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Basic Guide to Weeds and Herbicides Mp18

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Basic Guide to Weeds and Herbicides Mp18 BASIC GUIDE TO WEEDS AND HERBICIDES MP18 COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE College of Agriculture The University of Wyoming DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES Trade or brand names used in this publication are used only for the purpose of educational information. The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement information of products by the Agricultural Research Service, Federal Extension Service, or State Cooperative Extension Service is implied. Nor does it imply approval of products to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30,1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Glen Whipple, Director, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY. 82071. Persons seeking admission, employment or access to programs of the University of Wyoming shall be considered without regard to race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, political belief, handicap, or veteran status. Basic Guide to Weeds and Herbicides Mark A. Ferrell Extension Pesticide Specialist Thomas D. Whitson Extension Weed Specialist Stephen D. Miller Professor of Weed Science Table of Contents SECTION I - PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF WEED CONTROL ..........................................1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................1 WEED NAMES .................................................................................1 LIFE CYCLES OF PLANTS AND CLASSIFICATION ................................................1 Annuals ....................................................................................1 Summer annuals ..........................................................................1 Winter annuals ...........................................................................1 Biennials ...................................................................................1 Perennials...................................................................................1 Simple perennials.........................................................................1 Bulbous perennials........................................................................1 Creeping perennials .......................................................................1 WEED SEED GERMINATION ................................................................1 WEED SEED DORMANCY ......................................................................2 INNATE DORMANCY .......................................................................2 INDUCED DORMANCY .....................................................................2 ENFORCED DORMANCY ...................................................................2 CONTROL-PREVENTION-ERADICATION ........................................................2 CONTROL .................................................................................2 Mechanical control........................................................................2 Hand pulling .........................................................................2 Hoeing and spading....................................................................2 Tillage ..............................................................................2 Mowing.............................................................................2 Flooding .............................................................................2 Smothering...........................................................................2 Crop competition .........................................................................2 Biological control.........................................................................2 Crop rotation.............................................................................3 Fire....................................................................................3 Chemicals...............................................................................3 PREVENTION ..............................................................................3 ERADICATION .............................................................................3 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS ............................................................3 TYPES OF RESISTANCE ....................................................................3 Genetic mutation..........................................................................3 Naturally occurring herbicide resistant biotypes..................................................3 FACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT OF HERBICIDE RESISTANT WEEDS ....................4 MANAGEMENT OF HERBICIDE RESISTANT WEEDS ..........................................4 SECTION II - HERBICIDE CLASSIFICATION...........................................................4 HERBICIDES...................................................................................4 SELECTIVE HERBICIDES ...................................................................4 NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES ..............................................................5 TIME OF APPLICATION ....................................................................5 Preplant incorporated......................................................................5 Preplant.................................................................................5 Preemergence............................................................................5 Postemergence ...........................................................................5 Lay-by..................................................................................5 iv HERBICIDE APPLICATION METHOD ........................................................5 band ...................................................................................5 broadcast................................................................................5 spot treatments ...........................................................................5 directed spraying..........................................................................5 MODE OF ACTION .........................................................................5 TRANSLOCATED HERBICIDES ..........................................................5 HERBICIDES THAT REGULATE GROWTH ............................................5 HERBICIDES THAT INHIBIT ENZYME ACTIVITY ......................................................................5 HERBICIDES THAT INHIBIT MERISTEMATIC ACTIVITY ..............................6 HERBICIDES THAT INHIBIT PHOTOSYNTHESIS ......................................6 HERBICIDES THAT INHIBIT CELL DIVISION AND GROWTH ...........................6 CONTACT HERBICIDES .................................................................7 FOLIAR APPLIED CONTACT HERBICIDES ............................................7 FOLIAR OR SOIL APPLIED CONTACT HERBICIDES ....................................................................7 SOIL STERILANTS ......................................................................7 SOIL FUMIGANTS ......................................................................7 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ................................................................7 Aromatic carboxylic acids...............................................................7 Aryl-oxy-phenoxys ....................................................................7 Aliphatic acids........................................................................7 Organic arsenicals.....................................................................7 Heterocyclic nitrogen derivatives .........................................................7 Aliphatic nitrogen derivatives ............................................................8 Thiocarbamates.......................................................................8 Dinitroanilines ........................................................................8 Substituted nitriles .....................................................................8 Nonclassified organics..................................................................8 Nonclassified inorganics ................................................................8 TYPES OF HERBICIDE TREATMENTS ...........................................................8 FOLIAGE TREATMENTS ...................................................................8 SOIL TREATMENTS ........................................................................8 HERBICIDE FORMULATIONS ..................................................................8 Soluble salts ................................................................................8 Emulsifiable concentrates .....................................................................8 Wettable powders ...........................................................................8 Dry flowables ...............................................................................9 Flowables...................................................................................9 Water soluble powders .......................................................................9 Ultra-Low-Volume Concentrates.................................................................9 Granules ...................................................................................9 Pellets .....................................................................................9 Dusts ......................................................................................9
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