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Spanish Civil War from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia the Spanish Civil War Part of the Interwar Period ????????? 11 ???????????? ? ??? ??? ???????? Spanish Civil War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Spanish Civil War Part of the Interwar period ????????? 11 ???????????? ? ??? ??? ????????. 1937-edit.jpg Republican International Brigadiers at the Battle of Belchite ride on a T-26 tan k Date 17 July 1936 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Peninsular Spain, Extrapeninsular Spain, Spanish Morocco, Medite rranean, Spanish Guinea, North Sea Result Decisive Nationalist victory End of the Second Spanish Republic Beginning of Franco's rule Belligerents Second Spanish Republic Republicans Popular Front CNT/FAI UGT ERC / EC Basque Country (autonomous community) EG (193637) PG Supported by Soviet Union Mexico Foreign volunteers Spain Nationalists Falange Carlists (193637) CEDA (193637) Alfonsists (193637) Supported by Kingdom of Italy Italy Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Portugal Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Second Spanish Republic Manuel Azaña Second Spanish Republic Julián Besteiro Second Spanish Republic Francisco Largo Caballero Second Spanish Republic Juan Negrín Second Spanish Republic Indalecio Prieto Second Spanish Republic Vicente Rojo Lluch Second Spanish Republic José Miaja Second Spanish Republic Juan Modesto Second Spanish Republic Juan Hernández Saravia Second Spanish Republic Carlos Romero Giménez Second Spanish Republic Buenaventura Durruti Lluís Companys Basque Country (autonomous community) José Antonio Aguirre Alfonso Castelao Nationalist leaders Spain José Sanjurjo Spain Emilio Mola Spain Francisco Franco Spain Juan Yagüe Spain Miguel Cabanellas Spain Manuel Goded Llopis Spain Manuel Hedilla Spain Manuel Fal Condé Spain Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Spain Mohamed Meziane Strength 450,000 infantry 350 aircraft 200 batteries (1938)[1] 600,000 infantry 600 aircraft 290 batteries (1938)[2] Casualties and losses estimated 500,000 killed[3][nb 1] 450,000 fled[4] [show] v t e Spanish Civil War Part of a series on the History of Spain Coat of arms of Spain Early history[show] Medieval[show] Early modern[show] Modern[show] Contemporary[show] By topic[show] Timeline Portal icon Spain portal v t e The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra civil española),[nb 2] widely known in Spai n simply as the Civil War or The War, was a civil war fought from 1936 to 1939 b etween the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic Spanish Republic, and t he Nationalists, a rebel group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists won, and Franco ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from 1939 until his death in 1975. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, originally under the leadership of José Sanjurjo, against the elected, leftist government of the Second Spanish R epublic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel cou p was supported by a number of conservative groups, including the Spanish Confed eration of the Autonomous Right,[nb 3] monarchists such as the religious conserv ative (Catholic) Carlists, and the Fascist Falange.[nb 4][5] Sanjurjo was killed in an aircraft accident while attempting to return from exile in Portugal, wher eupon Franco emerged as the leader of the Nationalists. The coup was supported by military units in Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Valladoli d, Cádiz, Córdoba, and Seville. However, rebelling units in important citiessuch as M adrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málagawere unable to capture their objectiv es, and those cities remained under the control of the government. Spain was thu s left militarily and politically divided. The Nationalists and the Republican g overnment fought for control of the country. The Nationalist forces received mun itions and soldiers from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, while the Soviet Union and Mexico offered lesser support to the "Loyalist" or "Republican" side. Other countries, such as Britain and France, operated an official policy of non-interv ention, although France did send in some munitions. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturin g most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. Capturing large parts of Catalon ia in 1938 and 1939, the war ended with the victory of the Nationalists and the exile of thousands of leftist Spaniards, many of whom fled to refugee camps in s outhern France. Those associated with the losing Republicans were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. With the establishment of a dictatorship led by Gen eral Francisco Franco in the aftermath of the war, all right-wing parties were f used into the structure of the Franco regime.[5] The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired, and f or the atrocities committed by both sides.[neutrality is disputed] Organized pur ges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces to consolidate the future regime.[6] A smaller but significant number of killings took place in areas cont rolled by the Republicans, normally associated with a breakdown in law and order .[7] The extent to which Republican authorities connived in Republican territory killings varied.[8][9] Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Military coup 2.1 Preparations 2.2 Beginning of the coup 2.3 Outcome 3 Combatants 3.1 Republicans 3.2 Nationalists 3.3 Other factions 4 Foreign involvement 4.1 Support for the Nationalists 4.1.1 Germany 4.1.2 Italy 4.1.3 Portugal 4.1.4 Others 4.2 Support for the Republicans 4.2.1 International Brigades 4.2.2 Soviet Union 4.2.3 Mexico 4.2.4 France 5 Course of the war 5.1 1936 5.2 1937 5.3 1938 5.4 1939 6 Evacuation of children 7 Atrocities 7.1 Nationalists 7.2 Republicans 8 Social revolution 9 Art and propaganda 10 Timeline 11 People 12 Political parties and organizations 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Citations 14.3 Bibliography and books by noted authors 15 Further reading 16 External links 16.1 Images and films 16.2 Academics and governments 16.3 Other 16.4 Archives Background[edit] Main article: Background of the Spanish Civil War Niceto Alcalá-Zamora in 1931 At the end of the 19th century, the owners of large estates, called latifundia, held most of the power in a land-based oligarchy. The landowners' power was unsu ccessfully challenged by the industrial and merchant sectors.[10] In 1868, popul ar uprisings led to the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of Bourbon. In 1873, Isabella's replacement, King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy, abdicated due to increasing political pressure, and the short-lived First Spanish Republic was proclaimed.[11][12] After the restoration of the Bourbons in December 1874, [13] Carlists and Anarchists emerged in opposition to the monarchy.[14][15] Alej andro Lerroux, Spanish politician and leader of the Radical Republican Party, he lped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia, where poverty was particularl y acute.[16] Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated i n the Tragic Week in Barcelona in 1909.[17] Spain was neutral in the First World War. Afterwards the working class, the indu strial class, and the military united in hopes of removing the corrupt central g overnment, but were unsuccessful.[18] Fears of communism grew.[19] A military co up brought Miguel Primo de Rivera to power in 1923, and he ran Spain as a milita ry dictatorship.[20] Support for his regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. He was replaced by General Dámaso Berenguer and then Admiral Aznar, who both continued to rule by decree. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities, and King Alfonso XIII gave in to popular pressure for the e stablishment of a republic and called municipal elections for 12 April 1931. The socialist and liberal republicans won almost all the provincial capitals and wi th the resignation of Aznar's government, King Alfonso XIII fled the country.[21 ] The Second Spanish Republic was formed and would remain in power until the cul mination of the Spanish Civil War.[22] The revolutionary committee headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora became the provisional government, with Alcalá-Zamora as the President and Head of State.[23] The republi c had broad support from all segments of society.[24] In May, an incident where a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical viole nce throughout Madrid and south-west Spain; the government's slow response disil lusioned the right and reinforced their view that the Republic was determined to persecute the church. In June and July the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo cal led several strikes, which led to a violent incident between CNT members and the Civil Guard and a brutal crackdown by the Civil Guard and the army against the CNT in Seville; this led many workers to believe the Second Spanish Republic was just as oppressive as the monarchy and the CNT announced their intention of ove rthrowing it via revolution.[25] Elections in June 1931 returned a large majorit y of Republicans and Socialists.[26] With the onset of the Great Depression, the government attempted to assist rural Spain by instituting an eight-hour day and giving land tenure to farm workers.[27][28] Foreshadowing the conflict: Salvador Dalí's Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (P remonition of Civil War) (1936) Fascism remained a reactive threat, helped by controversial reforms to the milit ary.[29] In December, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic constitution was declared. It included strong provisions
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