DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITAT JAUME I Departamento De Filosofía Y Sociología Area De Comunicación Audiovisual Y Publicidad

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNIVERSITAT JAUME I Departamento De Filosofía Y Sociología Area De Comunicación Audiovisual Y Publicidad 1 UNIVERSITAT JAUME I Departamento de Filosofía y Sociología Area de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad TESIS DOCTORAL El testimonio literario de Max Aub sobre los campos de concentración en Francia (1940-1942) Eloísa Nos Aldás Director de tesis: Vicente J. Benet Ferrando Castellón, 9 de enero de 2001 2 A mi prima Ale, en su recuerdo. 3 Esta tesis doctoral ha sido posible gracias a la financiación de la Generalitat Valenciana a través de una beca FPI y del proyecto de investigación Fundación Caja Castellón-Bancaja / UJI (P1A99-24) “La cultura del exilio: el caso de Max Aub en Francia (1939-1942)”. 4 Agradecimientos Tras la realización de esta investigación, no tengo más que palabras de agradecimiento para un gran número de instituciones y personas que me han prestado su ayuda, de muy distintos talantes, para lograr mis objetivos. En general, para todas aquellas personas, aunque no vean sus nombres reflejados en estas páginas, que se han interesado por mi investigación y cuyas observaciones y comentarios me han llevado a descubrir nuevas posibilidades, y a tantos amigos que han compartido este largo camino. Para la Generalitat Valenciana por lo que su financiación a través de una beca de investigación FPI me ha facilitado las cosas, y para la Fundación Max Aub de Segorbe, en la persona de su director, Miguel Ángel González Sanchís, y de MªJosé Calpe, archivera. He de dar las gracias también a Patxi Guerrero, por su ayuda en los difíciles comienzos, y agradecer sinceramente la atención y la amistad de los investigadores expertos en Max Aub que me dieron la bienvenida en su círculo maxaubiano: a Ignacio Soldevila, por lo mucho que ha aportado al conocimiento de la obra de Aub y por atender mis dudas de urgencia ya desde que tuve que defender mi proyecto de investigación; a Gerard Malgat, por los ratos pasados descifrando la escritura de Aub y sus sugerencias; a Francisco Caudet, por sus indicaciones y simpatía; a José Luis Morro, quien me ayudó a dar mis primeros pasos en el confuso terreno del exilio en Francia y ha estado a mi lado incansablemente en la localización de documentación y verificación de datos; y fundamentalmente a Manuel Aznar, profesor y amigo, por su inestimable apoyo y ayuda. A Alicia Alted por ayudarme con la metodología de la historiografía y de las fuentes orales. A los amigos del GEXEL. A la Dra. Martha Vernier por su ayuda en el Colegio de México, y a la gente del Ateneo Español. A Dolores Fernández por sus recomendaciones, que hicieron fácil mi estancia en México, y a Dª Consuelo Oteiza y su gente, y a Amir y Fahra por ser mi familia tan 5 lejos de casa. A Flo Martin, a Jose, a Gemma y a Irene por ayudarme con los testimonios en francés y en alemán, y a Isabel por trabajar conmigo en el tratamiento digital de los textos del segundo apéndice. A Lluís Meseguer por su interés. A mis compañer@s de la UJI, tanto del Departamento de Traducción y Comunicación como del Area de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad, que han seguido la evolución de este trabajo con interés y me han apoyado, y en concreto a Esther Monzó por estar siempre ahí. A José Luis Aguirre por sus consejos. A Vicente Sánchez Biosca por la confianza que depositó en mí y lo mucho que de él he aprendido, así como a los compañeros del grupo de investigación “El cuerpo y su representación audiovisual”, cuyos debates están en la base de este trabajo. A todos los colaboradores de la Cátedra UNESCO de Filosofía para la Paz que me han respaldado en este trabajo y ayudado en todo lo posible. A Javi, que me ha aguantado en los buenos y malos momentos, siempre animándome a seguir adelante y facilitándome las cosas. A mis padres, familiares y amig@s que siempre han estado a mi lado, incluso estando al otro lado del Atlántico, por los momentos que este trabajo me ha impedido compartir con ellos. A Vicent Martínez Guzmán, amigo y maestro de principio a fin y que tantas veces me ha facilitado el centrarme en esta investigación. Y, en especial, a Vicente Benet, por el interés e ilusión que ha puesto en nuestro proyecto, sus observaciones siempre reveladoras, su seguimiento y apoyo constantes y su amistad. 6 Tabla de contenidos AGRADECIMIENTOS............................................................................................................................. 3 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS ..................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................... 11 PARTE I ................................................................................................................................................... 19 CAPÍTULO 1: POSICIONAMIENTO TEÓRICO Y METODOLÓGICO: TESTIMONIO LITERARIO, NARRACIÓN E HISTORIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................... 20 1.1. LA LITERATURA COMO PROBLEMA SOCIAL Y ÉTICO ......................................................................... 20 1.2. CLAVES DE NUESTRO ACERCAMIENTO CRÍTICO: COMPARATISMO E INTERCULTURALIDAD .............. 21 1.3. PLANTEAMIENTO DE LOS OBJETIVOS DEL ESTUDIO .......................................................................... 23 1.3.1. Concepto de literatura testimonial del exilio concentracionario............................................. 24 1.3.1.1. Un exilio concentracionario............................................................................................................... 24 1.3.1.1.1. Justificación de la conexión con la tradición concentracionaria ................................................. 25 1.3.1.2. Definición de la literatura testimonial................................................................................................ 27 1.3.1.2.1. Testimonio e historia .................................................................................................................. 28 1.3.1.2.2. El sujeto-histórico....................................................................................................................... 30 1.3.1.2.2.1. Testimonio y autobiografía ................................................................................................. 30 1.3.1.2.3. El carácter de memoria............................................................................................................... 32 1.3.2. La enunciación del testimonio ................................................................................................. 32 1.4. LA CONFIGURACIÓN DEL RELATO DE LA EXPERIENCIA .................................................................... 33 CAPÍTULO 2: LA RETÓRICA DE LA LITERATURA TESTIMONIAL DEL EXILIO CONCENTRACIONARIO..................................................................................................................... 37 2.1. UNA ENUNCIACIÓN DETERMINADA POR EL REFERENTE ................................................................... 37 2.2. EL PROBLEMA DE LA INDECIBILIDAD ............................................................................................... 38 2.3. SUPERACIÓN DE LAS BARRERAS DE LA EXPERIENCIA A TRAVÉS DE LA ENUNCIACIÓN...................... 39 2.3.1. Testimonio verídico.................................................................................................................. 39 2.3.2. Testimonio honesto .................................................................................................................. 40 2.3.3. Activar la comprensión y el recuerdo ...................................................................................... 41 2.4. PROBLEMAS DE DISTANCIA.............................................................................................................. 43 2.4.1. La literatura testimonial como re-presentación....................................................................... 43 2.4.2. Las limitaciones de la memoria ............................................................................................... 46 2.4.2.1. Construcción social............................................................................................................................ 47 2.4.2.2. Selección............................................................................................................................................ 48 2.4.2.3. Circunstancias de la enunciación ....................................................................................................... 49 2.4.2.3.1. Características del sujeto enunciador.......................................................................................... 49 2.4.2.3.2. Campos versus exilio: hipótesis de trabajo................................................................................. 50 2.4.2.3.2.1. ¿Influencia del exilio?......................................................................................................... 51 2.4.2.3.2.2. ¿Entre alambradas? ............................................................................................................. 52 2.4.2.3.2.3. Exilio y peregrinación......................................................................................................... 53 2.4.2.4. El recorrido de la memoria ................................................................................................................ 54 2.4.2.4.1. Apunte metodológico ................................................................................................................. 54 2.4.3. La mediación del discurso literario
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WW2-Spain-Tripbook.Pdf
    SPAIN 1 Page Spanish Civil War (clockwise from top-left) • Members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite • Bf 109 with Nationalist markings • Bombing of an airfield in Spanish West Africa • Republican soldiers at the Siege of the Alcázar • Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun • HMS Royal Oakin an incursion around Gibraltar Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Spain Result Nationalist victory • End of the Second Spanish Republic • Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco Belligerents 2 Page Republicans Nationalists • Ejército Popular • FET y de las JONS[b] • Popular Front • FE de las JONS[c] • CNT-FAI • Requetés[c] • UGT • CEDA[c] • Generalitat de Catalunya • Renovación Española[c] • Euzko Gudarostea[a] • Army of Africa • International Brigades • Italy • Supported by: • Germany • Soviet Union • Supported by: • Mexico • Portugal • France (1936) • Vatican City (Diplomatic) • Foreign volunteers • Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Nationalist leaders • Manuel Azaña • José Sanjurjo † • Julián Besteiro • Emilio Mola † • Francisco Largo Caballero • Francisco Franco • Juan Negrín • Gonzalo Queipo de Llano • Indalecio Prieto • Juan Yagüe • Vicente Rojo Lluch • Miguel Cabanellas † • José Miaja • Fidel Dávila Arrondo • Juan Modesto • Manuel Goded Llopis † • Juan Hernández Saravia • Manuel Hedilla • Carlos Romero Giménez • Manuel Fal Conde • Buenaventura Durruti † • Lluís Companys • José Antonio Aguirre Strength 1936
    [Show full text]
  • Lieux De Culture, Lieux D'engagement
    Lieux de culture, lieux d’engagement Les patrimoines au service de la lutte contre le racisme et l’antisémitisme Au Panthéon ! – Œuvre de JR ©Didier Plowy Mise à jour : décembre 2015 Dossier réalisé par la Direction générale des patrimoines du Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Sophie Biraud et Adeline Groualle en collaboration avec la Direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives du Ministère de la Défense dans le cadre du Comité interministériel de lutte contre le racisme et l’antisémitisme http://www.gouvernement.fr/dilcra Contacts Jacqueline Eidelman Chef du Département de la politique des publics Direction générale des patrimoines [email protected] François Parain Chargé de mission Éducation artistique et culturelle Direction générale des patrimoines [email protected] Laure Bougon Chef de la section tourisme de mémoire Direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives [email protected] SOMMAIRE Le répertoire de 333 structures patrimoniales proposant des activités culturelles ou disposant de collections qui leur permettraient de développer de telles activités Le répertoire des 143 édifices religieux labellisés « Patrimoine du XXème siècle » L’action culturelle des établissements piliers de la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme Synthèse des ouvrages et dossiers en ligne (sur le site internet L'Histoire par l'Image) liés à la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme Réseaux régionaux et autres initiatives ANNEXES - Fiche n°4 du Comité Interministériel : «
    [Show full text]
  • Vichy Against Vichy: History and Memory of the Second World War in the Former Capital of the État Français from 1940 to the Present
    Vichy against Vichy: History and Memory of the Second World War in the Former Capital of the État français from 1940 to the Present Audrey Mallet A Thesis In the Department of History Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne December 2016 © Audrey Mallet, 2016 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Audrey Mallet Entitled: Vichy against Vichy: History and Memory of the Second World War in the Former Capital of the État français from 1940 to the Present and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. G. LeBlanc External Examiner Dr. E. Jennings External to Program Dr. F. Chalk Examiner Dr. D. Peschanski Examiner Dr. C. Claveau Thesis Co-Supervisor Dr. N. Ingram Thesis Co-Supervisor Dr. H. Rousso Approved by: Dr. B. Lorenzkowski, Graduate Program Director December 5, 2016 Dr. A. Roy, Dean, Faculty of Arts & Science Abstract Vichy against Vichy: History and Memory of the Second World War in the Former Capital of the État français from 1940 to the Present Audrey Mallet, Ph.D. Concordia University & Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne, 2016 Following the June 22, 1940 armistice and the subsequent occupation of northern France by the Germans, the French government left Paris and eventually established itself in the city of Vichy.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding France's Outcasts: Rationing in Vichy's Internment Camps, 1940
    Feeding France’s Outcasts: Rationing and Hunger in Vichy’s Internment Camps, 1940-1944 by Laurie Drake A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Laurie Drake November 2020 Feeding France’s Outcasts: Rationing in Vichy’s Internment Camps, 1940-1944 Laurie Drake Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto November 2020 Abstract During the Second World War, Vichy interned thousands of individuals in internment camps. Although mortality remained relatively low, morbidity rates soared, and hunger raged throughout. How should we assess Vichy’s role and complicity in the hunger crisis that occurred? Were caloric deficiencies the outcome of a calculated strategy, willful neglect, or an unexpected consequence of administrative detention and wartime penury? In this dissertation, I argue that the hunger endured by the thousands of internees inside Vichy’s camps was not the result of an intentional policy, but rather a reflection of Vichy’s fragility as a newly formed state and government. Unlike the Nazis, French policy-makers never created separate ration categories for their inmates. Ultimately, food shortage resulted from the general paucity of goods arising from wartime occupation, dislocation, and the disruption of traditional food routes. Although these problems affected all of France, the situation was magnified in the camps for two primary reasons. First, the camps were located in small, isolated towns typically ii not associated with large-scale agricultural production. Second, although policy-makers attempted to implement solutions, the government proved unwilling to grapple with the magnitude of the problem it faced and challenge the logic of confinement, which deprived people of their autonomy, including the right to procure their own food.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Motivations for French Collaboration During The
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2008 Racial Motivations for French Collaboration during the Second World War: Uncovering the Memory through Film and Memoirs Daniela Greene Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Greene, Daniela, "Racial Motivations for French Collaboration during the Second World War: Uncovering the Memory through Film and Memoirs" (2008). All Theses. 383. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/383 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR FRENCH COLLABORATION DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR: UNCOVERING THE MEMORY THROUGH FILM AND MEMOIRS _________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University _________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History _________________________________________ by Daniela Greene August 2008 _________________________________________ Accepted by: Dr. Alan Grubb, Committee Chair Dr. Roger Grant Dr. Donald McKale Abstract After France was defeated by the Germans in June 1940, several politicians of the Third Republic formed a new government under Marshal Philippe Pétain in Vichy. The men in the new regime immediately began to make social and political changes which, in their mind, were long overdue. They believed that they could negotiate with the occupation officials in the North and maintain France‟s sovereignty, at least in the “free” Southern zone. They also believed, as did a large part of the French people, that the inadequacies of the republican system had lost France the war.
    [Show full text]
  • The Internment of 'Enemy Aliens'
    “FRENCH APOCALYPSE”? THE INTERNMENT OF ‘ENEMY ALIENS’ IN FRANCE (1939-1940) By Luisa von Richthofen Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Katalin Straner Second Reader: Professor Michael L. Miller CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. CEU eTD Collection 2 ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the internment of “enemy aliens” in France after the declaration of war on Germany in September 1939. It has sometimes been assumed that the camp system established under the Third Republic in the second half of the 1930s paved the way for more restrictive internment policies under the regime of Vichy and eventually to the deportation and extermination of the Jews of France. This thesis’ underlying query is to probe these continuities. It uses new archival material to describe the underlying logic of the internment between September 1939 and June 1940. It also pays special attention to the few, little explored instances of organized resistance against the internment policy. It finds that that though the Vichy regime continued to use certain structures, institutions and legal frameworks inherited from the Third Republic, the claim that there is a discernable, straight line between the French internment camps and Auschwitz cannot be substantiated.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History
    Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799 Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus, editors Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799–1815 Owen Connelly, editor Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire Edgar Leon Newman, editor Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870 William E. Echard, editor Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940 Patrick H. Hutton, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991 Wayne Northcutt, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of World War II France The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 Edited by BERTRAM M. GORDON Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Historical dictionary of World War II France : the Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 / edited by Bertram M. Gordon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–29421–6 (alk. paper) 1. France—History—German occupation, 1940–1945—Dictionaries. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements—France— Dictionaries. 3. World War, 1939–1945—France—Colonies— Dictionaries. I. Gordon, Bertram M., 1943– . DC397.H58 1998 940.53'44—dc21 97–18190 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 1998 by Bertram M. Gordon All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97–18190 ISBN: 0–313–29421–6 First published in 1998 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • French and American Noir, Alistair Rolls and Deborah Walker
    Crime Files Series General Editor: Clive Bloom Since its invention in the nineteenth century, detective fiction has never been more popular. In novels, short stories, films, radio, television and now in com- puter games, private detectives and psychopaths, prim poisoners and overworked cops, tommy-gun gangsters and cocaine criminals are the very stuff of mod- ern imagination, and their creators one mainstay of popular consciousness. Crime Files is a ground-breaking series offering scholars, students and discerning readers a comprehensive set of guides to the world of crime and detective fic- tion. Every aspect of crime writing, detective fiction, gangster movie, true-crime exposé, police procedural and post-colonial investigation is explored through clear and informative texts offering comprehensive coverage and theoretical sophistication. Published titles include: Maurizio Ascari A COUNTER-HISTORY OF CRIME FICTION Supernatural, Gothic, Sensational Hans Bertens and Theo D’haen CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN CRIME FICTION Anita Biressi CRIME, FEAR AND THE LAW IN TRUE CRIME STORIES Ed Christian (editor) THE POST-COLONIAL DETECTIVE Paul Cobley THE AMERICAN THRILLER Generic Innovation and Social Change in the 1970s Christiana Gregoriou DEVIANCE IN CONTEMPORARY CRIME FICTION Lee Horsley THE NOIR THRILLER Merja Makinen AGATHA CHRISTIE Investigating Femininity Fran Mason AMERICAN GANGSTER CINEMA From Little Caesar to Pulp Fiction - 2011-03-14 - PalgraveConnect Tromso i - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Linden Peach MASQUERADE, CRIME AND FICTION Criminal Deceptions 10.1057/9780230244825 - French and American Noir, Alistair Rolls and Deborah Walker June 24, 2009 12:58 MAC/FAAN Page-i 9780230_536906_01_prex Alistair Rolls and Deborah Walker FRENCH AND AMERICAN NOIR Dark Crossings Susan Rowland CRIMINAL DECEPTIONS Adrian Schober POSSESSED CHILD NARRATIVES IN LITERATURE AND FILM Contrary States Heather Worthington THE RISE OF THE DETECTIVE IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY POPULAR FICTION R.
    [Show full text]
  • TEACHING the PRESENTATION of HISTORY in a FRENCH VILLAGE Donald Reid University of North Carolina
    FIRST AS TRAGEDY, THEN AS TELEVISION SERIES: TEACHING THE PRESENTATION OF HISTORY IN A FRENCH VILLAGE Donald Reid University of North Carolina Americans and Europeans increasingly look to the television drama series for their historical education, whether about Chernobyl or the struggle to pass the Equal Rights Amendment.1 We have long shown documentaries to students and fact-checked docudramas and dramatic films set in the past, but the television drama series offers new opportunities and challenges. The extended viewing time and the sustained involvement the audience has with a television drama series distinguishes it from documentaries, docudramas, and dramatic films. While there is an extensive literature on the presentation of history in film, much less scholarly analysis exists on the television drama series and how it communicates ideas about the past.2 The feuilleton quality of episodes and hiatus between them (unless binge-watched on a streaming service) leaves viewers to think through the narrative of the series itself as they wait for the next episode. Edgar Reitz’s Heimat: A Chronicle (1984) presented continuity and change in a twentieth-century German village over several generations, but Frédéric Krivine and his team’s A French Village (2009-2017) has a different ambition: to permit viewers to interpret a particular historical event—the German occupation of France during World War II—in ways they had not before. Can a television series present the complexities of this history and the issues it raises? Can it convey these debates to a large audience? What impact does this form of presentation have on viewers’ understanding of the past? A diverse group of first-year students addresses these questions in a seminar I teach on A French Village.3 Students learn about the occupation of France during the Second World War, and they study postwar debates about its history and memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Fighters in the Fields of Spain
    Gina Medem Jewish Fighters in the Fields of Spain (Dedicated to the hallowed memory of the Częstochowa heroes: Adam Dawidowicz, Heniek Guterman, Leon Inzelsztajn and Godet.) For I will teach, if possible, the stones to rise against earth's tyrants. ( Lord Byron; [Don Juan]) The Spanish Civil War was the laboratory of world Fascism, where Hitler, with the aid of his partners Mussolini and Francisco Franco, prepared the global slaughter of 1939‐1945. The bloody attack of the Spanish hangmen did not come suddenly. The European peoples of an array of lands had courageously and doggedly opposed the Fascist dictators, such as [Pierre] Laval in France, [Józef] Piłsudski in Poland, Prince [Ernst Rüdiger] Starhemberg in Austria, the Spanish Falangists Lerroux1 and Antonio Maura, [and] the Belgian, Swedish and Finnish Fascists. It began with uprisings in 1934: the February Days in Vienna, Graz and Linz ‐ the uprising of the common masses under the slogan of “Einheitsfront” [United Front]. As always, the bourgeoisie helped the Fascists to stifle the uprising and they hanged the [Socialist] leader of Graz, Koloman Wallisch and that of Linz, Reichelberger. The irate French workers and progressive intelligentsia responded to the provocations of the Cross of Fire [Croix‐de‐Feu2] of [Jacques] Doriot3 and of [León] Degrelle4 with battles in the streets of Paris, Marseilles and Lille, and sealed the victory over Fascism with their blood. France’s great capitalist 4005 families, headed by [Philippe] Pétain, betrayed the people ‐ handing them over to Hitler. In Spain, the land of the greatest poverty and the greatest luxury of the feudalists ‐ of whom just thirteen families owned 67% of the entire Spanish soil ‐ the Popular Front [Frente Popular6] government, which came forth with the slogans, which had been popular for centuries, of an agrarian reform for the landless peasant and agricultural labourer, of labour legislation and a minimum wage for the urban workers and craftsmen [and] for social support and public schooling, came to power in February 1936.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Navy, Vichy and the Second World War
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2016 Ordinary Sailors: The French Navy, Vichy and the Second World War Alexander John Upward Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Upward, Alexander John, "Ordinary Sailors: The French Navy, Vichy and the Second World War" (2016). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6852. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6852 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ordinary Sailors: The French Navy, Vichy and the Second World War. Alexander John Upward Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Chair Steven Zdatny, Ph.D. Joseph Hodge, Ph.D. Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D. Joshua Arthurs, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2016 Keywords: French Navy, Vichy, Second World War Copyright 2016 Alexander Upward ii ABSTRACT Ordinary Sailors: The French Navy, Vichy, and the Second World War Alexander John Upward After the debacle of the Fall of France in 1940, the one organization that managed to maintain its discipline and functionality virtually intact was the French Navy.
    [Show full text]
  • DUTCH COUNTRY AUCTIONS the Stamp Center Presents PUBLIC AUCTION #318 Now in Our 40Th Year
    DUTCH COUNTRY AUCTIONS The Stamp Center Presents PUBLIC AUCTION #318 Now In Our 40th Year #158 #578 #1523 #942 Friday, September 14, 2018 – 4 & 6:30 pm ET Saturday, September 15, 2018 – 10 am & 12:30 pm ET 302-478-8740 www.dutchcountryauctions.com 4115 Concord Pike • Wilmington, DE 19803 42880 Dutch Country Auctions.pdf1 CONDITIONS OF SALE Bidding 1. The placing of a bid will constitute acceptance of the conditions of sale. 2. All bids are per lot as numbered in the catalog. The right is reserved to withdraw any lot or lots and to group two or more lots. 3. Lots are sold to the highest bidder at one advance over the second highest bid. The auctioneer shall regulate the bidding and in the event of any dispute the auctioneer’s decision shall be final. 4. The auctioneer shall not be liable for errors and omissions in executing instructions to bid. 5. Unlimited bids and bids believed not to be made in good faith will be respectfully declined. 6. Minimum bid on any lot is $50.00. 7. All lots will be sold at the price for which they are knocked down by the auctioneer, plus a commission of 15%. Payment of Purchases 8. Successful bidders will be notified of lots purchased and must remit before lots are delivered. Persons who are known to us may, at our option, have purchases forwarded for immediate payment. 9. Terms are immediate payment in U.S. funds on receipt of the invoice. Payment by credit card will be subject to a 2% service charge.
    [Show full text]