DOCSLIB.ORG

Spirits and the Proclamation of Christ: 1 Peter 3:18-22 in Its Tradition-Historical and Literary Context

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Durham E-Theses Spirits and the Proclamation of Christ: 1 Peter 3:18-22 in Its Tradition-Historical and Literary Context PIERCE, CHAD How to cite: PIERCE, CHAD (2009) Spirits and the Proclamation of Christ: 1 Peter 3:18-22 in Its Tradition-Historical and Literary Context, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Spirits and the Proclamation of Christ: 1 Peter 3:18-22 in Its Tradition-Historical and Literary Context Chad T. Pierce Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Theology University of Durham 2009 Spirits and the Proclamation of Christ: 1 Peter 3:18-22 in Its Tradition-Historical and Literary Context Abstract By Chad T. Pierce 1 Peter 3:18-22 records Christ‘s proclamation to the ―imprisoned spirits.‖ Interpreting this passage has challenged even the most competent exegetes. Earliest interpretations understood these imprisoned spirits as the souls of humans to whom Christ preached during his ―harrowing of Hades‖ between his death and resurrection. Augustine identified them as the humans living prior to the flood who were heralded to by the pre-existent Christ through the person of Noah. Scholars from the beginning of the twentieth century through the present have read these verses through the lens of the fall of the watchers tradition first recorded in the Book of Watchers, thus reckoning these spirits as imprisoned angels. Yet contemporary scholarship has failed to acknowledge the development, conflation, and even multiplicity of the fallen angel sin and punishment myths that are found throughout much of early Jewish and Christian literature. This thesis traces the major developments of the fallen angel, giant, evil spirit, and human sin and punishment traditions throughout 1 Enoch, Jubilees, Dead Sea Scroll material, and other relevant works that may have played a role in the formative history of 1 Peter 3:18-22. This thesis also attempts, based upon the conflation of previous traditions, to ascertain the identity of imprisoned spirits, the content of Christ‘s proclamation, and the relevance of these questions to the original readers. Finally, this work attempts to ascertain the relationship between baptism in verse 22 and the warding off of evil spirits. ii Declaration I confirm that no part of the material covered has previously been submitted by myself for a degree in this or any other University. Where material has been generated through joint work, the work of others has been indicated. Chad T. Pierce Durham, October 27, 2009 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without their prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .........................................................................................................................ii Declaration.................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations .............................................................................................................vii Chapter 1 Introduction and History of Research ..................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 History of Research............................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Three Influential Lines of interpretation ........................................................ 2 1.2.2.1 Christ‟s Proclamation to Human Souls between his Death and Resurrection ............................................................................................ 2 1.2.2.2 The Proclamation of the Pre-existent Christ through the Person of Noah .................................................................................... 11 1.2.2.3 Christ‟s Proclamation to Fallen Angels/Giants ................................... 15 1.3 The Aims of This Work ...................................................................................... 22 1.4 Approach and Method......................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2 The Book of Watchers .............................................................................. 27 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 27 2.1.1 The Potential Background of 1 Pet 18-3:22 ................................................. 27 2.1.2 The Book of Watchers and the Enochic Corpus ........................................... 29 2.2 Textual History of 1 Enoch ................................................................................. 31 2.3 Sin in the Book of Watchers ................................................................................ 33 a. Fallen Angels .................................................................................................... 34 b. Giants ................................................................................................................ 39 c. Humans ............................................................................................................. 39 2.4 Punishment in the Book of Watchers .................................................................. 39 2.4.1 Timing of Punishment.................................................................................. 39 2.4.2 Descriptions of Punishment ......................................................................... 40 a. Angelic Punishment ....................................................................................... 40 b. Giant Punishment.......................................................................................... 44 c. Human Punishment ....................................................................................... 46 2.5 Agents of Punishment ......................................................................................... 49 2.6 Results of Punishment......................................................................................... 51 a. Results of Angelic Punishment .......................................................................... 51 b. Results of the Giants Punishment ..................................................................... 52 c. Results of Human Punishment .......................................................................... 52 2.7 Sinful Spirits in the Book of Watchers ................................................................ 53 2.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 53 2.7.2 Identifying ―Spirits‖ in the Book of Watchers ............................................. 53 a. Angels as Spirits ............................................................................................ 54 b. Giants as Spirits ............................................................................................ 55 c. Humans as Spirits ......................................................................................... 57 2.7.3 Sinful Agents Responsible for the Flood ..................................................... 58 a. Angels ............................................................................................................ 58 b. Giants ............................................................................................................ 58 c. Humans ......................................................................................................... 59 iv 2.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3 Reception and Recasting of Sin and Punishment Traditions in Early Jewish and Christian Literature ................................................. 63 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 63 3.2 The Enochic Corpus ............................................................................................ 63 3.2.1 The Book of Dream Visions (1 Enoch 83-90) .............................................. 63 3.2.1.1 The Animal Apocalypse (1 Enoch 85-90) ............................................ 63 3.2.1.2 Enoch‘s First Dream Vision (1 Enoch 83-84) ...................................... 66 3.2.2 1 Enoch 91-108 ...........................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Michael Defeats the Dragon

    Michael Defeats the Dragon

    THE REVELATION OF JOHN Bible Study 31 Study by Lorin L Cranford Text: Rev. 12:7-12 All rights reserved © QUICK LINKS 1. What the text meant. Exegesis of the Text: Historical Aspects: A. War between Michael and Satan, vv. 7-9 External History B. Declaration of victory, vv. 10-12 Internal History Literary Aspects: Genre 2. What the text means. Literary Setting Literary Structure Michael Defeats the Dragon Greek NT Gute Nachricht Bibel NRSV NLT 7 Καὶ ἐγένετο πόλεμος ἐν 7 Dann brach im Himmel 7 And war broke out in 7 Then there was war τῷ οὐρανῷ, ὁ Μιχαὴλ καὶ οἱ ein Krieg aus. Michael mit heaven; Michael and his an- in heaven. Michael and the ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ τοῦ πολεμῆσαι seinen Engeln kämpfte gegen gels fought against the drag- angels under his command μετὰ τοῦ δράκοντος. καὶ ὁ den Drachen. Der Drache mit on. The dragon and his angels fought the dragon and his δράκων ἐπολέμησεν καὶ οἱ seinen Engeln wehrte sich; 8 fought back, 8 but they were angels. 8 And the dragon ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ, 8 καὶ οὐκ aber er konnte nicht stand- defeated, and there was no lost the battle and was forced ἴσχυσεν οὐδὲ τόπος εὑρέθη halten. Samt seinen Engeln longer any place for them in out of heaven. 9 This great αὐτῶν ἔτι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ. musste er seinen Platz im heaven. 9 The great dragon dragon -- the ancient serpent 9 καὶ ἐβλήθη ὁ δράκων ὁ Himmel räumen. 9 Der große was thrown down, that ancient called the Devil, or Satan, μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ Drache wurde hinunterg- serpent, who is called the the one deceiving the whole καλούμενος Διάβολος καὶ estürzt! Er ist die alte Sch- Devil and Satan, the deceiver world -- was thrown down to ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν lange, die auch Teufel oder of the whole world—he was the earth with all his angels.
  • THE NATURE and POWER of SATAN Theorizing About the Nature

    THE NATURE and POWER of SATAN Theorizing About the Nature

    CHAPTER THREE THE NATURE AND POWER OF SATAN Theorizing about the nature, origin, and cosmological status of Satan occurs among the selected writings, especially among the later ones. However, there is an obvious lack of "speculative" interest in the sense of seeking to work out a complete cosmology of evil. Concepts as to the origin, abode, and ultimate future of Satan are often very diverse, and there are only a small number of referen­ ces. An analysis and interpretation of the nature of Satan as conceiv­ ed by the early Christian tradition will be therefore necessarily less comprehensive than a discussion of his activities. There are some basic understandings as to the nature and power of Satan common to most of the selected writers, however, and they are best summarized by the New Testament phrases: Satan, the "prince of the power of the air," "ruler of demons," "ruler of the world," and "god of this age." A. SATAN: PRINCE OF THE POWER OF THE AIR 1. Origin of Satan For the most part, the New Testament writers make no theoreti­ cal assertions as to the origin of Satan. However, a number of passages by choice of words and phraseology seem to reflect the idea of Satan as a fallen angel who is chief among a class of fallen angels, an idea which appears frequently in apocalyptic literature.1 II Peter 2 :4, for example, refers to the angels that sinned and were cast into hell. Jude 6 mentions "the angels that did not keep their own position but left their proper dwelling ..
  • A Re-Examination of Luther's View on the State of the Dead

    A Re-Examination of Luther's View on the State of the Dead

    Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 22/2 (2011):154-170. Article copyright © 2011 by Trevor O’Reggio. A Re-examination of Luther’s View on the State of the Dead Trevor O’Reggio Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Andrews University Introduction Luther’s theology was forged in the crucible of his struggle to find forgiveness and peace from his overwhelming sense of guilt. He had an acute sense of misery and felt as if he hung in the balance between life and death. The German word that captures something of Luther’s emotional state is Anfechtung—one feels cut off from God and hope is suffocated. “Anfechtung is the foretaste of the peril of death.”1 It was not only the fear of death that terrorized him, but death itself was an ever-present reality for Luther. He lost two of his children in childhood, so by virtue of his experience, and his theology, he was forced to wrestle with the meaning of death and the after-life. It is not surprising then that Luther wrote much about death, some of it at times confusing and complicated. Did Luther believe in soul sleep or in an immortal soul that survives death? There are generally two views concerning the state of the dead among Christians. The first view asserts that when a person dies, his soul survives death and continues to exist in some place. For those who are saved, they go straight into paradise. For those who are not so righteous, they go into some halfway house called purgatory (Catholic view) where they are purified and made ready for paradise.
  • The Resurrected Christ in the Realm of the Dead

    The Resurrected Christ in the Realm of the Dead

    RELIGION AND ART The Resurrected Christ in the Realm of the Dead TUDENTS of mystic Christianity know that Christ Jesus designates the Archangelic Christ Being Who lived for three years as Ego in the human vehicles of the man Jesus. While the Roman Catholic SChurch has tended to emphasize the humanity of Christ Jesus, the man of sorrows acquainted with grief, the crucified God, the Orthodox Catholic Church emphasizes the divinity of Christ, particularly as seen in the Resurrection. This same contrast is evi- dent in the Western Church’s presentation of Mary as the Mater Dolorosa (Mother of Sorrows) versus the Eastern Church’s hieratic Mary as Theotokis (Mother of God). In fact, the Victorious Christ is the ritual, liturgi- cal icon for Eastern Orthodox Church’s celebration of Easter. In itself, this is hardly surprising. But the pictorial content of the icon is. For it shows not an empty tomb, or even Christ appearing to the disci- Tempera on panel, Jaume Serra (1358 - 95), from the altarpiece of the convent of Santo ples, but a Christ in the Underworld, appearing to Sepulchro, Zaragoza, Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes, Zaragoza, Spain the dead. What is the basis for such a portrayal? Descent into Limbo For the apostle Paul, “If Christ has not been Christ liberates “the spirits in prison” (1Pet. 3:19) disgorged from a yawning dragon’s mouth gargoyled with demons. raised, then all our preaching is in vain.” Saul, before his time, saw the Risen Christ and thereby wit, the redemption of our body” (Rom. 8:23).
  • The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries

    The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries

    THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine .....................................................................................
  • Third Annual Archbishop Iakovos Graduate Student Conference In

    Third Annual Archbishop Iakovos Graduate Student Conference In

    Third Annual Archbishop Iakovos Graduate Student Conference in Patristic Studies Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology Brookline, Massachusetts March 15-17, 2007 Sponsored by the Stephen and Catherine Pappas Patristic Institute of Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology Table of Contents Conference Schedule ……………….……………………………………………………………………...6 Presenters and Respondents……………………………………………………..…………………...14 by Presenter’s Name by Respondent’s Name Hotel Information and Van Shuttle Schedule…………………………………….………23 Paper Abstracts………………………………………………………………………………………….…....24 Conference Participants Information…………………………………………. …………………57 Institutions Represented ………………….…………………………………………. …………………67 Floor Plan of Conference Center….…………………………………………. …………………68 Handout for Friday Evening: Preparing for Academic Publication………..69 Third Annual Archbishop Iakovos Graduate Student Conference in Patristic Studies March 15-17, 2007 Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology Brookline, Massachusetts Thursday, March 15, 2007 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM Registration: Maliotis Center 5:00 PM - 6:00 PM Chapel Service: Vespers 6:00 PM - 7:00 PM Meal: Condakes Refectory 7:00 PM - 7:30 PM Opening Reception: Welcome and Introductory Remarks, Maliotis Center 7:30 PM - 8:15 PM Plenary Session: 1 Nestor Kavvadas, Catholic Theological Faculty of the University of Tübingen The theological anthropology of Isaac of Nineveh and its sources: a synthesis of antiochian and alexandrinian traditions? Respondent: Ivar Maksutov, Moscow State University Friday, March 16, 2007
  • Orthodox Theological Faculty V. Rev. Ass. Prof. Dr. Daniel BUDA

    Orthodox Theological Faculty V. Rev. Ass. Prof. Dr. Daniel BUDA

    “Lucian Blaga” UniversitySibiu “Andrei Saguna” Orthodox Theological Faculty V. Rev. Ass. Prof. Dr. Daniel BUDA SUMMARY of abilitation thesis ANTIOCH – ecclesial and theological center of multiple valences This habilitation thesis presents in summary the main results of my researches on the history and theology of Antioch as a Christian center. The main scientific principals I followed in my research were: a multi-perspective analyse of the available historical sources in order to avoid any unilateral interpretation; a coherent connection between church history and general history of Antioch; good knowledge of archaeological remains related with Antioch through visits to Antioch; direct knowledge of the present situation of the Patriarchate of Antioch due to visits in the Middle East, as well as to Antiochian communities in diaspora. The first part is dedicated to the pre-Christian history of Antioch and its importance for the knowledge of the Christian history of Antioch. I briefly presented the history of the foundation of Antioch and some essential information related with its geographical sides, the suburbia in order to understand the importance of Antioch as an urban center of the Orient before Christianity. I highlighted also the ethnic and religious diversity of the pre-Christian Antioch in order to understand the cosmopolite character of this city at the beginning of Christian era. At the end of the first part I presented the implication of this diversity for the rise of Christianity in this city: (1) Christianity did know how to
  • Catholic Doctrine of Purgatory

    Catholic Doctrine of Purgatory

    Catholic Doctrine Of Purgatory Intro: Prior to making a study of this doctrine, I did not realize just how repulsive and evil the doctrine of purgatory is. After studying it, I am now convinced that there is no doctrine as immoral and ungodly as the doctrine of purgatory. It strikes at the very heart of Christianity and the sacrifice of God’s only begotten Son. I am not sure that I possess the capability of expressing the disgust which should permeate our very souls because of this ungodly doctrine and the wicked practices which arise from it. I. WHAT IS PURGATORY. A. Let them speak for themselves. 1. Catholic catechism (Catechism Of The Catholic Church (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1994), p. 291.): “1030 All who die in Gods grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven. 1031 The church gives the name Purgatory to this final purification of the elect, which is entirely different from the punishment of the damned. The Church formulated her doctrine of faith on Purgatory especially at the Councils of Florence and Trent. The tradition of the church, by reference to certain text of Scripture, speaks of the cleansing fire: ‘As for certain lesser faults, we must believe that, before the Final Judgment, there is a purifying fire. He who is truth says that who ever utters blasphemy against the Holy Spirit will be pardoned neither in this age or in the age to come.
  • Fallen Angels and the Origins of Evil Takes You Back to the Primordial Drama of Good and Evil, When the first EVIL Hint of Corruption Entered a Pristine World — Earth

    Fallen Angels and the Origins of Evil Takes You Back to the Primordial Drama of Good and Evil, When the first EVIL Hint of Corruption Entered a Pristine World — Earth

    FBS_Enoch_fnl11_1.qxd:FAOE book 5/23/07 2:11 PM Page 1 Spirituality / Lost Texts Did rebel angels take on human a e bodies to fulfill their lust for F ll n the “daughters of men”? F Did these fallen angels teach men to build weapons AND THE n e s allen A g l of war? That is the premise of the Book of Enoch, a text AND cherished by the Essenes, early Jews and Christians but THE ORIGINSof EVIL later condemned by both rabbis and Church Fathers. The book was denounced, banned and “lost” for over ORIGINS a thousand years — until in 1773 a Scottish explorer discovered three copies in Ethiopia. Elizabeth Clare Prophet examines the controversy surrounding this book and sheds new light on Enoch’s A forbidden mysteries. She demonstrates that Jesus and the apostles studied the Book of Enoch and tells why ngels Church Fathers suppressed its teaching that angels could incarnate in human bodies. o f Fallen Angels and the Origins of Evil takes you back to the primordial drama of Good and Evil, when the first EVIL hint of corruption entered a pristine world — earth. Why Church Fathers suppressed Contains Richard Laurence’s translation of the Book of Enoch, all the other the Book of Enoch and Enoch texts (including the Book of the Secrets of Enoch), biblical parallels. its startling revelations PROPHET ELIZABETH SUMMIT $9.95 UNIVERSITY CLARE PROPHET PRESS 01Front_Matter_i_1.qxd:FallenAngelsBook 5/23/07 12:58 PM Page i Once again Elizabeth Clare Prophet, author of The Lost Years of Jesus, challenges timeworn doctrine by shedding light on forgotten manuscripts.
  • Abraham, Prince Mastema, and the Paschal Offering in Jubilees* CANA

    Abraham, Prince Mastema, and the Paschal Offering in Jubilees* CANA

    Narrative in the Service of Halakha Abraham, Prince Mastema, and the Paschal Offering in Jubilees* CANA WERMAN The interest aroused by the book of Jubilees – the second written Torah narrated by the Angel of Presence to Moses on Mount Sinai1 – has in recent years placed this late second century BCE Qumranic rewriting of Genesis and Exodus at the center of scholarly investigation.2 One method- ology employed in the scholarly attempt to explicate Jubilees’ perplexing passages is to find evidence of literary layers.3 Two passages to which this methodology is applied are Jub. 17–18, where the seven-day festival cele- brated by Abraham is seen as a later Qumranic addition to the main subject of the chapters – the Aqedah – and Jub. 32, where the shift from the first to the second tithe in the process of retelling Jacob‟s payment of his vow is similarly attributed to a later Qumranic hand. The present paper suggests a different approach to these enigmatic passages, proposing that they can be elucidated by viewing them within the framework of the Second Temple priestly halakha to which Jubilees adheres. Analysis of these episodes exemplifies the major part that halakha plays in the formation of Jubilees’ narrative. * I would like to thank Avi Aronsky for translating the first draft and Dena Ordan for helping me to modify the present paper. 1 WERMAN, The Torah and Teudah, 75–103. 2 For a discussion of the book‟s date of composition and origin, see WERMAN, Attitude towards Gentiles, 11–34; IDEM, Jubilees and the Qumran Community, 37–55.
  • Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity

    Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity

    P1:JZZ s0521853781 agg.xml CB912B-Reed 0521853788 May 28, 2006 8:37 fallen angels and the history of judaism and christianity This book considers the early history of Jewish–Christian relations through a focus on traditions about the fallen angels. In the Book of the Watchers,anEnochic apocalypse from the third century bce,the“sonsofGod”ofGen6:1 –4 are accused of corrupting humankind through their teachings of metalworking, cos- metology, magic, and divination. By tracing the transformations of this motif in Second Temple, Rabbinic, and early medieval Judaism and early, late antique, and Byzantine Christianity, this book sheds light on the history of interpretation of Genesis, the changing status of Enochic literature, and the place of parabibli- cal texts and traditions in the interchange between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. In the process, it explores issues such as the role of text-selection in the delineation of community boundaries and the development of early Jewish and Christian ideas about the origins of evil on the earth. Annette Yoshiko Reed is presently an Assistant Professor in the Department of ReligiousStudiesatMcMasterUniversity,wheresheteachescoursesontheHebrew Bible, early Judaism, and early Christianity. Her publications span the fields of Biblical Studies, Jewish Studies, and Patristics, and include articles in Journal of Biblical Literature, Jewish Studies Quarterly, Journal for the Study of Judaism, Vigiliae Christianae,andJournal ofEarlyChristian Studies.Shehas coedited two volumes, The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (with Adam H. Becker, 2003)andHeavenly Realms and Earthly Realities in Late Antique Religions (with Ra’anan S.
  • Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology

    Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology

    Orlov Dark Mirrors RELIGIOUS STUDIES Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology Dark Mirrors is a wide-ranging study of two central figures in early Jewish demonology—the fallen angels Azazel and Satanael. Andrei A. Orlov explores the mediating role of these paradigmatic celestial rebels in the development of Jewish demonological traditions from Second Temple apocalypticism to later Jewish mysticism, such as that of the Hekhalot and Shi ur Qomah materials. Throughout, Orlov makes use of Jewish pseudepigraphical materials in Slavonic that are not widely known. Dark Mirrors Orlov traces the origins of Azazel and Satanael to different and competing mythologies of evil, one to the Fall in the Garden of Eden, the other to the revolt of angels in the antediluvian period. Although Azazel and Satanael are initially representatives of rival etiologies of corruption, in later Jewish and Christian demonological lore each is able to enter the other’s stories in new conceptual capacities. Dark Mirrors also examines the symmetrical patterns of early Jewish demonology that are often manifested in these fallen angels’ imitation of the attributes of various heavenly beings, including principal angels and even God himself. Andrei A. Orlov is Associate Professor of Theology at Marquette University. He is the author of several books, including Selected Studies in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha. State University of New York Press www.sunypress.edu Andrei A. Orlov Dark Mirrors Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology Andrei A. Orlov Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2011 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission.