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Iceland QPMJUJDT Finland Russia Sweden Canada Estonia Denmark UK Germany Netherlands Poland Belgium Austria Switzerland Hungary France Romania Monaca Italy Bulgaria Portugal Albania USA Spain Greece HFPHSBQIZ Japan Afghanistan China
Egypt Saudi Arabia India Dominican Republic
Venezuela
Australia Chile South Africa Argentina
New Zealand
Svalbard is part of Norway: Svalbard is completely controlled and part of the Kingdom of Norway. However, Norway’s power over Svalbard is restricted to limitations listed below http://museum.gov.ns.ca/fossils/geol/globe.htm Taxation: This allows taxes to be collected, but only enough to support Svalbard and the Svalbard government. This results in lower taxes than mainland Norway and the exclusion of any taxes on Svalbard supporting Norway directly. Also, Svalbard’s FDPOPNZ revenues and expenses are separately budgeted from mainland Norway. EVSJOHUSJBTTJDQFSJPEF BQQSPYNB BUMBOUJDPQFOJOHDPNNFODFE Environmental conservation: Norway must respect and preserve the Svalbard environment JUGBVMUHSBEVBMMZTFQBSBUFTWBMCBSEDPBTUBMBSFBBXBZGSPNHSFFOMBOE Non-discrimination: All citizens and all companies of every nation under the treaty are allowed to become residents and to have access to Svalbard including the right to fish, hunt or undertake any kind of maritime, industrial, mining or trade activity. NPSFPWFS UIFJTMBOEMZJOHPOUIFTBNFUFDUPOJDQMBUFTXJUIOPSXBZ The residents of Svalbard must follow Norwegian law though Norwegian authority cannot discriminate or favor any residents of a certain nationality. NFBOTUIFUFSSJUPSZPGTWBMCBSECFMPOHTUPOPSXBZ Military restrictions: Article 9 prohibits naval bases and fortifications and also the use of Svalbard for war-like purposes. It is not, however, entirely demilitarized.
400 million years ago 65 million years ago 1600-1700 1700-1850 1850-1973 Late 1890s
Brucebyen Pyramiden Gipsdalen
Ny-Ålesund Advent City Bohemanneset Horthamn Sentralfeltet Grumant Longyearbyen Sveagruva
Barentsburg
Camp Morton
Camp Millar Calypsobyen 65 ma tertiary strata Mining Activities mesozoic strata Whales, walrus, polar bear,s Coal permian carboniferous strata reindeers are the most devonian strata hunted during this periode Ores Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Au etc 400 ma pre-old red basement strata fault Industry minerals Petroleum Drilling
GEOLOGY IN SVALBARD HUNTING RESOURCES SVALBARD Svalbard archipealgo presents a great variety of geological formations structures. From the oldest , called pre-red basement Over four centuris ago, Svalbard wildlife provide economical resource for some countries. Whaling had triggered quarrel among The first mine coal for commercial purposes was opened at Bohemanflya in the late 1890’s. After that, other nations involved strata, until the youngest, tertiary strata. All of it contains valuable resource and unique landscape which may attract hu- some countries like Netherland, British, and Russia. Moreover, at some point, they claimed sovereignty in term of this. They needs in the coal rush for the sake of their foreign policy, as well as the economic value. So in the Spitsbergen, where is more access- man to explore more. Nowadays, Svalbard have been noticed with its coal. Those resource mostly found in tertiary strata visible teritorry in order to execute their act undisturbed. able for those European countries, espacially along the isfjorden, more and more coal mining activies and mineral explorations land, especially in center of spitsbergen island. However, coal in tertiary strata doesn’t promising best quality of coal. Its only Along the time, those hunted animal decreasing and eventually became rare. Thus, the battle to get sovereignty is vanished, until was taking place. because they’re easily noticed regarding to the shallowness. from the previous explanation and diagram, we know that some time they found another source that would give them benefit. We, as a human, already predeifned as a greedyindividual. svalbard produced less coal depend on other coal mining. So, we assumed that coal mining in Svalbard carries other “hidden We can only consume what nature has provided, without concerning the impact. Therefore, it’s not to late to sustain natural agenda” of geopolitics that hasn’t been bursted due to regulation of environtmental issues that hold this out. resource within the earth and maintain it for the next generations.
photo: Surya Dharma source: wwf source: norrona.com source: norrona.com Late 1890s 1973/2003
PYRAMIDEN NY ALESUND
SVEAGRUVA LONGYEARBYEN
BARENTSBURG
Port
Road National Park (1973) National Park (2003) Track Polluted Area Natural Reserve (1973) Airport
POLLUTED AREAS POLLUTED AREA Once the coal mining starts, the environmental impact comes. The coal rock extracted from the mine was dumped nearby, The infrastructure was built up in the central area of Spitsbergen, based on the mining industry. Airports for transport mine In 1973, Norwegian authorities adopted wide-ranging environmental measures and established 3 national parks and 2 nature the acid mine drainage and runoff from the heavy metal waste products ran into the rivers, contaminated lands and the whole workers, roads and tracks to link the mine to the town, ports to export coal and import food. But due to the hilly terrain, there reserves. Later, to stop humans harming this least contaminated areas on the globe, another 4 national parks founded in the downstream. Also, the waste produced by the residents dumped next the the settlement or ports, waiting to transported to is no road connected those cities, the most convinient way is by plane. This vast built up structure lays on this area is very use- central area of Spitesbergen, limiting coal mining activities’ expansion. the mainland and reclyed. ful, but in the same time, there will be some disadvantages occur. The existing biotopes will be disturbed. Migration of animals may change and it’s not possible to reduce variety of ecosystem. 1990s
The development of land- scape in Svalbard area is based on the rate of activi- ties in the region. History, research, conservation, tourism, and mining seem to be some key factors which trigger the landscape development. Three re-
Ny Ålesund Longyearbyen h svalbard gions are used to illustrate the degree of activities in
no rt Svalbard; such as North, Kaffiøyra Center, and South Svalbard. Barentsburg Center region shows the most exhausted region in terms of landscape at the moment. The rate of land- research center scape development within d university these three regions will be Hornsund radar/satelite service/remote sensing affected by the rate of
other facilities activities in these regions. To achieve the optimistic goals within the environ- Tourist Route mentally friendly ways is by RESEARCH CENTER Tourism center svalbar controlling well distributed Longyerbyen , administrative center in Svalbard, is favourite point of departure for variety of research center and other use. This area The most popular way of tourism in Svalbard is cruising and/or hiking around the island visiting several highlights. Longyearbyen landscape in these three already well recognize dsince there was coal below it ground. People tend to occupied area which already predefined. Ny Ålesund was which is the largest city in Svalbard is used as the center of activity including tourism in Spitsbergen island. There are interesting regions. a coal mining spot as well. While other area was a settlement long time ago.. Undoubtly, from what svalbard has, research has become stores, hotels, museums, and airport where people are able to travel from outside Svalbard. Some interesting places incuding increasingly important. Many countries established their research base in this circumpolar area. The goals of their research often com- fjord, geological outcrops, mining history, mountains, winter landscape are able to be accessed from Longyearbyen. Svalbard plex. Though the nominal goal tended to be scientific, those countries often motivated by considerations such as national prestige. tourism also introduces interesting arcitc animals such as Arctic Terns, Common Eiders, Whales, Polar bears, and Reindeers. Svalbard is also used as an interesting winter sport activities, e.g skiing and dog sledges
Hunting Mining Pollution Infrastructure Protection
south svalbard Research Tourism wikipedia.com livingmoon.com ihsvalbard.blogspot.com land being used Pyramiden
SNSK
Svea vest Svea nord Svea Lunckefjell
SNSK Gruve 1 Gruve 2 Gruve 3 Gruve 4 Longyearbyen Gruve 5 Gruve 6 Longyearbyen Gruve 7
Arktikugol Barentsburg
Lunckefjellet
Pyramiden Barentsburg Svea TUVEZDPNQBSJTPO Coal price Turnover & Profit after tax Production ( 1 billion tonnes) 2.94 Export rate ( USD/tonne) 0 ( NOK billion) BSFB QPQVMBUJPO DPBMTUPDLT 39 SPVOEFE 2003 0 2.5 5 SPVOEFE
2.9 WORLD TPHO 2004 64 0 2.5 5
1.47 HSVWF PTMPDFOUSBM LN² UPOOFT 2005 67 0 2.5 5 41% of electricity gen- eration in the world is from 2.39 COAL.
2006 72 TPHO 0 2.5 5
4.07 LN² MPOHZFBSCZFO TWFB UPOOFT PTMPDFOUSBM 2007 83 0 2.5 5 NORWAY
3.43 0.88 3.45
2008 0 2.5 5 175
2.64 98% of electricity gen- eration in Norway is from 2009 128 0 2.5 5 hydroelectric power plants. 1.93
Norway DPNNVOJUZBSFB 2010 131 LN² ± UPOOFT 0 2.5 5
Population
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NJOFTUPDLZBSE Svea
SNSG’s principal operations are in the Svea Nord mine, which is about 60 kilometers south of Long- yearbyen. Most of the company’s employees work in Svea. Svea Nord has been in normal commercial operation since 2002 and accounts for most of the company’s production.
96% of the coal sales from Svea, totalled 1,645,509 tonnes in 2010.
4% are from Gruve 7, totalled 65,202 tonnes.
Svea Nord
Gruve 7
Gruve 6
Gruve 5
Gruve 3
Gruve 2
Gruve 4
Gruve 1 1%
More than 99% of the pollution in Svea is acceptable with the current land use, most of them are put together inside the village area or near the port and wait for shipping to the Landfill Bad 99% Acceptable mainland. Contaminated soil Small
Municipal landfill Longyearbyen
Longyearbyen is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of Svalbard, Norway. Mining activies started in 1917 and still plays a major role in the community nowadays. To- tally there is 7 mines in the area and 22 388 948 million tonnes of coal have been extracted so far.
Landfill Bad Landfill Bad Acceptable Acceptable Contaminated soil Small Contaminated soil Small
Municipal landfill Municipal landfill
Barentsburg The ghost town -- Pyramiden Barentsburg started as a Dutch mining town in the 1920s. Pyramiden was founded by Sweden in 1910 and sold to the Bad In 1932 the Dutch sold their concession to the Soviet Union. Landfill Soviet Union in 1927. Rapid development during the 1960s and Acceptable 17% 29% Since 1932 the Russian state owned Arktikugol Trust has been 22% Contaminated soil Small operating on Svalbard. It is the second largest settlement on 1970s had transformed it into a modern town hosting 1100 inhabitants and equipped with most urban facilities. But in 1998 Municipal landfill Svalbard, with about 500 inhabitants (2007), almost entirely Russians and Ukrainians. Coal is still mined in Barentsburg but Its when the Russian arctic mining company decided to end its outward image is depressingly run-down in comparison to its 78% activity there, it became a remarkably abrupt abandonment left 54% lively and prosperous neighbour Longyearbyen, and its population behind a site devoid of humans but still filled with all stuff consti- 8% tuting a modern city. Svea Nord Gruve 3 Gruve 4 15% continues to decline.
Because of the different distance, most of the historical mines in Gruve 2 Longyearbyen dump their waste in the city while the new ones, just Gruve 7 Gruve 6 Gruve 5 Gruve 1 drop them near the mine. 77% TOTAL 336
PAST Troms Nordland Hedmark Hordaland Rogaland Austagder Vestfold Oslo Abroad Buskerud Svalbard Telemark Vestagder Østfold Oppland Sør-Trømdelag Nord -Trømdelag Nord Møre og Romsal Møre Sogn og Fjordane Finnmark SVEA GRUVE 7
7 70% of shiftworkers at Svea head to mainland Norway on the weeksthey 70 employees work a 7/7 shift/rotation The Gruve 7 mine is worked five days a week are not in the mine.
107 on daytimeshifts. ground system. 12
175 employees work a 14/14 shift/rota- tion system. 1189 miles 0.23 tonnes of 2.76 tonnes/ 5.83 tonnes/ from Svalbard to CO2 both ways/ capita, by plane capita, in China Tromsø person 20 administrative and management staff work five TODAY days a week and commute weekly between Svea and
230 Longyearbyen. Underground
2.76 tonnes/capita
5.83 tonnes/capita
Combusting the coal emits total to 5.5 million 7,710.50 Million Tonnes tonnes of CO2-equivalents annually. FUTURE?
The mining operations give rise to local Transporting the coal by sea from emissions of approximately 50 000 Svalbard to customers in Europe tonnes of CO2-equivalents. produces annual emissions of about 40 000 tonnes of CO2-equivalents. 39.58 Million Tonnes REFERENCE
Svalbard in International Politics 1871-1925, The Solution of a Unique International Problem, by: Trygve Mathisen http://www.snsk.no http://arcticugol.ru/ http://www.lecerclepolaire.com/articles_archives/Pratt_maritime_Arctic.html#suite_article http://cruise-handbook.npolar.no/en/svalbard/travel-regulations.html http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal_mining.htm http://www.nhm.uio.no/forskning/grupper/paleontologi/studier/svalex/ressurs_CD/Geo_2000/Intro_Svalbard/Introduction_to_svalbard_V1mai.swf http://www.ssb.no/histstat/svalbard/tab3.html http://www.ssb.no/befsvalbard/ http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/00/20/nos_svalbard/nos_d330/tab/093.html http://www.lokalstyre.no/Modules/Default.aspx http://toposvalbard.npolar.no/ http://www.npolar.no/no/tjenester/kart/tradisjonelle/topografiske-arktis.html#S100 http://www.norskeutslipp.no/Templates/NorskeUtslipp/Pages/sektor.aspx?id=1106&epslanguage=en http://eivind.npolar.no/Geocortex/Essentials/Web/viewer.aspx?Site=svbk_v01_no&ReloadKey=True http://earthsci.org/mineral/energy/coal/coal.htm#under_types http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry http://mosj.npolar.no/no/influence/hunting/indicators/polar-bear-hunting.html#param138 http://www.npolar.no/en/the-arctic/svalbard/index.html http://www.planete-energies.com/en/energy-sources-/coal/the-formation-of-coal-56.html http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/coal-mining/