Present status and needs and gaps for Concentrated Solar Power Alain FERRIERE Institut Coriolis, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, 23 janvier 2017 Summary • Resource • Principles • State of the art • Present and future • Cost • Outlook A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 2 Worldwide primary energy resources Gas Annual solar radiation Oil 250 000 Gtep Coal Worldwide energy needs 10 Gtep 1 Tep = 11,7 MWh A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 3 Solar radiation Radiant power from the Sun: 3.25 1026 W Energy density at the Sun’s surface: 63.3 MW/m2 ATMOSPHERE Sun-to-Earth average distance: 149.6 106 km ± 1.7% SUN Radiant power intercepted by the Earth: 178 000 TW Earth diameter 12700 km >10 000 times the need (13.8 TW) Solar energy density :1353 W.m-2 Variations: -3.27% / +3,42% A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 4 The Solar Resource The sunbelt: DNI>2000 kWh/m2/year 70 cities over 1,000,000 people A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 5 Is solar resource an issue ? 1% of arid and semi-arid areas is sufficient to cover the worldwide annual electricity need A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 6 Principles Storage fluid / Back-up Material resource Heat transfer Solar radiation Working fluid fluid Storage / Back- up (combustion) Concentrating Thermodynamic Solar receiver system conversion A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 7 Step 1 Conversion of radiation ⇒ heat Solar concentration yields very high temperature heat with high conversion efficiency 2 I0: Irradiation [W/m ] C: Concentration factor Trec: Receiver temperature [K] s: Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/m2.K4] asol: Solar absorptance e: Total hemispherical emittance A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 8 Technologies A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 9 Step 2 Thermodynamic conversion of heat ⇒ power, synthetic fuels (H2,CO) Solar heat at very high temperature drives thermodynamic or thermochemical processes 2 I0: Irradiation [W/m ] C: Concentration factor Trec: Receiver temperature [K] s: Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/m2.K4] asol: Solar absorption factor e: Total hemispherical emissivity A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 10 Interest of thermal energy storage Thermal energy storage enables to shift power generation, to cover base load, or to satisfy peak load. © OECD/IEA, 2011 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 11 Relevant examples Parabolic Trough with Oil and Molten Salt Storage Molten Salt Tower Fresnel with Direct Steam Generation Tower with Air at Atmospheric Pressure A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 12 CSP: state of the art PS20 (Spain) 20 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : tower with direct saturated steam generation (250°C, 40 bar) Solar field: 150.600 m2 (1255 heliostats of 120 m²) Gemasolar (Spain) Storage 30’ - Hybridization with NG (12 to 15%) 19,9 MWe steam Rankine cycle Source: Abengoa Solar Technology molten salt tower (550°C) Solar field: 304.750 m2 (2650 heliostats of 115 m²) Storage 15h - 110 GWh/y (5500 h) Source: Torresol Energy A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 13 CSP: state of the art Crescent Dunes (NV, USA) 110 MWe steam Rankine cycle Technology molten salt tower (550°C) Solar field: 1.15M m2 (10,000 heliostats of 115 m²) Storage 10h (31,000 t, eq. 1.1 GWh l) e Source: Capacity factor 4500 hrs (500 000 MWh/y) Solar Reserve Ivanpah (CA, USA) 3 x 130 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : tower with direct steam generation (550°C, 120 bar) Solar field: 2.4 M m2 (180,000 heliostats of 14 m²) Source: Bright Source Energy A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 14 CSP: state of the art Nevada Solar One (USA, NV) 64 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : PT oil (390°C) Solar field: 450.000 m2 (750 SCE of 600 m) Source: Acciona Energy Hybridization with NG Andasol (Spain) 50 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : PT oil (390°C) Solar field: 500.000 m2 Molten salt storage 7h (28.500 t) Source: Solar Millennium A.G. A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 15 CSP: state of the art Puerto Errado 2 (Spain, 2012) 30 MWe, steam Rankine cycle Technology : Linear Fresnel Solar field: 302.000 m2 Annual power generation 50 GWh Source: Novatec Solar Liddell Power Station (Australia, 2012) 90 MWth Technology : Linear Fresnel Solar field: 18.490 m2 Source: Solar Millennium A.G. Source: Solar Heat & Power Pty A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 16 CSP worldwide: present and future Installed capacity in operation (2017): 4815 MW In construction: 1260 MW A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 17 CSP in Morocco 2000 MW solar in 2020 (14% of total capacity), Ren = 42% of energy mix A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 18 CSP in Chile ATACAMA I: 110 MW molten salt tower, TES 17.5 h, in construction COPIAPO: 260 MW molten salt tower, TES 14 h, in dev. PEDRO DE VALDIVIA: 360 MW PT+oil, TES 10.5 h,, in dev. Big potential market for solar process heat for industry (mining) A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 19 CSP in China 20 GW total CSP capacity in 2025 2016-2019: 1.35 GW, 20 projects, all with thermal storage (min 4h, max 10h) • 7 molten salt towers (50 to 100 MW) • 2 DSG towers (50 MW, 135 MW) • 5 PT+oil (50 to 100 MW) • 2 molten salt PT (50 MW, 64 MW) • 4 linear Fresnel (50 MW) A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 20 CSP in France 9 MW CSP plant in construction White Paper for REn Share of Ren in the energy mix 15% in 2015 23% in 2020 32% in 2030 Total capacity of 100 MW in the next call for CSP units >500 kW Support to R&D projects • Demonstration of hybrid plants (CSP + biomass) • Industrial process heat (100-300°C) • High efficiency CSP plants with TES >6h • Production of cold (absorption chiller) • Valorization of rejected heat from CSP plants for needs in agriculture, desalination… Support to commercial CSP projects of industrial process heat for agro- food, petro-chemistry, paper industry Create a CSP department in a future Institute for Energy Transition Promote French CSP technologies for export market A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 21 CSP worldwide growth Year Installed capacity Produced energy IEA scenario GW TWh 2012 1,4 4,2 - Medium term 2017 11 33 market report 2035 246 845 450 ppm 2050 1108 4125 HiRen Solar Energy 2060 6000 25000 Perspective Source: AIE A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 22 CSP worldwide growth Source: AIE, Blue Map scenario In 2050: • Solar electricity= 9000 TWh/y, 25% of needs • Solar PV + CSP = 50/50 • Installed CSP capacity = 1100 GW A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 23 CSP objective: cost reduction A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 24 CSP objective: cost reduction Required value for a 25-year PPA without escalation for a 150 MW 5-hour thermal storage STE plant without any kind of financial public support Source: ESTELA, 2015 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 25 CSP objective: cost reduction A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 26 CSP objective: cost reduction Does the lowest LCOE necessarily represent the optimum product for the grid? A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 27 Solar PV/ CSP Source: O. De Meyer, F. Dinter, S. Govender, SolarPACES 2016 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 28 Solar PV/ CSP Source: Mills and Cheng, 2011 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 29 Solar PV/ CSP Source: Mills and Cheng, 2011 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 30 Solar PV/ CSP A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 31 The value of CSP Source: O. De Meyer, F. Dinter, S. Govender, SolarPACES 2016 A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 32 The value of CSP Avoided cost of fuel Avoided CO2 emissions Avoided turbine starts/stops Avoided O&M costs Avoided cost of new conventional generation plants (TC or CC) necessary to maintain reliability of the system A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 33 CSP: issues Sector Issues Sciences • Optical properties • Elaboration and properties of HT materials • New heat transfer fluids • Heat transfer intensification Technologies • Solar receivers • HT solar receivers • Thermal storage systems • Turbines/Engines • Scaling-up Environment • Water requirements • Land occupation Economy • Investment cost • Transient regimes A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 34 Progress in CSP technologies Which innovations? Which scientific skills? Collectors (mirrors, structures, heliostats) • Reflective materials • Protective coatings • Motors & gears • New concepts of optics A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 35 Progress in CSP technologies Which innovations? Which scientific skills? Thermal Energy Storage • Materials / Fluids • Systems • Concepts Molten salt storage (Andasol I & II) 7.5 h 1020 MWh 31000 t A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 36 Progress in CSP technologies Which innovations? Which scientific skills? Receivers (solar absorbers) Volumetric pressurized air receiver • Materials HT (Project Solgate, 2000-2004) • Selective, anti-reflective coatings • Concepts Evacuated solar absorber tube (Schott Solar, Solel, Archimede SE) InSnO2 (1µm) coated on micro-structured W (Tohoku Univ. / CETHIL Lyon) A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 37 CSP in the future: other applications than power generation ? Solar fuels Process heat for industry Polygeneration CSP + CPV A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 38 Solar synthesis of H2 Thermal splitting of Water splitting via hydrocarbons (CH4, NG) thermochemical cycle 0 CH4 2 H2 + Csolid (ΔH = 75.6 kJ/mol) Energie Solaire Concentrée REACTEUR SOLAIRE ZnO ½ O2 ZnO = Zn + ½ O2 H = 557 kJ/mol, TH > 2000 K Zn HYDROLYSEUR H2 H O 2 Zn + H2O = ZnO + H2 H = -62 kJ/mol, TL = 700 K recyclage ZnO A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 39 Valorization of CO2 with solar thermochemistry Splitting of CO2 in two-step solar driven process Endothermic step at T<1600°C Energie Solaire Concentrée REACTEUR SOLAIRE ½ O MxOy 2 MxOy = MxOy-1 + 1/2 O2 MxOy-1 Dissociation CO2 CO CO 2 MxOy-1 + CO2 = MxOy + CO recyclage MxOy A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 40 Synthesis of solar fuels from water and CO2 H2O + solar heat at high temperature Process Lurgi or ICI™ Process Mobil™ ½ O2 + H2 CH3OH Gasoline ½ O2 + CO Diesels Process Fischer-Tropsch (Sasol™) CO2 + solar heat at high temperature A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 41 Process heat for industry A. Ferriere, CNRS/PROMES 42 Process heat for industry A.