Classical , Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS) Biannual Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, Spring and Summer 2020, 227-245 DOI: 10.30465/CPL.2020.5273

An Analysis of Common Phonetic and Morphological Attributes of the Quran-e Qods with some Iranian Ancient Texts and Modern Dialects

Yusof Mohammadnezhad Alizamini * Behjat Ghasemzadeh **

Abstract The Quran-e Qods is among remarkable texts of the growth and development period of the (4th and 5th centuries). Its language is considered to be a mixture of Persian, Arabic and dialectal-varietal elements, involving unique features in terms of phonetics and morphology. Since there are some connections between this text and the language and many experts consider its place of writing to be somewhere near Sistan, the current study aims to compare some phonetic and morphological attributes of this translated version of the Quran with texts from the Middle Persian, Pazand, Persian- Jewish and some common Iranian dialects in the southeastern . The analysis of available data, mainly obtained through the library archives study, show that this text, has similarities to Pazand texts in some phonetic features such as the change of initial and middle /w/, lack of transformation of the intervocalic /d/, and the change of initial /h/. Further, in some cases it is similar to Baluchi, Rudbari, Sistani and Kermani dialects. A variety of its morphological features such as the unwritten monosyllabic relative morpheme “e”, the infinitive suffix “-ešt”, and the semantic distinction of the two prepositions “be/bed” and “bi” can also be found in Persian-Jewish texts. However, some words from the Middle Persian have been retained.

* Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (corresponding author), [email protected]

** PhD in Ancient Culture and Languages, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. Date received: 03/04/2020, Date of acceptance: 10/07/2020 Copyright © 2010, IHCS (Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies). This is an Open Access article. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. 1399 228

Keywords: Quran-e Qods, Middle Persian, Pazand Texts, Persian-Jewish Texts, Baluchi Language, Rudbari Dialect, Sistani Dialect.

– 245 229 1399 ( )

* ** ( 5 4 ) - . - . /h/ /d/ /w/ « - » -« » - « » « / » .

( ( ) * [email protected] . . ** 1399 20/04/ : 1399 15/01/ : Copyright © 2018, IHCS (Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits others to download this work, share it with others and Adapt the material for any purpose 1399 230

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. ( ) . .( .( 437 : 1385 ) ( :41 1357 ) =) ( =) ( =) ( .( .( 359 :41 1377 ) . 1 .( .( 201 : 1384 ) ( 473 : 1385 ) « » 2 .( 157 :) 231 ( ) ...

. 4 - 3 . .

1.1 1364 . . - » . - « . » . 1399 232

« . « » 1379 . 1386 . « » . . » » « 2011 . « « » - . 1389 « » » ( 1392 ) . . « 233 ( ) ...

- .

: . 2

- / . . .

/gw/ /g/ /w/ 1.2 /v/ /w/ /ǝ/ /u/ /i/ // /iy/ /ī/ /ē/ /ā/ /a/ ( 23 :22 1375 ) 5 / / /ŗ/ : /ā/ /a/ - :26 27 ( 27 :26 1389 ) /g/ /gw/ : (=) wardag *vartaka- (- =) was vasiy- 1399 234

(- =) - warz- *varza- (=) wārān *vār- (=) war varah- (=) wahišt vahišta- (=) wahāg *vahāka- /g/ /ī/ /i/ - ( :85 1394 ) /b/ : (=) wihānag *vah- (=) wīst *vīsta- (- =) - windād- *vind- wāng *vak- wārān *vār- wēnāg *vaina-ka /gw/ /g/ /w/ wihān(ag) - ) guzurg gwaha wuzurg .( 192 : 1393 ( 125 : 1397 ) ( 119 : 1376 ) /w/ ( 184 - 180 : 2011 ) /gw/ /g/ ( :98 2005 ) ( 74 :73 1397 ) : gwât wād *vāta- ( ) - gwap- waf- *vāfa- (=) / gwak wak ______( ) - gend- wēn- *vaina- 235 ( ) ...

giǝš wēš vasyah- gozer wozorg vazraka- /g/ /gw/ /w/ . .

/h/ /w/ 2.2 /v/ /w/ : ( 85 :84 1383 ) ) - šaw- šiyava- ( ) - baw- bava- ( : /h/ /w/ 40( 40( :) [ =] =] 7( 7( :) [ 53( 53( :) [ =] 42( 42( :) [ / =] / bahōt « » « » šawēd bawēd / šahōt .( 187 : 1393 ) 6 ( 163 : 1970 ) 1399 236

:74( 1397 ) : bah- baw bava- ( ) - roh- raw rava- ( ) - šoh- šaw šiyava- ( ) - /h/ /w/ . .

/d/ 3.2 ( ) /d/ « » : 7 padiriftan padiriftag padirag wider widardan /d/ « » /d/ /padīr/ - / « « / d» - /pdyr/ ( 192 : 1384 ) .

237 ( ) ...

( =) « » « » 4.2 »« » « » ) « = » « = « » .( :29 1395 « « = klyp » « = lyzym » « = » - 176( 176( 147 : 1384 )

/x/ /h/ 5.2 /h/ ( 24 :23 1375 ) = » « = » « = » /x/ .( :29 1389 ) « = xazinaa » « = xunar » « .

6.2 /amāh/ /awē/ ōy/ ( 117 104 : 1375 ) « » « » ( :94 1384 ) « » « » : ( =) 2( 2( :) =) 32( 32( :) ( 1399 238

« » /ǝmā/ ( 193 : 1384 ) /ʼmʼ(n)/ - .

» -« -« » 7.2 /i(g)/ ( 134 108 : 1375 ) . « - » « » « - » : :) ( =) 2( 2( 19( 19( :) ( =) 45( 45( :) ( =) - 151 151 : 1384 ) : ( 175 hmʼ tysy yxwdʼ ʼwryd ( =) hq ʼn hynd y mn pdyš ʼystydh hwm ( =) /i(g)/ - / . 239 ( ) ...

« « » « / » 8.2 « » « / » . /patiy/ /pad/ « / » « » : ( =) 82( 82( :) 74( 74( :) ( =) « » « » ( ) 8 ( 126 125 : 1384 ) : 213( 213( :) ( =) :) ([ ] [ ]) 99( 99( - /pd-/ /p-/ /pʼ/ /pa(d)/ . : sr ʼbr dʼryd pʼ nyhʼn ( =) ʼmd pʼ nbyʼyh ( =) /by/ - /bē/ « « » : ( -213 209 : 1384 ) « » « » « » cy frmʼnhʼ by mrdwmn ʼwwrd ē ( [] =) ʼyn nbyʼ … kw xwdʼ by mrdwmn frstyd bwd [] ... =) ( 1399 240

« » « / » - /bē/ /pa/ .

/h-/ 9.2 (=) /budan/ /h-/ « - » « - » « - » ( -39 :37 1373 ) : ( 69 :68 1389 ) hēm hē(h) ast

hēm hēd hēnd - ) ( =) /hy/ (=) /hwm/ .( .( 149 167 : 1384

« « - /- » 10.2 /-ϑwa-/ /-iš-/ /-išt/ « - » » - » « - » ( 343 323 : 1375 ) 241 ( ) ...

( 104 : 1389 ) « : (=) - (=) /zwyšt/ (=) /xwryšt/ (=) /bwzyšt/ .( .( 174 : 1384 )

11.2 : ajgahān padest agār buwandag dwāristag ( 173 155 : 1384 ) - .

1399 242

. 3

. /w/ /gw/ /g/ /w/ /d/ /h/ . - « « » « / » -« » « - » /h-/ . - . /w/ . /gw/ /g/ /h/ /w/ .

1. ..

189(. : 1384 ) 243 ( ) ...

54 2. 213 : 1364 ) .( 3. .( :91 1386 ) 194.( 194.( : 1384 ) - 4. ( 218 : 1394 ) . 5. « » gursag « » gurg :68 71 -74.( -74.( 71 :68 1383 ) ... šahōt bahōt ( :40 1883 ) 6. ( 419 : 1939 ) . ( 188 : 1384 ) « » « » 7. :75(. 1377 ) « » . abi « » by 8. ō BRʼ by 255.( 255.( : 1968 ) bē ō

. : ( ) .( 1386 ) . : .( 1375 ) 1399 244

. : .( 1373 ) . : .( 1378 ) : 2 .( 1385 ) . . : .( 1383 ) . : .( 1376 ) . : .( 1364 ) : .( 1357 ) . » .( 1390 ) 4. 4. 3 « » .( 1397 ) 5. 5. 3 « - « » .( 1392 ) 2. 2. . : .( 1386 ) .( 1397 ) . : 1( ) .( 1389 ) . : . : .( 1384 ) . : .( 1390 ) . : . 3 .( 1377 ) . : .( 1395 ) ) « - » .( 1394 ) 5. 5. . 4 ( .( 1394 ) : .

Elfenbien, joseph (1989). “Baluchi”, compendium linguarum Iranicarum , Wiesbaden, pp.350- 362. 245 ( ) ...

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