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Death of an Emperor

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Death of an Emperor DEATH OF AN EMPEROR On the Friday preceding Palm Sunday, an annual memorial mass is still read today for Francis Stephen of Lorraine in the room where the Emperor died and which his widow Maria Theresa had converted into a chapel. Stop and listen, not to prayers, but to the “voices” of the eyewitnesses and of those who were responsible for the protocol that had to be followed on the death of an emperor: instructions for the lying in state in Innsbruck, embalming the body, shipping it down the Inn and Danube to Vienna, burial there. You will also hear excerpts from the correspondence of the Empress, which show how the widow managed her personal feelings in the interest of the Empire. Emotions become manifest in a legacy that continues to assert its presentness to this day. Diary of Prince Johann Maria Theresa in a letter Description of the death of Francis I Stephen Josef Khevenhüller-Metsch, to her daughter Maria on 18 August 1765 in the Innsbruck Chronicle Hand-written report by 19 August 1765: Josepha after the death of written by Gottfried Pusch: Maria Theresa on her husband’s Francis Stephen, undated: “Meanwhile I had taken death and burial, undated: The Emperor “as was his wont, went to charge of the keys and “Alas my dear daughter, the table of the Lord [the Hofkirche], “Emperor Franciscus the First, born other items, like the etui, I cannot console you; too had lunch as usual with his family and on Saturday, 8 December 1708, at half souvenirs, small sacred great is our unhappiness. was in excellent spirits during the meal, past 2 in the morning, died suddenly objects etc., which the You have lost an and in the evening attended the theatre of a stroke in Innsbruck on Sunday, Emperor had had on unforgettable father to see an Italian play. […] Towards 18 Augusti 1765, at half past 9 in the his person and then […] and I a husband, a friend, the end […] Francis I Stephen left the evening. presented the former to the sole object of my love. theatre” accompanied by his son Josef On the 19th he was laid out on his bed, the King of the Romans, For 42 years our hearts, II, “complained of a feeling of faintness where Mass had already been said […], whereas the latter I had our feelings had known as he returned along the long corridor shipped incognito from Hall […] on the delivered to Maria Theresa”. only one and the same to the Hofburg, and was about to pass 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th, and at Maria Theresa’s lady in goal; from the small staircase to the door of the 10 o’clock in the evening of the 28th waiting was given “the we were brought up antechamber […] when he […] suffered brought secretly to the Vienna Hofburg. commission […] to cut a together. a stroke and collapsed, whereupon his On the 29th, 30th and 31st he was again few hairs from the head of All my setbacks in the Majesty was carried to this room and laid laid out in the double coffin and at 9 the deceased, which the last 25 years could be on the bed of the Chamberlain […]; the o’clock in the evening of Sunday 31 Empress, following the borne because I had him Jesuit priest Parhamer and his personal August was conveyed in public view to fashion of the time, wished as my support.” physician […] were immediately called; the Imperial Crypt. to have set en bracelet but no sign of life was found, and when an The three-day exequies were held by to wear on her wrist in attempt was made to open a vein, no blood the Augustinians on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd memoriam.” flowed. A few minutes after he had been and 4th. placed on the above mentioned bed, he I arrived incognito with the current ended his fine life in the arms of his first- Emperor and two daughters at 8 o’clock born son […], and so […] within a quarter in the evening of 5th September.” of an hour – from half past 9 to a quarter to 10 – the good Emperor was healthy, living Wienerisches Diarium, 31 August 1765: and dead.” “Vienna, 31 August 1765. Last Wednesday was the sad evening chosen by God on which the local populace, still possessed of a profound grief at the sorrowful news of the […] sudden death” of the Emperor, “was gripped by more extraordinarily poignant feelings by the sad arrival of the lifeless Imperial body on the Danube. The silent reception” of the “most serene body of this most charming and most affable monarch took place […] outside the city in the Rossau […]. The Imperial body was carried from the ship in the closed Imperial Diary of Prince Johann Josef coffin […], placed on the funeral bier drawn by two black-draped Khevenhüller-Metsch, 2 September 1765: mules and covered with a thick black and gold cloth.” The chamber- “On the 2nd, our Sunday preacher lains fetched “from the ship the two closed vessels draped in black Pater Fritz held the first part of the containing the heart and the entrails and placed them in a six-horse funeral sermon, which was not of the […] court carriage.” best standard because of the brief time available.” The court carriage “with the heart and intestinis” and “the bier with the Imperial body” arrived “at the Hofburg at half past 10.” Diary of Prince Johann Josef The “supreme body” was then “carried into the Knight’s Room and Khevenhüller-Metsch, 31 August 1765: there, together with the goblet with the heart and the urn with the intestines, was placed on the four-steps high catafalque under a “On today’s dismal occasion, the people black velvet baldachin, with six black cushions” embroidered [?] showed a true sadness. Everyone in gold “to the left and the right for the two Imperial crowns and had held the deceased in honour and sceptre and orb as well as the other Habsburg crowns and insignia loved him for his uprightness, friendly with sword, stick, hat and white gloves.” manner and good housekeeping; people almost naturally accepted the idea and for him so flattering opinion that without him the confusion in universo would have been much greater.” “Only, apart from the fact that he was by nature not very diligent and slow and indecisive”, he also lacked “the necessary fermeté in order to Maria Theresa in a letter to Countess Sophie offer suitable resistance to the heated Amalie Enzenberg, 26 December 1765: outbursts of vivacités of his wife”. “Dear Enzenberg While the company eats in the hall, I remain alone in my room, which is lined with grey cloth and lit only by two candles and is therefore somewhat gloomy. But that is as I like it. Anything that throws only a shadow of Maria Theresa in a joy makes me sad and upsets me; only the letter to Countess Maria Theresa in a letter to Countess most sombre things are right for me. Sophie Amalie Enzenberg, Sophie Amalie Enzenberg, 22 June 1768: […] 12 February 1766: “My insides have withered, I feel I had the good Ronchi come to my closet, “The calamity has an extremely aged, weak and exhausted. where the whole family of my beloved influence on all my organs: My heart has nothing left to give it dead are assembled and which they call memory, face, hearing, joy and consolation, it is constantly the Closet of the Dead. power of discrimination; all agitated and greatly depressed; my He should tell you about my portrait of the is beginning to fail. That situation is more sad than one can Emperor, which is now my great source of is making me still more possibly imagine. joy, as large as life and in his Innspruck despondent, since I thought If it brought me closer to my end uniform, very good, somewhat too young, only to find relief by throwing and made me better, it would all but good. myself more than ever into my be tolerable, but I see that even my He was so moved, the good man, that he work so as to be benumbed prayers are becoming unfeeling and could not really look for all his tears. by it and have no time left to I am no longer so painstaking in my […] think of my misery.” duties. I am in health, […] but am becoming It all depresses me; ultimately I am sadder from day to day and as if letting things take their course.” benumbed. My inner state calls for your support. Rest assured that I remain your good friend, Maria Theresa” Maria Theresa in a letter to Prince Wenzel Anton Kaunitz- Rietberg, (28) August 1765: Diary of Prince Johann Diary of Prince Johann “In […] trust I shall follow Josef Khevenhüller-Metsch, Josef Khevenhüller-Metsch, your advice, which you will 19 August 1765: 20 August 1765: continue to give me for my It “was decided that the cheerless future. “On the morning of the 20th body should be placed on Therefore I will have myself I had to attend ex officio the the stage tomorrow in the taken to Vienna, solely in court function of the opening late evening and should lie order to care for nine orphans, of the body. As it lasted a very in state there for three days who are all the more to be long time, however, I felt quite Laying out of the body in the Innsbruck before being taken to Hall, pitied as their birth and the sick, partly from the heat and Hofburg, 20 August 1765, just before embarked there and so manner in which they have smell and partly and above all 10 p.m.: conveyed to Vienna”.
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