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Aa Prelims 14 May 2005 Links to the individual chapters of this publication are available at the contents page Digital ReviewDIGITAL of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 REVIEW of i AsiaPacific 2005/2006 PUBLISHER: Claude-Yves Charron CHIEF EDITOR: Chin Saik Yoon EDITORIAL BOARD: CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Shahid Akhtar Abdullah Zainol Abidin Claude-Yves Charron Lkhagvasuren Ariunaa Chin Saik Yoon Danny Butt Maria Ng Lee Hoon Chin Saik Yoon João Câncio Freitas John Yat Chu Fung Goh Seow Hiong Lelia Green Nalaka Gunawardene Samudra E. Haque Jong-Sung Hwang Malika Ibrahim Keisuke Kamimura Huixin Ke Khin Aye Win Norbert Klein Hugh Thaweesak Koanantakool Emmanuel C. Lallana Shelah D. Lardizabal Ching-Yi Liu Muhammad Aimal Marjan Jamshed Masood Onno W. Purbo PUBLISHERS: Sushil Pandey Adam Peake Pan Asia Networking Programme, Phonpasit Phissamay International Development Research Centre. Gopi Pradhan OTTAWA Nguyen Trung Quynh Madanmohan Rao Asia-Pacific Development Information Lorraine Carlos Salazar Programme, United Nations Development Eric Sautedé Programme. BANGKOK George Sciadas Masoud Shafiee Orbicom Network of UNESCO Chairs Basanta Shrestha in Communications. MONTRÉAL Motohiro Tsuchiya Kalaya Udomvitid PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH: Yong Chee Tuan Esther Batiri Williams Southbound. PENANG ii Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and editor and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publishers. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The publishers do not guarantee the accuracy of the data published here and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. Copyright © ORBICOM, IDRC, UNDP-APDIP, 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Orbicom International Secretariat UQAM P.O. Box 8888 Downtown Station Montreal (Qc) Canada H3C 3P8 Published at Southbound, Penang. Typeset by Chin Kooi Hong in 9.5/13 point Times and Arial. Cover design by Alix Wong, C-Square, Penang. Printed by Jutaprint, Penang. Prepress processes by Eefar Lithographic, Penang. Cet ouvrage est également disponible en français. http://www.digital-review.org Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Digital review of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 chief editor Chin Saik Yoon ISBN 983-9054-44-9 1. Information societies–Asia. 2. Information societies– Pacific Area. 3. Information technology–Asia. 4. Information technology–Pacific Area. I. Chin Saik Yoon 303.483095 Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 iii Contents Acknowledgements vii Publishers’ foreword Claude-Yves Charron, Maria Ng Lee Hoon, Shahid Akhtar ix Acronyms xi Editor’s preface Chin Saik Yoon xiii Quantitative evidence for the digital divide George Sciadas xv Issues for the region Building information societies: Bridging the digital divide in Asia Pacific Gopi Pradhan, Chin Saik Yoon, João Câncio Freitas, Malika Ibrahim, Huixin Ke, Muhammad Aimal Marjan, Jamshed Masood, and Esther Batiri Williams 3 Internet governance and the Asia Pacific: Urgent issues for the region Adam Peake 15 Social, political and cultural aspects of ICTs: E-governance, popular participation and international politics Lelia Green, Emmanuel C. Lallana, Masoud Shafiee, and Zaharom Nain 31 Appropriate ICT for the Asia Pacific: Opting for open source, localisation, internationalisation and free access Onno W. Purbo, Chin Saik Yoon, Samudra Haque, Keisuke Kamimura, Thaweesak Koanantakool, Nguyen Trung Quynh, Sushil Pandey, and Kalaya Udomvitid 47 Review of individual Internet domains .af Afghanistan: Muhammad Aimal Marjan 63 .au Australia: Lelia Green 67 .bd Bangladesh: Samudra E. Haque 74 .bn Brunei: Yong Chee Tuan 78 .bt Bhutan: Gopi Pradhan 83 .cn China: Huixin Ke 89 .hk Hong Kong: John Yat Chu Fung 96 .id Indonesia: Onno W. Purbo 100 .in India: Madanmohan Rao 107 .ir Iran: Masoud Shafiee 114 .jp Japan: Keisuke Kamimura, Motohiro Tsuchiya and Adam Peake 118 .kh Cambodia: Norbert Klein 124 .kr South Korea: Jong-Sung Hwang 128 .la Laos: Phonpasit Phissamay 134 .lk Sri Lanka: Nalaka Gunawardene 138 iv Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 .mm Myanmar: Khin Aye Wyn 147 .mn Mongolia: Lkhagvasuren Ariunaa 150 .mo Macau: Eric Sautedé 155 .mv Maldives: Malika Ibrahim 160 .my Malaysia: Zaharom Nain 169 .np Nepal: Basanta Shrestha and Sushil Pandey 175 .nz New Zealand: Danny Butt 181 .ph Philippines: Emmanuel C. Lallana 188 .pk Pakistan: Jamshed Masood 196 .sg Singapore: Goh Seow Hiong 201 .th Thailand: Hugh Thaweesak Koanantakool 212 .tp Timor-Leste: João Câncio Freitas and Abdullah Zainol Abidin 215 .tw Taiwan: Ching-Yi Liu 218 .vn Vietnam: Nguyen Trung Quynh 223 Review of sub regions Pacific Island States: Esther Batiri Williams 229 Association of Southeast Asian Nations: Lorraine Carlos Salazar and Shelah D. Lardizabal 237 Asia Pacific Economic Forum Cooperation: Lorraine Carlos Salazar and Shelah D. Lardizabal 245 About the contributing authors 253 Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 v This edition of the Digital Review of Asia Pacific is dedicated to the memory of N A R A N T S E T S E G B A L J I N who helped network Mongolia to the world. Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 vii Acknowledgements UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL: We thank the university for its invaluable assistance and contributions as the host of the Orbicom International Secretariat overseeing the implementation of this international initiative. AGENCE INTERGOUVERNEMENTALE DE LA FRANCOPHONIE: We acknowledge the generous support provided by INTIF which made possible the publication of the French version of this edition. ASEAN: We thank H.E. MR. ONG KENG YONG, Secretary General, ASEAN for officiating at the meeting of the panel of authors. ASEAN FOUNDATION: We remember fondly the warm hospitality of PROF DR RUBEN UMALY, then Executive Director, and his colleagues in hosting the meeting of the panel of authors in Jakarta. We like to thank in particular EDDY H.A BAHFEN, NAYU A. RAMADHANINGSIH, PURNADI KERTONUGROHO and NIKO ATMADJA of the ICT4D ASEAN Collaboratory THE INDONESIAN INTERNET COMMUNITY: The authors were delighted with the opportunity to visit the computer lab for street children and to exchange experiences with the Indonesian Internet experts while they were in Jakarta. We like to thank ONNO W. P URBO, MICHAEL S. SUNGGIARDI, DONNY B.U., BONA SIMANDJUNTAK, JOHAR ALAM and JUDITH M.S., and acknowledge their inspiring work. GEORGE & VANA SCIADAS for their generous contribution of the updated Digital Divide Index diagrams that are published throughout this book. ANG LEE MING for her impressive efforts in bringing harmony and precision to the eclectic collection of writing styles in this volume and for the time she dedicated towards perfecting the pages in this book. JAMES GEORGE CHACKO at UNDP-APDIP who provided us with very useful feedback on our work in progress, and for introducing us to several of our new colleagues on the panel of authors. PHYLLIS LIM for her most helpful project administration at IDRC, Singapore. viii Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2005/2006 Pan Asia Networking Programme of the Orbicom International Development Research Centre Jointly created in 1994 by UNESCO and Université du Québec The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a à Montréal, Orbicom, the network of UNESCO Chairs in public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 Communications, embodies 28 Chairs and over 250 associate to help developing countries use science and technology to find members in 71 countries with representation from practical, long-term solutions to the social, economic and communications research, ICT for development, journalism, environmental problems they face. Support is directed towards multimedia, public relations, communications law and more. The developing an indigenous research capacity to sustain policies international collaboration of academics, corporate decision and technologies developing countries need to build healthier, makers, policy consultants and media specialists makes Orbicom more equitable and more prosperous societies. IDRC’s Pan Asia a unique network and constitutes a truly multidisciplinary Networking (PAN) Programme promotes socially responsible approach to the promotion of communications development. ICT application and innovation in developing countries, especially Since 1996, Orbicom has general consultative status with the for deprived communities, through participatory and applied Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. Orbicom is research in Asia. PAN examines the impact of ICT project engaged in a number of efforts focusing on ICTs, including interventions on people, livelihood, culture and gender and assessment instruments such as Digital Review of Asia Pacific conducts research into how they impact on the economy and and Monitoring the Digital and Knowledge Divides. In 2002, society as a whole with policy-relevant studies. Orbicom received the UNESCO/UNITWIN award for the http://www.idrc.ca quality of its projects. To find out more about Orbicom, visit its trilingual website http://www.orbicom.uqam.ca or email [email protected].
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