DOCSLIB.ORG

War, Politics, Law - and Love: Italy 1943-1946

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
War, Politics, Law - and Love: Italy 1943-1946 Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 32 Issue 3 2011 War, Politics, Law - And Love: Italy 1943-1946 Eric Stein University of Michigan Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Legal History Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Eric Stein, War, Politics, Law - And Love: Italy 1943-1946, 32 MICH. J. INT'L L. 553 (2011). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol32/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WAR, POLITICS, LAW-AND LOVE: ITALY 1943-1946t Eric Stein* INTRODUCTION .......................................... ..... 553 I. INTO THE ARMY I Go ............................. 554 II. ON To AFRICA. ................................. ....... 555 III. THE END OF MUSSOLINI-ARMISTICE- "Co-BELLIGERENCY" ................................... 556 IV. ON To EUROPE: WITH THE BADOGLIo GOVERNMENT IN BRINDISI. ........................................... 560 V. SALUTE SALERNO-"HI, QUEEN!"-BAD NEWS....................562 VI. ON To ROME: HARD CASES, NEW GOVERNMENT-A ROMANCE ....................... 564 CODA: WAR's END, COMEDY OF ERRORS, AND THE NON-NATIVE's RETURN............................569 INTRODUCTION In this piece I tell my story from four perspectives, ranging from the "highest"-institutional-to the "lowest"-personal. From the first perspective I offer a glimpse of the Allied military command structure during the Italian phase of World War II. From the second perspective, I focus in some detail on Allied mili- tary bodies established under the international law of occupation of enemy territory: the Allied Control Commission for Italy (ACC)-later the Allied Commission for Italy (AC)-headquarters of the Allied Mili- tary Government (AMG) and a point of communication with the King after the Italian surrender. Italy became a "co-belligerent" of the Allies and the King escaped from German-occupied Rome to Brindisi, the first seat of the AC. The third perspective illustrates my work on the staff of the Legal Subcommission of the AC centering on the application of the Allied ar- mistice agreements with Italy and close contacts with the Ministry of Justice. The fourth perspective-a handful of personal episodes at work and "at play"-some quite intimate. In fact, "the personal" permeates the entire piece. Only a smattering of doctrine is included; if I were to t @ 2010 Eric Stein. All rights reserved. * Hessel E. Yntema Professor of Law Emeritus, University of Michigan Law School. I am indebted to my wife, Virginia, and to Professor Mathias Reimann for a number of sub- stantive and editorial suggestions, and to Jocelyn Kennedy-Lamson and Seth Quidachay Swan, University of Michigan Law Library, for their expert research assistance. 553 554 Michigan Journalof InternationalLaw [Vol. 32:553 describe my methodology in general, it would be modem positivism heavily blended with policy considerations. I. INTO THE ARMY I Go It all began in 1942 after the Pearl Harbor disaster. I walked into the recruiting station of the U.S. Army in Highland Park, a suburb of Chi- cago where I had been warmly received by my cousin's family, and volunteered for service in the wartime Army. It was a decision driven by instinct and emotion, the same forces that had made me leave Europe three years earlier. I knew, however, that-under the prevailing law-had I not volunteered, I would have been barred from citizenship forever. Shortly thereafter, I was called to Chicago for a ceremony in which I received the coveted U.S. citizenship, with the normal prerequisites of five years residence and a citizenship examination waived. It was an ex- hilarating feeling, marred only by the distressing thought of my family left behind. But it was also an important closure of the first phase of my life in America. On September 3, 1942, I received my order to report for induction. I started my training in combat intelligence at Camp Ritchie, set in a beautiful landscape in the state of Maryland. It was due to the interven- tion of my cousin's friend, the President of the Nabisco Corporation, that I was assigned to the special program because of my knowledge of lan- guages. I confess that I adjusted easily to Army life, a balance between infantry training and lectures. The living facilities were incomparably superior to what I remembered of the Czechoslovakian Army. The bar- rack room commanders were two sensible, young and educated, non- career sergeants. I recall very little of this training period. We learned about German army organization and uniforms, shooting the Ml rifle, how to handle a code for messages and interrogate prisoners of war. De- spite my notoriously clumsy fingers, I managed to keep my bunk in the required order. In fact, I was happy to be relieved of the burden of mak- ing life decisions, leaving the power in the benign hands of the superior orders. One incident stands out in my mind. We were awakened in the mid- dle of the night, piled up into covered trucks and driven for some time with no idea of the destination. At subsequent stops, we were ordered out in teams of two, were given a map, and told to be back at the camp be- fore seven if we wanted any breakfast. And off we stumbled into the black night. Somehow the two of us managed to reach the camp in time. Some of our co-militants-we were told-managed to raise a sleepy farmer to learn their location on the map. Spring 2011]1 War, Politics, Law-and Love 555 Another incident: after a class on enemy army uniforms, two lieu- tenants repeating to themselves: "Whorehouse outside, whorehouse outside." It appeared they were trying to memorize the German term Hoheitsabzeichen (the sign of the highest authority, the swastika). On weekends, I would regularly hitchhike to nearby Washington, D.C., to stay with a family of law school friends. On one such Saturday, several of us hitchhikers were picked up by a U.S. Army general who insisted on driving us around a Civil War battlefield in the vicinity while we worried about missing our dates in the Capital. II. ON To AFRICA When the training ended, I returned on leave in a sergeant's uniform to Highland Park. A new chapter opened in the story. It began in late summer 1943 at a small railway station next to the Army base in New- port News, Virginia. The evening before the departure overseas, I attempted to ship a suitcase with my civilian appurtenances to my High- land Park home. The night clerk was unable to figure out the fee, and to my irritation, the shipment had to be made collect. Hours before the Lib- erty ship weighed anchor for "destination unknown," a gaggle of Sicilian American GIs started a lively crap game which continued throughout the transatlantic voyage. The Sicilian dialect, I was told, was so inscrutable, that it would be used for open communication in tactical battle situa- tions. It later transpired that our original destination was Sicily, but with the Allied conquest of the island, our ship changed its destination to the port of Casablanca. As we approached the African coast, we saw the landscape, bathed in brilliant sun: it was reminiscent of San Francisco, white structures dotting the dark green, rising background.' After disembarking in Casa- blanca, our marching column passed a train loaded with Italian prisoners of war, captured by the Allied forces in North Africa. Clearly in high spirits, they sang the widely popular song "Lily Marlene," and shouted in pidgin English: "We to America, you fight." I confess to having been quite moved by the sentimental ditty. The tents in the transfer camp at the edge of the desert were hot in the daytime and freezing cold at night. The desert looked-deserted. Af- ter some days, a small group of officers and GIs assigned to plan cooperation with the newly "co-belligerent" Italians, moved to a tent camp in Tizi Ouzou, a tiny village east of Algiers.! It was there that a 1. For a somewhat similar experience of arrival in Africa (Oran), see WILLIAM A. LESSA, SPEARHEAD GOVERNATORE: REMEMBRANCES OF THE CAMPAIGN IN ITALY 13 (1985). 2. For more on Tizi Ouzou as "Tootsie Wootsie,' see id. at 18. 556 Michigan Journalof InternationalLaw [Vol. 32:553 Military Government Training School and Holding Center were organ- ized.! Four recollections from this African episode: First, a mediocre to poor "Carmen" at the Algiers opera, and-after that-falling asleep on the roof of an Algerian school under brilliant stars. Second, crowds of Arabs in white garb and the noisy market. Third, inebriated GIs taking a potshot at a muezzin chanting high on the minaret of a mosque. Fourth, listening to a broadcast from Nazi-occupied Rome that described in de- tail our activities in North Africa, including the doings of "the Jew Bernstein," a lieutenant colonel on our staff. I was tense and apprehen- sive about what was to come next but also greatly intrigued by my first exposure to "the dark continent." III. THE END OF MUSSOLINI-ARMISTICE-"CO-BELLIGERENCY" On July 24, 1943, shortly after the Allied landing in Sicily, the Fas- cist Grand Council deposed Mussolini: he was promptly arrested. The coup was the result of "a double conspiracy, one led by the General Staff and supported by the King, the other by the leading members of the Fas- cist Grand Council." Power reverted to King Victor Emmanuel III.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aiello Calabro (CS) Italy
    Dr. Francesco Gallo OUTSTANDING FAMILIES of Aiello Calabro (CS) Italy from the XVI to the XX centuries EMIGRATION to USA and Canada from 1880 to 1930 Padua, Italy August 2014 1 Photo on front cover: Graphic drawing of Aiello of the XVII century by Pietro Angius 2014, an readaptation of Giovan Battista Pacichelli's drawing of 1693 (see page 6) Photo on page 1: Oil painting of Aiello Calabro by Rosario Bernardo (1993) Photo on back cover: George Benjamin Luks, In the Steerage, 1900 Oil on canvas 77.8 x 48.9 cm North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh. Purchased with funds from the Elizabeth Gibson Taylor and Walter Frank Taylor Fund and the North Carolina State Art Society (Robert F. Phifer Bequest), 98.12 2 With deep felt gratitude and humility I dedicate this publication to Prof. Rocco Liberti a pioneer in studying Aiello's local history and author of the books: "Ajello Calabro: note storiche " published in 1969 and "Storia dello Stato di Aiello in Calabria " published in 1978 The author is Francesco Gallo, a Medical Doctor, a Psychiatrist, a Professor at the University of Maryland (European Division) and a local history researcher. He is a member of various historical societies: Historical Association of Calabria, Academy of Cosenza and Historic Salida Inc. 3 Coat of arms of some Aiellese noble families (from the book by Cesare Orlandi (1734-1779): "Delle città d'Italia e sue isole adjacenti compendiose notizie", Printer "Augusta" in Perugia, 1770) 4 SUMMARY of the book Introduction 7 Presentation 9 Brief History of the town of Aiello Calabro
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One: Introduction
    CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways.
    [Show full text]
  • World War I: the War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System
    Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 30 Number 3 Summer Article 3 May 2020 World War I: The War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System M. Cherif Bassiouni Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation M. Cherif Bassiouni, World War I: The War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System, 30 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 244 (2002). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. WORLD WAR I: "THE WAR TO END ALL WARS"AND THE BIRTH OF A HANDICAPPED INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM M. CHERIF BASSIOUNI* "Strategy is a system of stop-gaps." -Moltke' INTRODUCTION The words of Von Moltke, Germany's well-known general, are an apt prelude to the strategy of justice pursued by the Allies after World War I. It was, indeed, a "system of stop-gaps." World War I, commonly referred to as the "Great War" and "the war to end all wars," took place between 1914 and 1918 and "was the first general war, involving all the Great Powers of the day, to be fought out in the modem, industrialized world."2 The trigger for the war was an incident that occurred in the volatile Balkans 3 on June 28, 1914, in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip as they rode in a car in Sarajevo.4 The " Professor of Law, President, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University College of Law; President, International Association of Penal Law; President, International Institute for Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Question of War Reparations in Polish-German Relations After World War Ii
    Patrycja Sobolewska* THE QUESTION OF WAR REPARATIONS IN POLISH-GERMAN RELATIONS AFTER WORLD WAR II DOI: 10.26106/gc8d-rc38 PWPM – Review of International, European and Comparative Law, vol. XVII, A.D. MMXIX ARTICLE I. Introduction There is no doubt that World War II was the bloodiest conflict in history. Involv- ing all the great powers of the world, the war claimed over 70 million lives and – as a consequence – has changed world politics forever. Since it all started in Poland that was invaded by Germany after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack, this country has suffered the most. On September 17, 1939 Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union. Ultimately, the Germans razed Warsaw to the ground. War losses were enormous. The library and museum collec- tions have been burned or taken to Germany. Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops. About 85 per cent of the city had been destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.1 Despite the fact that it has been 80 years since this cataclysmic event, the Polish government has not yet received any compensation from German authorities that would be proportionate to the losses incurred. The issue in question is still a bone of contention between these two states which has not been regulated by both par- ties either. The article examines the question of war reparations in Polish-German relations after World War II, taking into account all the relevant factors that can be significant in order to resolve this problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Between the Local and the National: the Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Between the Local and the National: The Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty Fabio Capano Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Capano, Fabio, "Between the Local and the National: The Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5312. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5312 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Between the Local and the National: the Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianità," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty Fabio Capano Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Modern Europe Joshua Arthurs, Ph.D., Co-Chair Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Co-Chair Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss .
    [Show full text]
  • <K>EXTRACTS from the REPORT on the TRIPARTITE
    Volume 8. Occupation and the Emergence of Two States, 1945-1961 Excerpts from the Report on the Potsdam Conference (Potsdam Agreement) (August 2, 1945) The Potsdam Conference between the leaders of the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain was held at Cecilienhof Palace, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Soviet Union was represented by Josef Stalin; the U.S. was represented by President Harry S. Truman, who had only been in office for a few months, having succeeded Franklin Delano Roosevelt on April 12, 1945. Winston Churchill represented Great Britain at the start of the conference, but after the Labor Party won the elections of July 27, 1945, he was replaced by the new prime minister, Clement R. Attlee, who signed the agreement on behalf of Great Britain on August 2, 1945. The agreement reached by Stalin, Truman, and Attlee formed the basis of Allied occupation policy in the years to come. The provisions with the most far-reaching consequences included those concerning borders. It was agreed, for example, that the Oder- Neisse line would be established as Poland’s provisional western boundary, meaning that Poland would undergo a “western shift” at the expense of German territories in Pomerania, Silesia, and Eastern Prussia. It was also agreed that the territory around East Prussian Königsberg would be ceded to the Soviet Union. In addition, the conference settled upon the “transfer” of Germans from the new Polish territories and from Czechoslovakia and Hungary. These measures constituted an essential basis for the division of Germany and Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign News: Where Is Signor X?
    Da “Time”, 24 maggio 1943 Foreign News: Where is Signor X? Almost 21 years of Fascism has taught Benito Mussolini to be shrewd as well as ruthless. Last week he toughened the will of his people to fight, by appeals to their patriotism, and by propaganda which made the most of their fierce resentment of British and U.S. bombings. He also sought to reduce the small number pf Italians who might try to cut his throat by independent deals with the Allies. The military conquest of Italy may be no easy task. After the Duce finished his week's activities, political warfare against Italy looked just as difficult, and it was hard to find an alternative to Mussolini for peace or postwar negotiations. No Dorlans. The Duce began by ticking off King Vittorio Emanuele, presumably as insurance against the unlikely prospect that the sour-faced little monarch decides either to abdicate or convert his House of Savoy into a bargain basement for peace terms. Mussolini pointedly recalled a decree of May 10, 1936, which elevated him to rank jointly with the King as "first marshal of Italy." Thus the King (constitutionally Commander in Chief of all armed forces) can legally make overtures to the Allies only with the consent and participation of the Duce. Italy has six other marshals. Mussolini last week recalled five of them to active service.* Most of these men had been disgraced previously to cover up Italian defeats. Some of them have the backing of financial and industrial groups which might desert Mussolini if they could make a better deal.
    [Show full text]
  • Elenco Dei Governi Italiani
    Elenco dei Governi Italiani Questo è un elenco dei Governi Italiani e dei relativi Presidenti del Consiglio dei Ministri. Le Istituzioni in Italia Le istituzioni della Repubblica Italiana Costituzione Parlamento o Camera dei deputati o Senato della Repubblica o Legislature Presidente della Repubblica Governo (categoria) o Consiglio dei Ministri o Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri o Governi Magistratura Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (CSM) Consiglio di Stato Corte dei Conti Governo locale (Suddivisioni) o Regioni o Province o Comuni Corte costituzionale Unione Europea Relazioni internazionali Partiti e politici Leggi e Regolamenti parlamentari Elezioni e Calendario Referendum modifica Categorie: Politica, Diritto e Stato Portale Italia Portale Politica Indice [nascondi] 1 Regno d'Italia 2 Repubblica Italiana 3 Sigle e abbreviazioni 4 Politici con maggior numero di Governi della Repubblica Italiana 5 Voci correlate Regno d'Italia Periodo Nome del Governo Primo Ministro 23 marzo 1861 - 12 giugno 1861 Governo Cavour Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour[1] 12 giugno 1861 - 3 marzo 1862 Governo Ricasoli I Bettino Ricasoli 3 marzo 1862 - 8 dicembre 1862 Governo Rattazzi I Urbano Rattazzi 8 dicembre 1862 - 24 marzo 1863 Governo Farini Luigi Carlo Farini 24 marzo 1863 - 28 settembre 1864 Governo Minghetti I Marco Minghetti 28 settembre 1864 - 31 dicembre Governo La Marmora Alfonso La Marmora 1865 I Governo La Marmora 31 dicembre 1865 - 20 giugno 1866 Alfonso La Marmora II 20 giugno 1866 - 10 aprile 1867 Governo Ricasoli
    [Show full text]
  • Mussolini's Ambiguous and Opportunistic Conception of Romanità
    “A Mysterious Revival of Roman Passion”: Mussolini’s Ambiguous and Opportunistic Conception of Romanità Benjamin Barron Senior Honors Thesis in History HIST-409-02 Georgetown University Mentored by Professor Foss May 4, 2009 “A Mysterious Revival of Roman Passion”: Mussolini’s Ambiguous and Opportunistic Conception of Romanità CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgments ii List of Illustrations iii Introduction 1 I. Mussolini and the Power of Words 7 II. The Restrained Side of Mussolini’s Romanità 28 III. The Shift to Imperialism: The Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935 – 1936 49 IV. Romanità in Mussolini’s New Roman Empire 58 Conclusion 90 Bibliography 95 i PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first came up with the topic for this thesis when I visited Rome for the first time in March of 2008. I was studying abroad for the spring semester in Milan, and my six-month experience in Italy undoubtedly influenced the outcome of this thesis. In Milan, I grew to love everything about Italy – the language, the culture, the food, the people, and the history. During this time, I traveled throughout all of Italian peninsula and, without the support of my parents, this tremendous experience would not have been possible. For that, I thank them sincerely. This thesis would not have been possible without a few others whom I would like to thank. First and foremost, thank you, Professor Astarita, for all the time you put into our Honors Seminar class during the semester. I cannot imagine how hard it must have been to read all of our drafts so intently. Your effort has not gone unnoticed.
    [Show full text]
  • Enactments and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Committee for the Year
    Jan. - 1946 \ On 1 February 1946, the Division issued a bound volume containing all enactments and approved papers of the Control Council and Committee for the year from Government authorities indicate that there is a real for such compilation and a need for the continued and issuance of these enactments and approved papers periodically, This volume covers the period from 1January 1946 through 28 February It is that such a compilation will be issued bi-monthly, Charles Fahy Adviser, and Director, Legal Division Berlin 1April Date Page Law No. of Certain Jan 46 Provisions of the German 12 Amendment of Income Tax, 11 Peb 46 Corporation Tax and Excess Profits Tax Law of Property Feb Laws of 11 Feb 46 Vehicle Amendment of 11 Feb 46 118 Tax Laws 16 Law 20 Feb 46 Amendment of Inheritance 28 46 161 ii Date Pape Order No, 2 7 1 Surrender of Arris and ti Order No. Registration of Jan 46 49 of of their Placement in iii DIRECTIVES No. Removal and from Jan Positions cf of Nazis and to Allied Purposes Directive 62 of Registry 23 Jan 46 of and Suspects Directive No. ."- 26 Jan 46 of , Hours iv OR APPROVED BY THE CONTROL COUNCIL Of? COORDINATING Date Order 2 Confiscation and Surrender of 7 Jan 46 and tion Attendance at of Control Jan 46 3 Council and Coordinating 45 215 7 Jan 46 4 Disposition and of Jan Records of ve 46 on 7 Jan 10 6 Valuation of Jan of Heads of 10 Jan to of Control Council 46 2 Directive 1\10.
    [Show full text]
  • Consensus for Mussolini? Popular Opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943)
    UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF HISTORY AND CULTURES Department of History PhD in Modern History Consensus for Mussolini? Popular opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943) Supervisor: Prof. Sabine Lee Student: Marco Tiozzo Fasiolo ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 2 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the University of Birmingham is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of my words. 3 Abstract The thesis focuses on the response of Venice province population to the rise of Fascism and to the regime’s attempts to fascistise Italian society.
    [Show full text]