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Insights from a Rare Hemiparasitic Plant, Swamp Lousewort (Pedicularis Lanceolata Michx.)

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Insights from a Rare Hemiparasitic Plant, Swamp Lousewort (Pedicularis Lanceolata Michx.) University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 9-2010 Conservation While Under Invasion: Insights from a rare Hemiparasitic Plant, Swamp Lousewort (Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.) Sydne Record University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Record, Sydne, "Conservation While Under Invasion: Insights from a rare Hemiparasitic Plant, Swamp Lousewort (Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.)" (2010). Open Access Dissertations. 317. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/317 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONSERVATION WHILE UNDER INVASION: INSIGHTS FROM A RARE HEMIPARASITIC PLANT, SWAMP LOUSEWORT (Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.) A Dissertation Presented by SYDNE RECORD Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2010 Plant Biology Graduate Program © Copyright by Sydne Record 2010 All Rights Reserved CONSERVATION WHILE UNDER INVASION: INSIGHTS FROM A RARE HEMIPARASITIC PLANT, SWAMP LOUSEWORT (Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.) A Dissertation Presented by SYDNE RECORD Approved as to style and content by: _______________________________________ Aaron M. Ellison, Chair _______________________________________ Martha F. Hoopes, Member _______________________________________ David B. Kittredge, Member _______________________________________ Karen B. Searcy, Member ____________________________________ Elsbeth L. Walker, Director Plant Biology Graduate Program Department of Biology DEDICATION To Noah and Annie. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Aaron Ellison, my primary advisor, for his advice and time. My dissertation committee comprised of Martha Hoopes, David Kittredge, and Karen Searcy also provided valuable guidance on the research and writing. Elizabeth Farnsworth, Paul Somers, and Karro Frost planted the seed for this project by inviting me to join them in writing the management plan. This research would not have been possible without funding from the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program, the New England Botanical Club, the Jane Hallenbeck Bemis Endowment for Research in Natural History, NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant 09-09604, and the University of Massachusetts Plant Biology Program‟s Davis and Delisle scholarships and Gilgut Fellowships. Many people helped out in the field and in the greenhouse including: Noah Charney, Peter Jenkins, Amy Mays, Bronwyn Murre, Jesse Poutasse, Joe Rogers, Erin Schaeffer, and Jacob Trombley. Also, thanks to the folks at Harvard Forest for feedback in lab group. Finally thanks to Noah and my friends and family for all of their support. v ABSTRACT CONSERVATION WHILE UNDER INVASION: INSIGHTS FROM A RARE HEMIPARASITIC PLANT, SWAMP LOUSEWORT (Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.) SEPTEMBER 2010 SYDNE RECORD, B.S., UNIVERSITY OF PUGET SOUND Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Aaron M. Ellison Competition with non-native invasive species is considered a major threat to many rare native species. As such, invasives removals are a common management strategy. Rare native species that interact uniquely with other organisms in their community (e.g., hemiparasitic plants) may be adversely affected by removing invasives. A management plan for a regionally rare hemiparasitic plant in Massachusetts, Pedicularis lanceolata Michx., identified invasives as a threat, but more quantitative evidence is needed to determine how P. lanceolata‟s persistence is influenced by its co- occurrence with native or invasive hosts. This research asks how P. lanceolata is affected by growth with native versus invasive hosts. Chapter I describes the species associated with P. lanceolata throughout its range, comparing areas where it is considered common and rare. Relative abundances of natives, non-native invasives, non-native non-invasives, and species with both native and non-native genotypes growing with P. lanceolata did not differ significantly at sites where the species is considered common in the Midwest compared to sites where the species is considered rare in the east. Chapter II outlines greenhouse and field removal experiments in which the types of host plants growing with P. lanceolata were manipulated. In the greenhouse, P. lanceolata growth, survival, and vi flowering were lower when it was growing with invasive compared to native graminoids. However, differences in P. lanceolata growth and survival when natives versus non- native were removed in the field varied from year to year due to succession of native shrubs at the site during the study. Chapter III asks how the population growth of P. lanceolata differs in uninvaded and invaded patches using an Integral Projection Model to perform population projections, sensitivity and elasticity analyses, and a life table response experiment. The population growth rate of P. lanceolata in uninvaded patches was lower than in invaded patches due to the succession of native shrubs in uninvaded patches. Chapter IV describes a metapopulation model for the invaded population of P. lanceolata in Massachusetts. The quasi-extinction probability was significantly affected by probabilities of dispersal, positive correlations in vital rates between sites, and catastrophes. These data will be used to update the management plan for P. lanceolata. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I. PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH A REGIONALLY RARE HEMIPARASITIC PLANT, PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA (OROBANCHACEAE), THROUGHOUT ITS GEOGRAPHIC RANGE ...............................................................11 Abstract ..................................................................................................................11 Introduction ............................................................................................................12 Methods..................................................................................................................16 Study species ..............................................................................................16 Field methods .............................................................................................17 Data analysis ..........................................................................................................19 Results ....................................................................................................................22 Discussion ..............................................................................................................23 II. FACILITATIVE AND COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A ROOT HEMIPARASITE, PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA, AND ITS NATIVE NON- INVASIVE AND NON-NATIVE INVASIVE HOSTS ...................................................48 Abstract ..................................................................................................................48 Introduction ............................................................................................................49 Methods..................................................................................................................52 Study species ..............................................................................................52 Greenhouse experiment .............................................................................53 Greenhouse statistical analyses ..................................................................56 Field removal experiment ..........................................................................58 Results ....................................................................................................................59 Greenhouse experiment .............................................................................59 Field removal experiment ..........................................................................61 Discussion ..............................................................................................................62 III. INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF INVASIVE SPECIES ON THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A RARE NATIVE PERENNIAL WITH INTEGRAL PROJECTION MODELS ..................................................................................................74 Abstract ..................................................................................................................74 viii Introduction ............................................................................................................75
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