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Present Status and Needs and Gaps for Concentrated Solar Power

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Present Status and Needs and Gaps for Concentrated Solar Power Present status and needs and gaps for Concentrated Solar Power Alain FERRIERE Institut Coriolis, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, 23 janvier 2017 Summary • Resource • Principles • State of the art • Present and future • Cost • Outlook A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 2 Worldwide primary energy resources Gas Annual solar radiation Oil 250 000 Gtep Coal Worldwide energy needs 10 Gtep 1 Tep = 11,7 MWh A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 3 Solar radiation Radiant power from the Sun: 3.25 1026 W Energy density at the Sun’s surface: 63.3 MW/m2 ATMOSPHERE Sun-to-Earth average distance: 149.6 106 km ± 1.7% SUN Radiant power intercepted by the Earth: 178 000 TW Earth diameter 12700 km >10 000 times the need (13.8 TW) Solar energy density :1353 W.m-2 Variations: -3.27% / +3,42% A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 4 The Solar Resource The sunbelt: DNI>2000 kWh/m2/year 70 cities over 1,000,000 people A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 5 Is solar resource an issue ? 1% of arid and semi-arid areas is sufficient to cover the worldwide annual electricity need A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 6 Principles Storage fluid / Back-up Material resource Heat transfer Solar radiation Working fluid fluid Storage / Back- up (combustion) Concentrating Thermodynamic Solar receiver system conversion A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 7 Step 1 Conversion of radiation ⇒ heat Solar concentration yields very high temperature heat with high conversion efficiency 2 I0: Irradiation [W/m ] C: Concentration factor Trec: Receiver temperature [K] s: Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/m2.K4] asol: Solar absorptance e: Total hemispherical emittance A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 8 Technologies A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 9 Step 2 Thermodynamic conversion of heat ⇒ power, synthetic fuels (H2,CO) Solar heat at very high temperature drives thermodynamic or thermochemical processes 2 I0: Irradiation [W/m ] C: Concentration factor Trec: Receiver temperature [K] s: Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/m2.K4] asol: Solar absorption factor e: Total hemispherical emissivity A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 10 Interest of thermal energy storage Thermal energy storage enables to shift power generation, to cover base load, or to satisfy peak load. © OECD/IEA, 2011 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 11 Relevant examples Parabolic Trough with Oil and Molten Salt Storage Molten Salt Tower Fresnel with Direct Steam Generation Tower with Air at Atmospheric Pressure A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 12 CSP: state of the art PS20 (Spain) 20 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : tower with direct saturated steam generation (250°C, 40 bar) Solar field: 150.600 m2 (1255 heliostats of 120 m²) Gemasolar (Spain) Storage 30’ - Hybridization with NG (12 to 15%) 19,9 MWe steam Rankine cycle Source: Abengoa Solar Technology molten salt tower (550°C) Solar field: 304.750 m2 (2650 heliostats of 115 m²) Storage 15h - 110 GWh/y (5500 h) Source: Torresol Energy A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 13 CSP: state of the art Crescent Dunes (NV, USA) 110 MWe steam Rankine cycle Technology molten salt tower (550°C) Solar field: 1.15M m2 (10,000 heliostats of 115 m²) Storage 10h (31,000 t, eq. 1.1 GWh l) e Source: Capacity factor 4500 hrs (500 000 MWh/y) Solar Reserve Ivanpah (CA, USA) 3 x 130 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : tower with direct steam generation (550°C, 120 bar) Solar field: 2.4 M m2 (180,000 heliostats of 14 m²) Source: Bright Source Energy A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 14 CSP: state of the art Nevada Solar One (USA, NV) 64 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : PT oil (390°C) Solar field: 450.000 m2 (750 SCE of 600 m) Source: Acciona Energy Hybridization with NG Andasol (Spain) 50 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : PT oil (390°C) Solar field: 500.000 m2 Molten salt storage 7h (28.500 t) Source: Solar Millennium A.G. A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 15 CSP: state of the art Puerto Errado 2 (Spain, 2012) 30 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : Linear Fresnel Solar field: 302.000 m2 Annual power generation 50 GWh Source: Novatec Solar Liddell Power Station (Australia, 2012) 90 MWth Technology : Linear Fresnel Solar field: 18.490 m2 Source: Solar Millennium A.G. Source: Solar Heat & Power Pty A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 16 CSP worldwide: present and future Installed capacity in operation (2017): 4815 MW In construction: 1260 MW A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 17 CSP in Morocco 2000 MW solar in 2020 (14% of total capacity), Ren = 42% of energy mix A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 18 CSP in Chile ATACAMA I: 110 MW molten salt tower, TES 17.5 h, in construction COPIAPO: 260 MW molten salt tower, TES 14 h, in dev. PEDRO DE VALDIVIA: 360 MW PT+oil, TES 10.5 h,, in dev. Big potential market for solar process heat for industry (mining) A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 19 CSP in China 20 GW total CSP capacity in 2025 2016-2019: 1.35 GW, 20 projects, all with thermal storage (min 4h, max 10h) • 7 molten salt towers (50 to 100 MW) • 2 DSG towers (50 MW, 135 MW) • 5 PT+oil (50 to 100 MW) • 2 molten salt PT (50 MW, 64 MW) • 4 linear Fresnel (50 MW) A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 20 CSP in France 9 MW CSP plant in construction White Paper for REn Share of Ren in the energy mix 15% in 2015 23% in 2020 32% in 2030 Total capacity of 100 MW in the next call for CSP units >500 kW Support to R&D projects • Demonstration of hybrid plants (CSP + biomass) • Industrial process heat (100-300°C) • High efficiency CSP plants with TES >6h • Production of cold (absorption chiller) • Valorization of rejected heat from CSP plants for needs in agriculture, desalination… Support to commercial CSP projects of industrial process heat for agro- food, petro-chemistry, paper industry Create a CSP department in a future Institute for Energy Transition Promote French CSP technologies for export market A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 21 CSP worldwide growth Year Installed capacity Produced energy IEA scenario GW TWh 2012 1,4 4,2 - Medium term 2017 11 33 market report 2035 246 845 450 ppm 2050 1108 4125 HiRen Solar Energy 2060 6000 25000 Perspective Source: AIE A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 22 CSP worldwide growth Source: AIE, Blue Map scenario In 2050: • Solar electricity= 9000 TWh/y, 25% of needs • Solar PV + CSP = 50/50 • Installed CSP capacity = 1100 GW A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 23 CSP objective: cost reduction A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 24 CSP objective: cost reduction Required value for a 25-year PPA without escalation for a 150 MW 5-hour thermal storage STE plant without any kind of financial public support Source: ESTELA, 2015 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 25 CSP objective: cost reduction A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 26 CSP objective: cost reduction Does the lowest LCOE necessarily represent the optimum product for the grid? A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 27 Solar PV/ CSP Source: O. De Meyer, F. Dinter, S. Govender, SolarPACES 2016 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 28 Solar PV/ CSP Source: Mills and Cheng, 2011 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 29 Solar PV/ CSP Source: Mills and Cheng, 2011 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 30 Solar PV/ CSP A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 31 The value of CSP Source: O. De Meyer, F. Dinter, S. Govender, SolarPACES 2016 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 32 The value of CSP Avoided cost of fuel Avoided CO2 emissions Avoided turbine starts/stops Avoided O&M costs Avoided cost of new conventional generation plants (TC or CC) necessary to maintain reliability of the system A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 33 CSP: issues Sector Issues Sciences • Optical properties • Elaboration and properties of HT materials • New heat transfer fluids • Heat transfer intensification Technologies • Solar receivers • HT solar receivers • Thermal storage systems • Turbines/Engines • Scaling-up Environment • Water requirements • Land occupation Economy • Investment cost • Transient regimes A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 34 Progress in CSP technologies Which innovations? Which scientific skills? Collectors (mirrors, structures, heliostats) • Reflective materials • Protective coatings • Motors & gears • New concepts of optics A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 35 Progress in CSP technologies Which innovations? Which scientific skills? Thermal Energy Storage • Materials / Fluids • Systems • Concepts Molten salt storage (Andasol I & II) 7.5 h 1020 MWh 31000 t A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 36 Progress in CSP technologies Which innovations? Which scientific skills? Receivers (solar absorbers) Volumetric pressurized air receiver • Materials HT (Project Solgate, 2000-2004) • Selective, anti-reflective coatings • Concepts Evacuated solar absorber tube (Schott Solar, Solel, Archimede SE) InSnO2 (1µm) coated on micro-structured W (Tohoku Univ. / CETHIL Lyon) A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 37 CSP in the future: other applications than power generation ? Solar fuels Process heat for industry Polygeneration CSP + CPV A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 38 Solar synthesis of H2 Thermal splitting of Water splitting via hydrocarbons (CH4, NG) thermochemical cycle 0 CH4 2 H2 + Csolid (ΔH = 75.6 kJ/mol) Energie Solaire Concentrée REACTEUR SOLAIRE ZnO ½ O2 ZnO = Zn + ½ O2 H = 557 kJ/mol, TH > 2000 K Zn HYDROLYSEUR H2 H O 2 Zn + H2O = ZnO + H2 H = -62 kJ/mol, TL = 700 K recyclage ZnO A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 39 Valorization of CO2 with solar thermochemistry Splitting of CO2 in two-step solar driven process Endothermic step at T<1600°C Energie Solaire Concentrée REACTEUR SOLAIRE ½ O MxOy 2 MxOy = MxOy-1 + 1/2 O2 MxOy-1 Dissociation CO2 CO CO 2 MxOy-1 + CO2 = MxOy + CO recyclage MxOy A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 40 Synthesis of solar fuels from water and CO2 H2O + solar heat at high temperature Process Lurgi or ICI™ Process Mobil™ ½ O2 + H2 CH3OH Gasoline ½ O2 + CO Diesels Process Fischer-Tropsch (Sasol™) CO2 + solar heat at high temperature A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 41 Process heat for industry A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 42 Process heat for industry A.
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