Eteyopeya negestat bego Pawulos” Zena …pp.55-56; Aklilu, “Ye adragot be Iyerusalem” Zena …, Year 13th, haya amistegnaw ye Eskindiriya liqe No.6 ….. p.24, Year 13th, No.7(7 June papasat ye Diyosqoros ireft” Zena …p.115. 1958)pp.27-28;Year 13th, No.8(7 July 1958)p.32;Year 13th, No.11(10 October 35“Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet” Zena 1958)p.42;Year 14th, No.2(8 January ……..pp.22-24; “Zena Marqos tsadiq ze 1959)p.55;Year 14th, No.6(8 May Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 107

1959)pp.71-72; Melaku, “Ye Aksum Tsion 39Ibid. Amde-Tsion, “Wede Eteyopeya Mariyam Betekristiyan ameseraret be Zena timket sile memtatu” Zena …pp.419- Zemene hadis” Zena …p.7; “Ye menbere 420; Amde-Tsion, “Abune Meba-Tsion: tseba’ot kidist Sillassie gedam atekakel ena Zena hiywot ena gedil” Zena …., Year 2nd, ametat” Zena ……p.3; “Ye Jer Sillassie No. 24 ……. pp.239-241;Year 2nd, No. 25 ameseraret ena ametat” Zena …p.5; (10 December 1947)pp.244-245; Amde- Getachew, “Ye nebiyou Isayiyas tarik ena Tsion, “Zenahu le Aba Eliyas tsadiq sira” Zena…… pp.1 and 4; “Ye Inewaritu Eteyopeyawi” Zena ……, Year 2nd, No.25 Mariyam ameseraret” Zena …pp.1-2. ….. p.249; Year 2nd, No. 26-30 (January –8 May 1948)pp.251-254; Aklilu, “Ye talaqu 37“Sile Abune Anorewos Zena hiywot ena liq Memhir Wolde-Michael tarik” Zena be’ale ireft” Zena ………pp.229-232; ……pp.197-201; Aba Haile Iyesus,“Zena Amde-Tsion, “Abune Meba-Tsion: Zena gedlu we hiywotu le Abune Samuel ze hiywot ena gedil” Zena …, Year 2nd, No. Halie Luya” Zena…… pp.300-303,309- 24(10 November 1947)pp.239-241;Year 310; Mekbib, “Ye Abune Melke-Tsedeq 2nd, No. 25 (10 December 1947)pp.244- gedam: Debre Medhanit” Zena ….p.3. 245; Amde-Tsion, “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Abune Ewostatewos menfesawi 40“Anorewos hawariya ze Eteyopeya” Zena Zena” Zena…… .pp.397 and 399; Amde- ……p.142; “Ye kidus Yared tarik ke gedilu Tsion, “Zena gedlu we ireftu le Bitsu endetegegne” Zena …..pp.190-192; “Kibre Abune Aregawi Ze Debre Damo”Zena filsete atsmu le Abune Tekle Haymanot ……, Year 2nd, No. 31(7 June1947)pp.261- tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya” Zena ….pp.193-195; 265; Year 3rd, No.32 (7 July1947)pp.267- Aklilu, “Ye talaqu liq Memhir Wolde- 269;Year 3rd, No. 35 (10 October Michael tarik” Zena ……pp.197-201; “Sile 1948)pp.294-297;Amde-Tsion, “Zenahu le Yekatit 12 ken ye Eteyopeya Aba Eliyas tsadiq Eteyopeyawi” Zena sema’itatbe’al” Zena …pp.330-332; ……, Year 2nd, No.25…..p.249;Year 2nd, Tamiru, “Tarik le bale tarikoch” Zena ……, No. 26-30(January –8 May 1948)pp.251- Year 21st, No.19…. p.1;Year 21st, No.21(8 254; Desta, “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye May1966)pp.1,3-4;Dagnachew, “Dil Aba Yohani menfesawi Zena” Zena adraginet be haymanot” Zena ………p.1; ………pp.270-271; Aba Haile Iyesus,“Zena “Debre Birhan” Zena …pp.95-98; “Ye gedlu we hiywotu le Abune Samuel ze Eteyopeya negestat bego adragot be Halie Luya” Zena… pp.300-303,309-310; Iyerusalem” Zena …, Year 13th, No.6 (8 “Ye Wegegu (Asebot) Aba Samuel achir May 1958)p.24; Year 13th, No.7(7 June tarik” Zena …pp.311-312; Tekeste-Birhan , 1958)pp.27-28;Year 13th, No.8 (7 July “Ye kidus Istifanos tarikawi gedil 1958)p.32;Year 13th, No.11(10 October be’achiru” Zena ……pp.1,3-4; “Istifanos 1958)p.42; Year 14th, No.2(8 liqe diyaqonat weqedamie sema’it” January1959)p.55;Year 14th, No.6(8 May Zena…… p.1; Fisiha-Tsion, “Metmiqu 1959)pp.71-72; “Ye atsie mesqel be’al” Yohannis” Zena …… pp.1-2; Kinfe- Zena …p.115 and “Ye atsie mesqel tarik” Gebriel, “Ze Anbesa Marqos” Zena Zena …p.227; “Ye Eteyopeya tinte ……pp.1 and 3. kristiyaninet” Zena ……..pp.22-24; Amde- Tsion, “Wede Eteyopeya Zena timket sile 38“Zena Marqos tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya” Zena memtatu” Zena …pp.419-420;Amde-Tsion, ……pp.139-142. “Zenahu le Aba Eliyas tsadiq Eteyopeyawi” Zena ……, Year 2nd, No.25…..p.249;Year 2nd, No. 26- Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 108

30(January –8 May 1948)pp.251-254; Aklilu Gebre-Kiros.(1947) “Ye haya Tesfahun , “Ye tarikachin mirt” Zena amistegnaw ye Iskindiriya liqe …pp.4-6; Wolde-Rufa’el, “Kidus Giyorgis” papasat ye Diyosqoros ireft (The Zena ……pp.1,3-4; “Ibeye kihineta we commemoration of the death of mengista le Eteyopeya” Zena …pp.82-84. the 25th Archbishop of Alexandria, Father Diyosqoros)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year REFERENCES 1st, No.11 and 12. Addis Ababa: (Signed Articles) Birhanena Selam Printing Press, Aba Haile-Iyesus. (1948) “Zena gedlu we 10 November. hiywotu le Abune Samuel Ze Halie Luya (The History of Father Aklilu Gebre-Kiros.(1947) “Ye talaqu liq Samuel of Halie Luya)” Zena Memhir Wolde-Michael tarik Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, (The history of the great church Year 3rd, No.36.Addis Ababa: scholar, Teacher Wolde-Michael)” Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 9 Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, November. Year 2nd, No.19.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press,7 Afeworq Asegid. (1967) “Ke June. asra’amistegnaw eske asrasimintegnaw kifle Zemen Aklilu Gebre-Kiros.(1949)“Ye Yeka Debre Armenoch be Eteyopeya wust Sahil kidus Mika’el achir tarik (Armenians in Ethiopia between (The brief history of Yeka Debre the 15th and 18th centuries)” Zena Sahil St Michael church)”Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 23rd, No.6, 8-10. Addis Ababa: 5th, No.49.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press,14 Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 8 January,28 January,4 February December. and 11 February. Aklilu Gebre-Kiros.(1947) “Zena Alaniqos Afeworq Asegid.(1967) “Ye Ewostatewos tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya (The History guzo ena ye sira firew (Father of the Ethiopian Saint: Father Ewostatewos and His Alaniqos)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Achievemnets)” Zena Eteyopeya,Year 2nd, No.23. Addis Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing 22nd, No.5.Addis Ababa: Press, 11 October 11. Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 January. Aklilu Gebre-Kiros.(1946) “Zenahu le Kewustos hawariyaha le Aklilu Gebre-Kiros. (1968) “Liqu Eteyopeya (The History of the Diyonasiyos (The Intelligent Ethiopian Saint, Father Diyonasiyos)” Zena Kewustos)” Zena Betakerestiyan Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year ze Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, 23rd, No.41. Addis Ababa: No.22.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Birhanena Selam Printing Press, Selam Printing Press, 5 16 November. September.

Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 109

Amde-Tsion Tesema. (1947) “Abune Amde-Tsion Tesema.(1948) “Zenahu le Meba-Tsion: Zena hiywot ena Aba Eliyas tsadiq Eteyopeyawi gedil(The History of Father Meba- (The History of the Ethiopian Tsion)”Zena Betakerestiyan ze Saint, Father Elias)” Zena Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No. 24 and Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 25. Addis Ababa: Birhanena 2nd, No.25 and 26-30. Addis Selam Printing Press, 10 Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing November, and 10 December. Press,10 December 1947 and January –8 May. Amde-Tsion Tesema.(1950) “Wede Eteyopeya Zena timket sile Bezabih Wolde-Yohannis. (1967) “Ye memtatu (The introduction of Delema kidist Mariyam )” Zena Betekristiyan (The history of Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Delema St Mary church)” Zena 5th, No.51.Addis Ababa: Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 22nd, No.44.Addis Ababa: February. Birhanena Selam Printing Press,21 October. Amde-Tsion Tesema.(1950) “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Aba Bezabih Wolde-Yohannis. (1965) “Ye Gebre Nazrawi menfesawi tarik Gideb Mariyam Betekristiyan (The History of the Ethiopian Lemetawequ (The discovery of Saint, Father Gebre Nazrawi)” Gideb St Mary church)” Zena Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Year 5th, No.50.Addis Ababa: 21st, No.3.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press,8 Birhanena Selam Printing Press, January. 24 December.

Amde-Tsion Tesema.(1949) “Ye Birhanu Mekonen. (1966) “Talaqu liq Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Abune Yared: mehaliyaha le Ewostatewos menfesawi Zena betekristiyan (The Great (The History of the Ethiopian Intellectual, St Yared: Proud of Saint, Father Ewostatewos)” Zena the Ethiopian Church)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 4th, No.48. Addis Ababa: 21st, No.21.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press,9 Birhanena Selam Printing Press, November. 16 May.

Amde-Tsion Tesema. (1948) “Zena gedlu Cherinet Bisewur. (1968) “Ye tsadiqun we ireftu le Bitsu Abune Aregawi gedam gobegnehut (I have visited ZeDebre Damo (The History of the monastery of the Saint)” Zena Saint Father Aregawi of Debre Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Damo)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze 23rd, No.7.Addis Ababa: Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No. 31, Year Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 2 3rd, No.32 and 35.Addis Ababa: March. Birhanena Selam Printing Press,7 June, 7 July, and 10 October. Dagnachew Kassahun. (1968) “Dil adraginet be haymanot (Becoming Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 110

victorious in religion)” Zena History of Prophet Isiah and his Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year contribution)” Zena 23rd, No.7.Addis Ababa: Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 2 23rd, No.9.Addis Ababa: March. Birhanena Selam Printing Press,16 March. Desta Habte-Gebriel. (1948) “Ye Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Aba Gizaw Sidelil. (1966) “Ye Wojja kidus Yohani menfesawi Zena (The Mika’el (The history of Wojja St. History of the Ethiopian Saint, Michael church)” Zena Father Yohani)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.27 and 28.Addis Ababa: 3rd, No.32.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 July. July. Haregewoin Gebre-Sillassie. (1946) “Ye Desta Habte-Gebriel. (1949) “Zena gedlu kidus Yared tarik be’achiru (The we hirutu le Abune Gebre- Short History of St. Yared)” Zena Mariyam Ze gedame Zelihogn Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year (The History of Father Gebre- 1st, No. 5.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Mariyam of the monastery of Selam Printing Press, 8 April. Zelihogn)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 4th, No.47. Kidane-Mariyam Gebre-Hiywot. (1966) Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam “Ye Waldiba gedam (The Printing Press, 10 October. Monastery of Waldeba)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Dibekulu Zewdie. (1965) “Kidus Yared 21st, No.5.Addis Ababa: (St. Yared)” Zena Betakerestiyan Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 8 ze Eteyopeya, Year 20th, January. No.11.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press,23 May. Kinfe-Gebriel Altaye. (1963) “A’emadiha le Betekristiyan: Petros we Fisiha-Tsion Kassaye. (1965) “Metmiqu Pawulos (Pillars of the Ethiopian Yohannis ()” Zena Church: Peter and Paul)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 20th, No.14. Addis Ababa: 18th, No.15.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 July. July.

Fisiha-Tsion Kassaye.(1965) “Ye Abune Kinfe-Gebriel Altaye. (1966) “Ye Menbere Tekle-Haymanot lidet (The Birhan Rufa Mariyam Birthday of St. Tekle-Haymanot)” Betekristiyan (The history of Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Menbere Birhan Rufa St Mary Year 21st, No.4.Addis Ababa: church)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Birhanena Selam Printing Press, Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.9. Addis 31 December. Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 February. Getachew Mewa. (1968) “Ye nebiyou Isayiyas tarik ena sira (The Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 111

Kinfe-Gebriel Altaye.(1966) “Ze Anbesa Eteyopeya, Year 22nd, Marqos (St Mark the Lion)” Zena No.45.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Selam Printing Press, 28 21st, No.20. Addis Ababa: November. Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 8 May. Tekle-Mika’el Fanta. (1965) “Zena Marqos (Father Zena Marqos)” Zena Mekbib Atnaw. (1966) “Ye Abune Melke- Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Tsedeq gedam: Debre Medhanit 21st, No.1.Addis Ababa: (The monastery of Father Melke- Birhanena Selam Printing Press,9 Tsedeq: Debre Medhanit)” Zena December. Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.15.Addis Ababa: Tesema Wolde-Giyorgis. (1966) “Ye Birhanena Selam Printing Press, Gedeba kidus Giyorgis debir (The 24 March. history of Gedeba St George church)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Melaku Feleke. (1969) “Eteyopeya be Eteyopeya, Year 21st, No.26.Addis Zemene Orit (Ethiopia during the Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Old Testament)” Zena Press,28 June. Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 24th, No.53-58, 60-67 and Tesfahun Kasa. (1966) “Ye tarikachin mirt 69.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam (Our Historical Achievements)” Printing Press, 17, 23, 31May, 7, Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, 14, 21June,5, 12, 19, 26 July, 2, 9, Year 21st, No. 42. Addis Ababa: 16, 23August and 6 September. Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 2 November. Melaku Feleke. (1966) “Ye Aksum Tsion Mariyam Betekristiyan ameseraret Tibebu Beyene. (1966) “Filsete atsmu le be Zemene hadis (The foundation Abune Tekle-Haymanot (The of Aksum St Mary of Zion during uproot of the corpse of St Tekle- the time of the )” Haymanot)” Zena Betakerestiyan st Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, ze Eteyopeya, Year 21 , Year 21st, No.16. Addis Ababa: No.21.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Birhanena Selam Printing Press,31 Selam Printing Press,16 May. March. Wolde-Rufa’el Fetahi. (1966) “Kidus Tamiru Gebre-Mariyam. (1966) “Tarik le Giyorgis (St George)” Zena bale tarikoch (History to the Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year history making people)” Zena 21st, No.19.Addis Ababa: Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Birhanena Selam Printing Press,23 21st, No.19 and 21.Addis Ababa: April. Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 23 April and 8 May. Wolde-Rufa’el Fetahi.(1966) “Menagnu mushira (The Celibate Tekeste-Birhan Wolde-Iyesus. (1967) “Ye Bridegroom)” Zena kidus Istifanos tarikawi gedil Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year st be’achiru (A short history of St. 21 , No.41 and 42.Addis Ababa: Stephen)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Birhanena Selam Printing Press,25 October and 2 November. Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 112

(Anonymous Articles) Birhanena Selam Printing Press,26 “Anorewos hawariya Ze Eteyopeya (Father October 1968. Anorewos of Ethiopia)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year “Kibre filsete atsmu le Abune Tekle 2nd, No.14. Addis Ababa: Haymanot tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya Birhanena Selam Printing Press, (The holiday for the uproot of the 8January 1947. corpse of St Tekle-Haymanot of Ethiopia)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze “Be Tana hayk (In Lake Tana)” Zena Eteyopeya, Year 2nd, No.19.Addis Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing 24th, No.41.Addis Ababa: Press,7 June 1947. Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 1 February 1969. “Sile Abune Anorewos Zena hiywot ena be’ale ireft (The history and “Debre Birhan (The town of Debre commemoration day of the death Birhan)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze of Father Anorewos)” Zena Eteyopeya, Year 1st, No. 8- Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 10.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam 2nd, No.23.Addis Ababa: Printing Press, July – 5 September Birhanena Selam Printing Press,11 1946. October 1947.

“Debir kidus Debre Tsige Ze menbere “Sile Yekatit 12 ken ye Eteyopeya Tekle-Haymanot (The history of sema’itat be’al” Zena Debre Tsige St Mary church)” Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, 4th, No.40.AddisAbaba: Birhanena Year 2nd, No.15.Addis Ababa: Selam Printing Press,9 March Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 1949. 7February 1947. “Tarik ze Aleqa Mersha Wolde-Mariyam “Hawulte simi’a ze Petros (The statue of (Mersi’e Hazen) (The history of Archbishop Peter the martyred)” the church scholar, Wolde- Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Mariyam (Mersi’e Hazen))” Zena Year 1st, No. 8-10. Addis Ababa: Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Birhanena Selam Printing 2nd, No.21.Addis Ababa: Press,July – 5 September 1946. Birhanena Selam Printing Press,6 August 1947. “Ibeye kihineta we mengista le Eteyopeya (The great Ethiopian church and “Ye Abune Filipos achir tarik (A Brief state)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze History of Father Philip)” Zena Eteyopeya, Year 14th, No.8. Addis Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing 2nd, No.17.Addis Ababa: Press,6 August 1959. Birhanena Selam Printing Press,8 May 1947. “Istifanos liqe diyaqonat weqedamie sema’it (The archdeacon and first “Ye atsie Dawit dagmawi lij ye martyr of St Stephen)” Zena Eteyopeyawiwu tsadiq ye Abune Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Yosef tarik be haymanot (The 23rd, No.29. Addis Ababa: history of Father Joseph, the son of Emperor Dawit II, in the Analytical Overview of Articls on the Historical Buruk Wolde-Michael 113

church)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Eteyopeya, Year 14th, No.7 and Year 23rd, No.6.Addis Ababa: 11. Addis Ababa: Birhanena Birhanena Selam Printing Press, Selam Printing Press,7 July and 10 24 February 1968. November 1959. “Ye kibirt Woyzero Shewareged Gedlie “Ye atsie mesqel be’al (The holiday of the Zena ireft menfesawi tarik (The Emperor’s Cross)” Zena death of her excellency, Mrs. Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Shewareged Gedlie)” Zena 1st, No.11-12. Addis Ababa: Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Birhanena Selam Printing 5th, No.49.Addis Ababa: Press,September – 9 November Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 9 1946. December 1949.

“Ye atsie mesqel tarik (The History of the “Ye kidus Yared tarik ke gedilu Emperor’s Cross)” Zena endetegegne (The history of St Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year Yared from his hagiography)” 2nd, No.23. Addis Ababa: Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Birhanena Selam Printing Press,10 Year 2nd, No.19.Addis Ababa: October1947. Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 June 1947. “Ye Inewaritu Mariyam ameseraret (The foundation of the St Mary church “Ye menbere tseba’ot kidist Sillassie of Inewaritu)” Zena gedam atekakel ena ametat (The Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year historical foundation and 24th, No.54.Addis Ababa: development of Menbere tseba’ot Birhanena Selam Printing Press, Holy Trinity monastery)” Zena 25 May 1969. Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 23rd, No.4.Addis Ababa: “Ye Eteyopeya negestat bego adragot be Birhanena Selam Printing Press, Iyerusalem (The important doings 20 January 1968. of Ethiopian kings in Jerusalem)” Zena Betekristiyan Ze Itiyopiya, “Ye tsadiqu ye Abune Habte-Mariyam Year 13th, No.6 – 8, 11, Year 14th, menfesawi tarik (The Religious No.2,6. Addis Ababa: Birhanena History of St Father Habte- Selam Printing Press, 8 May, 7 Mariyam)” Zena Betakerestiyan June, 7 July and 10 October 1958; ze Eteyopeya, Year 4th, No.40- 8 January and 8 May 1959. 43.Addis Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 8 March, 8 April, 8 “Ye Eteyopeya tinte kristiyaninet May and 7 June 1949. (Ethiopia’s oldest Christianity)” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, “Ye Wegegu (Asebot) Aba Samuel achir Year 1st, No. 3.Addis Ababa: tarik (A Brief History of Father Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 7 Samuel of Mount Wegeg February 1946. (Asebot))” Zena Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year 4th, No.37.Addis “Ye Jer Sillassie ameseraret ena ametat Ababa: Birhanena Selam Printing (The foundation and development Press, 9 December 1948. of the Holy Trinity church of Jer)” Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 14 No 1, September, 2018 114

“Zena Marqos tsadiq Ze Eteyopeya (St 2nd, No.14.Addis Ababa: Zena Marqos of Eteyopeya)” Zena Birhanena Selam Printing Press, 8 Betakerestiyan ze Eteyopeya, Year January 1947.