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Lieux De Culture, Lieux D'engagement Lieux de culture, lieux d’engagement Les patrimoines au service de la lutte contre le racisme et l’antisémitisme Au Panthéon ! – Œuvre de JR ©Didier Plowy Mise à jour : décembre 2015 Dossier réalisé par la Direction générale des patrimoines du Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Sophie Biraud et Adeline Groualle en collaboration avec la Direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives du Ministère de la Défense dans le cadre du Comité interministériel de lutte contre le racisme et l’antisémitisme http://www.gouvernement.fr/dilcra Contacts Jacqueline Eidelman Chef du Département de la politique des publics Direction générale des patrimoines [email protected] François Parain Chargé de mission Éducation artistique et culturelle Direction générale des patrimoines [email protected] Laure Bougon Chef de la section tourisme de mémoire Direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives [email protected] SOMMAIRE Le répertoire de 333 structures patrimoniales proposant des activités culturelles ou disposant de collections qui leur permettraient de développer de telles activités Le répertoire des 143 édifices religieux labellisés « Patrimoine du XXème siècle » L’action culturelle des établissements piliers de la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme Synthèse des ouvrages et dossiers en ligne (sur le site internet L'Histoire par l'Image) liés à la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme Réseaux régionaux et autres initiatives ANNEXES - Fiche n°4 du Comité Interministériel : « Initiatives culturelles et mémorielles » - Méthodologie du recensement des 333 structures-ressources - Grille d'entretien destinée aux conseillers pour les musées en DRAC - Grille de recensement des Villes et Pays d'art et d'histoire - Grille de recensement des activités des musées référents dans les luttes contre les discriminations Répertoire des 333 structures-ressources Le répertoire recense différents types de structures patrimoniales pouvant être ressources pour la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme (par leurs activités culturelles ou leurs collections) : musées de France, monuments nationaux, services d'archives (nationales, départementales et municipales), Villes et Pays d'Art et d'Histoire, Maisons des Illustres, bâtiments labellisés "Patrimoine du XXème siècle". Certaines autres structures patrimoniales non labellisés par le MCC ont également été intégrées : lieux mémoriels dont la gestion est souvent confiée à des musées, routes culturelles... D'une part, le mot « ressource » a été entendu dans deux sens : il s'agit soit de structures proposant déjà des activités culturelles (visites, ateliers...) sur les thèmes dont il est ici question, soit de structures dont les collections ou l'histoire pourraient permettre de développer de telles activités. Concernant les activités culturelles, celles qui apparaissent dans le tableau sont soit récurrentes, soit ponctuelles. Les activités ponctuelles, repérées au moment de l’étude, sont mentionnées à titre d'exemple de ce qui pourrait être développé à nouveau. D'autre part, les notions de racisme et d'antisémitisme ont été entendues dans un sens très large : ont été répertoriées des ressources concernant très directement le racisme et l'antisémitisme mais aussi des thèmes tels que la guerre, la résistance, la déportation, le génocide, les discriminations, le colonialisme, le post-colonialisme et l'immigration lorsque cela se justifiait. Analyse de la répartition géographique des structures-ressources La totalité des 26 « régions » (métropole + Martinique, Guadeloupe, Guyane, La Réunion) comporte des sites recensés, ce qui, pour 333 structures répertoriées, équivaut à une moyenne d’environ 13 structures par région. Guyane Martinique La Réunion Guadeloupe Quatre régions recensent moins de 6 structures (Corse, Franche-Comté, La Réunion, Martinique). Sept régions recensent de 6 à 10 structures (Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Champagne- Ardenne, Guadeloupe, Guyane, Haute-Normandie, Limousin). Douze régions recensent de 11 à 20 structures (Alsace, Aquitaine, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrénées, Nord Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou Charentes). Deux régions recensent de 21 à 50 structures (PACA – 24, Rhône-Alpes – 25) Une région en recense plus de 50 (Île-de-France – 55). On remarquera également qu'en Outre-Mer, la Réunion et la Martinique comptent moins de 6 structures et la Guadeloupe et la Guyane entre 6 et 10 ; qu'en Alsace 15 sites sont recensés dans seulement deux départements ; et qu'à l'inverse, en Champagne-Ardenne, région de quatre départements marquée par les deux guerres mondiales, seulement 8 sites sont recensés. L'analyse de la répartition par département montre que 6 départements ne comportent aucun site recensé : le Cantal, les Ardennes, le Territoire de Belfort, le Jura, l'Aveyron et les Hautes-Alpes. Il s'agit de 6 départements très ruraux. Une analyse détaillée par département est surtout pertinente pour les 3 régions où l'on recense plus de 20 sites : Sur les 55 sites recensés en Ile de Franc e, plus du tiers (22) se trouvent à Paris, ce qui peut être expliqué par la concentration des musées et monuments dans la capitale. Un peu moins d'un quart (12) sont en Seine Saint Denis ; ce taux relativement important est notamment dû à la localisation du camp de Drancy et des lieux qui y sont liés. Les 21 sites restants sont répartis dans les 6 autres départements, avec un minimum de deux sites en Val d'Oise et un maximum de cinq en Seine et Marne. En PACA, plus de la moitié (11) des 22 sites se trouvent dans le département des Bouches du Rhône, alors qu'aucun site n'est répertorié dans les Hautes-Alpes, département très rural. Les 11 sites restants se répartissent dans les quatre autres départements à raison de 2 à 4 sites par département. En région Rhône-Alpes, les 25 sites recensés couvrent l'ensemble des 8 départements, avec parfois un seul site par département (Ardèche, Ain, Haute-Savoie). C'est le Rhône qui concentre la majorité des sites (6). Dans les 94 départements dans lesquels on recense au moins un site, la préfecture abrite une structure-ressource dans seulement deux tiers des cas. C'est donc hors des capitales départementales que se situent les structures recensées dans un tiers des départements. Au moins une structure-ressource est localisée dans chaque capitale régionale, sauf dans trois cas (Ajaccio, Dijon, Basse-Terre). Caractéristiques des structures-ressources La grande majorité est ouverte au public en 2014 : seules 14 sont en construction ou en rénovation. Parmi les 289 ouvertes au public en 2014, 12 structures sont seulement ouvertes de manière ponctuelle. Plus de la moitié des structures recensées (166) sont des musées : 137 ont l'appellation « Musées de France » (dont 5 musées nationaux détaillés dans un autre répertoire), 2 y sont candidats et 27 ne relèvent pas de la compétence scientifique du Service des Musées de France. Le label Maisons des Illustres (MDI) concerne 40 structures (dont 8 ont aussi l'appellation « Musées de France » et 3 sont gérées par le Centre des monuments nationaux). Les services d'archives représentent un peu plus de 10% des structures-ressources, avec 32 archives départementales, 4 municipales et 2 nationales. L'architecture, hors patrimoine religieux (traité à part), représente 19 structures, dont 18 Villes ou Pays d'art et d'histoire (VPAH) et 1 bâtiment labellisé « Patrimoine du XXème siècle ». Le Centre des monuments nationaux (CMN) offre la ressource de 14 structures nationales réparties dans 10 régions différentes. Enfin, 41 structures ont été jugées importantes à recenser sans qu'elles n'entrent dans les catégories ci- dessus : il s'agit de fondations, de structures associatives et de différents mémoriaux et monuments aux morts. Fréquentations En s'appuyant sur les données Patrimostat 2012 qui concernent 147 des structures répertoriées, on décompte une fréquentation totale de 21 600 829 visites. Cinq structures sur dix reçoivent entre 10 000 et 50 000 visites par an. Deux sur dix reçoivent moins de 10 000 visites par an, et deux sur dix en reçoivent entre 50 000 et 200 000. Moins d'une structure sur dix est plus fréquentée : 9 structures reçoivent entre 200 000 et 1 million de visite par an et 3 en reçoivent plus d'un million (le musée de l'Armée, le musée du quai Branly, et le Louvre). Thématiques L'analyse des collections ou de l'histoire du lieu, permet de déterminer à quelle thématique du comité se rapporte chaque structure. Les thématiques comprennent bien entendu le racisme et l'antisémitisme mais ont été élargies à quelques autres : les discriminations, l'immigration, le vivre ensemble et la guerre (qui comprend elle-même les thèmes de la résistance et de la déportation). Pour chaque structure, plusieurs thèmes ont pu être retenus. L'analyse montre que les deux thèmes les plus traités par les structures recensées sont le racisme (pour 67% d'entre elles) et l'antisémitisme (40%). Les discriminations (28%) viennent ensuite, avant le thème de la guerre (20%). Enfin, le vivre ensemble (7%) est cité à quasi égalité avec l'immigration (6%). Activités culturelles programmées L'immense majorité des structures recensées (95%) sont en rapport avec les thèmes du comité par leur collection permanente (pour les musées et archives) ou par l'histoire de leur bâtiment (monuments, maisons des Illustres...). Seules 25 structures sont reliées aux thématiques du comité seulement par une activité culturelle qui est une exposition temporaire dans la totalité des cas. Parmi les structures-ressources liées aux thèmes du comité par leur activité permanente, 243 programment déjà des activités culturelles en lien avec les thématiques concernées. Ce sont donc 65 structures qui ont le potentiel pour proposer des activités sur ces thèmes mais qui ne les développent pas encore. Un exemple : le château de Champs-sur-Marne a été retenu du fait que le Président Charles de Gaulle y a accueilli les présidents de l'Afrique francophone ainsi que Ahmed Ben Bella, membre du FLN et premier président de la République algérienne et démocratique.
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