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Veronika Nývltová

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Veronika Nývltová Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodov ědecká fakulta Bakalá řská práce Olomouc 2010 Veronika Nývltová Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodov ědecká fakulta Katedra botaniky Charakteristika skupiny vrby bobkolisté ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) ve St řední Evrop ě s důrazem na Salix bicolor v Česku. Bakalá řská práce Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Systematická biologie a ekologie Forma studia: Prezen ční Autor: Veronika Nývltová Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Radim J. Vašut, Ph.D. Konzultant práce: Mgr. Martin Dan čák, Ph.D. Olomouc 2010 2 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem p ředloženou bakalá řskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě pod vedením RNDr. Radima J. Vašuta Ph.D. Uvedla jsem veškerou literaturu, ze které jsem čerpala. V Olomouci dne 12. 8. 2010 Podpis: 3 Pod ěkování: Ráda bych pod ěkovala svému školiteli Radimovi J. Vašutovi za trp ělivost a ochotu. Dále děkuji Michalovi Hronešovi za pomoc p ři terénním pr ůzkumu. 4 Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a p říjmení autora: Veronika Nývltová Název práce: Charakteristika skupiny vrby bobkolisté ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) ve St řední Evrop ě s důrazem na Salix bicolor v Česku Typ práce: bakalá řská práce Pracovišt ě: Katedra botaniky, P řírodov ědecká fakulta UP Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Radim J. Vašut Ph.D. Rok obhajoby práce: 2010 Abstrakt: Vrby ( Salix spp.) pat ří k taxonomicky zna čně problematickým skupinám rostlin, ale práv ě tím jsou zajímavé a poskytují v tomto sm ěru stále nové objevy. V naší kv ěten ě náleží vysokohorské druhy vrb mezi vzácné taxony. Jedním z důvod ů jejich vzácnosti je v mnoha p řípadech reliktní charakter druh ů. Takovým p říkladem je i vrba dvoubarvá ( Salix bicolor ), jíž se v ěnuje p ředložená práce. Vrba dvoubarvá je spolu s dalšími blízce p říbuznými taxony zahrnuta do skupiny vrby bobkolisté ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) Celkový areál vrby dvoubarvé je siln ě fragmentovaný a omezuje se na izolované lokality v horách st řední (Krkonoše, Harz a Vogézy) a jihozápadní Evropy (Francouzské st ředoho ří a Pyreneje). V Krkonoších se nachází jediná p řirozená populace ve Sn ěhovém žlabu v Úpské jám ě. Vrba dvoubarvá zde vytvá ří chudý porost s několika desítkami jedinc ů. Všechny keře jsou sami čího pohlaví a podle izoenzymových analýz jde o výhradn ě klony jednoho prap ůvodního exemplá ře. Populace prospívala do roku 1986, v následujících letech však byla zdecimována jelení zv ěř í. Poškození zp ůsobují také laviny a ú činky plazivého sn ěhu. Správa KRNAPu populaci posiluje výsadbami a založila také náhradní populaci vrby dvoubarvé mimo území p ůvodního výskytu u Dolního Úpského vodopádu. Revizí herbá řových materiál ů a studiem botanické literatury se potvrdilo, že se vrba dvoubarvá jinde v České republice nevyskytuje. Tyto mylné údaje vznikly p řevážn ě zám ěnou s morfologicky velice podobnou vrbou Schraderovou, která je patrn ě pouze sam čím kultivarem vrby dvoubarvé, p ěstovaným ob čas v zahradách a parcích. K řížení jedinc ů na lokalit ě nebylo potvrzeno, p řesto existují indície, že by se druh velmi vzácn ě k řížit v Krkonoších mohl. Práce rovn ěž p řináší rešerši k problematice studia Salix phylicifolia agg . V Evrop ě. Klí čová slova: Salix bicolor , okruh vrby bobkolisté, vrba Schraderova, hybridizace, relikt, Krkonoše 5 Po čet stran: 50 Po čet p říloh: 2 Jazyk: český 6 Bibliographical identification Author´s fisrt name and surname: Veronika Nývltová Title: Charakteristics of the Tea-leaved willow group ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) in Central Europe with special emphasis on Salix bicolor in Czech republic. Type of thesis: bachelor thesis Department: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Supervisor: RNDr. Radim J. Vašut Ph.D. The year of presentation: 2010 Abstract: The genus wilow ( Salix spp.) is rather intriguing taxonomic group in higher plants. Therefore it is also attractive to the taxonomists providing chance of new interesting discoveries. The high-mountanious willow species of the Czech Republic are endangered plant taxa. The main reason of that fact is relict character of distribution of the most of the species. Such an example is Salix bicolor discussed in this work. Salix bicolor belongs to a Tea-leaved willow group ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) with other closely related taxa. The distribution range rather fragmented and is consisted of small isolated localities in mountains of central (Krkonoše Mts, Harz and Vosges) and southwestern Europe (French Central Massif and Pyrenees). There is a single natural population in Krkonoše Mts in Sn ěhový žlab, Úpská jáma. The population is rather low in number of individuals. Furthermore, all individuals are only female plants. The population prospered until 1986 but then was damaged by deers. Avalanches and effects of snow are also destroying. KRNAP administration recruited this population and also founded another one near the waterfall Dolní Úpský vodopád. No other localities with Salix bicolor in the Czech Republic were confirm by revision of herbarium material and botanical literature. There were only mistakes caused by morfologicaly similar Salix schraderiana which is probably a male cultivar of hybrid origin, grown in gardens and parks. Hybridization with other taxa was not confirmed with certainty yet, but is plausible. Keywords: Salix bicolor , Tea-leaved willow group, Salix Schraderiana , hybridization, relict, Krkonoše Mts. Number of pages: 50 Number of appendices: 2 7 Language: Czech 8 Obsah Obsah .............................................................................................................................. 9 Seznam obrázk ů ....................................................................................................... 10 Seznam tabulek ......................................................................................................... 11 Seznam p říloh ............................................................................................................ 12 1 Úvod ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Čele ď Salicaceae ............................................................................................ 13 1.2 Rod Salix ......................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Charakteristika skupiny vrby bobkolisté ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) .................. 18 1.4 Úvod do problematiky Salix bicolor ............................................................... 20 1.5 Charakteristika lokality Úpské jámy v Krkonoších ........................................ 21 1.6 Problematika taxonu Salix schraderiana ........................................................ 22 2 Cíle práce ............................................................................................................ 24 3 Materiál a metody ............................................................................................ 25 3.1 Rostlinný materiál ........................................................................................... 25 3.2 Studium rozší ření ............................................................................................ 26 3.3 Zhodnocení sou časného stavu populace v Krkonoších ................................... 26 4 Výsledky .............................................................................................................. 28 4.1 Rozší ření v ČR ................................................................................................ 28 4.2 Rozší ření v Evrop ě .......................................................................................... 31 4.3 Hybridizace ..................................................................................................... 32 5 Diskuze ................................................................................................................. 34 5.1 Rozší ření v ČR ................................................................................................ 34 5.2 Rozší ření v Evrop ě .......................................................................................... 35 5.3 Hybridizace ..................................................................................................... 36 6 Záv ěr ..................................................................................................................... 38 7 Literatura ............................................................................................................ 39 8 Přílohy .................................................................................................................. 46 9 Seznam obrázk ů Obrázek 1 Rozší ření čeledi vrbovitých ( Salicaceae ) ve sv ětě (podle Stevens 2001). ..................... 14 Obrázek 2 Rozší ření taxon ů okruhu vrby bobkolisté ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) v Evrop ě. Červen ě je znázorn ěný výskyt Salix bicolor , oranžov ě Salix basaltica , mod ře Salix hegetschweileri , zelen ě Salix hibernica a čern ě Salix phylicifolia (upraveno podle Jalas et Suominen 1972). ............................. 19 Obrázek 3 Úpská jáma. P řirozené populace vrby dvoubarvé se nacházejí ve Sn ěhovém žlabu, ozna čeném na map ě červenou šipkou (podle Šourka 1969). ...................................................... 22 Obrázek 4 Sou časný výskyt vrby dvoubarvé v Úpské jám ě s populacemi ve Sn ěhovém žlabu a s vysazenou populací pod Dolním Úpským vodopádem. .......................................................... 31 Obrázek 5 Sn ěhový žlab v Úpské jám ě ...............................................................................
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