St. Bob — Robert Noyce
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When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I
Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry. -
Publications Core Magazine, 2007 Read
CA PUBLICATIONo OF THE COMPUTERre HISTORY MUSEUM ⁄⁄ SPRINg–SUMMER 2007 REMARKABLE PEOPLE R E scuE d TREAsuREs A collection saved by SAP Focus on E x TRAORdinARy i MAGEs Computers through the Robert Noyce lens of Mark Richards PUBLISHER & Ed I t o R - I n - c hie f THE BEST WAY Karen M. Tucker E X E c U t I V E E d I t o R TO SEE THE FUTURE Leonard J. Shustek M A n A GI n G E d I t o R OF COMPUTING IS Robert S. Stetson A S S o c IA t E E d I t o R TO BROWSE ITS PAST. Kirsten Tashev t E c H n I c A L E d I t o R Dag Spicer E d I t o R Laurie Putnam c o n t RIBU t o RS Leslie Berlin Chris garcia Paula Jabloner Luanne Johnson Len Shustek Dag Spicer Kirsten Tashev d E S IG n Kerry Conboy P R o d U c t I o n ma n ager Robert S. Stetson W E BSI t E M A n AGER Bob Sanguedolce W E BSI t E d ESIG n The computer. In all of human history, rarely has one invention done Dana Chrisler so much to change the world in such a short time. Ton Luong The Computer History Museum is home to the world’s largest collection computerhistory.org/core of computing artifacts and offers a variety of exhibits, programs, and © 2007 Computer History Museum. -
MEMORY MAKER ROBERT DENNARD, Winner of THIS YEAR’S IEEE MEDAL of HONOR, FIGURED out How to DO DRAM RIGHT
THE MAGAZINE OF TECHNOLOGY INSIDERS 05.09 MEMORY MAKER ROBERT DENNARD, WINNER OF THIS YEAR’S IEEE MEDAL OF HONOR, FIGURED OUT HOW TO DO DRAM RIGHT THE 25 MOST REMARKABLE CHIPS EVER TOUCH SCREENS GET TOUCHY-FEELY THE NETFLIX CHALLENGE: HELP US RECOMMEND MOVIES, WIN A MILLION DOLLARS volume 46 number 5 north american 05.09 UPDATE 11 BAIT TO TRACK DATA THIEVES A honeypot project in Germany finds viruses and tracks down the data they steal. By Michael Dumiak 12 CELLPHONE SECURITY THREAT 14 BRIGHT SPOTS IN THE GLOOM 14 ROBOTIC SEALS AID RESEARCH 15 TOUCH SCREENS WITH FEELING 16 THE RFID AS COMPUTER 24 18 ULTRAVIOLET RADIOS BEAM TO LIFE 20 THE BIG PICTURE Fabs get the white-glove treatment. OPINION 8 SPECTRAL LINES IEEE’s 125th-anniversary celebrations reveal the depth and breadth of its members’ contributions to technology. 10 FORUM Readers discuss the state of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and the demise of the business-method patent. 27 REFLECTIONS Bob Lucky’s head is in the clouds— 44 28 the computing clouds, that is. BETTER PICS: COVER STORY Medical DEPARTMENTS ultrasound 4 BACK STORY images will soon 48 THANKS FOR A man vanishes. Can Google find him? be much sharper [above]; a famed THE MEMORIES 6 CONTRIBUTORS 8-bit processor Robert Dennard’s 1968 invention of the one-transistor dynamic random- 22 HANDS ON powers a famed A high-definition CL D projector can cartoon robot access memory set the path of computing for the next half century. set you back US $2000—or you could [top right]; For this, he will receive the 2009 IEEE Medal of Honor. -
Fairchild Semiconductor
Report to the Computer History Museum on the Information Technology Corporate Histories Project Semiconductor Sector Fairchild Semiconductor Company Details Name: Fairchild Semiconductor Sector: Semiconductor Sector Description . THIS SITE WAS ESTABLISHED TO COLLECT AND PRESENT INFORMATION AND STORIES RELATED TO FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR AS PART OF THE OCTOBER 2007 CELEBRATION OF THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE COMPANY. IF YOU HAVE ANY CORRECTIONS OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO CONTRIBUTE PLEASE CONTACT THE FACILITATORS LISTED BELOW. Overview Founded in 1957 in a building now designated as California Historical Landmark # 1000 in Palo Alto, California by eight young engineers and scientists from Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories, Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation pioneered new products and technologies together with an entrepreneurial style and manufacturing and marketing techniques that reshaped Silicon Valley and the world-wide industry. The Planar process invented in 1959 revolutionized the production of semiconductor devices and enables the manufacture of today's billion transistor microprocessor and memory chips. Funded by and later acquired as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation of Syosset, New York, Fairchild was the first manufacturer to introduce high-frequency silicon transistors and practical monolithic integrated circuits to the market. At the peak of its influence in the mid-1960s, the division was one of the world’s largest producers of silicon transistors and controlled over 30 percent of the market for ICs. Director of Research and Development, Gordon Moore observed in 1965 that device complexity was increasing at a consistent rate and predicted that this would continue into the future. “Moore’s Law,” as it became known, created a yardstick against which companies have measured their technology progress for over 40 years. -
Contributions of DOE Weapons Labs and NIST to Semiconductor Technology
Contributions of DOE Weapons Labs and NIST to Semiconductor Technology September 1993 OTA-ITE-585 NTIS order #PB94-134632 GPO stock #052-003-01349-5 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Contributions of DOE Weapons Labs and NIST to Semiconductor Technology, OTA-ITE-585 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1993). [(N \.llc h) It),. ( s ( ;()}L. IIII1lLVII I’llll(lllg OIIILC S(l[lc’l llllcll,lcll( ()! [)(kllllk’llt,, \i<ill \toll $S01’. \$ .l\hl[l~l[Nl, [)(’ ?{)-! (J? ‘) {?S ISBN 0-16 -042095-4 Foreword he federal laboratories of the United States are a diverse lot. For those whose primary function was advancing military technologies, the end of the Cold War has meant reexamination of missions, abilities, and resources on a scale grander T than anything that has occurred in decades. In particular, the Department of Energy’s nuclear weapons laboratories (Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, and Sandia National Laboratories) are under close examination. Throughout their existence, the weapons labs’ primary missions have involved nuclear weapons. One of the most impor- tant is nuclear weapons development, and that function has diminished considerably as a result of the end of the Cold War. While other weapons-related missions remain impor- tant, a consensus has emerged that the labs are, in a sense, larger than their remaining missions warrant. But the issue is much larger than simply how much to cut and how to manage the reduction. National security is still the issue, but defined more broadly than in the past, when it was confined to military security. -
Catalysts for Change
CHAPTER 1 Catalysts for Change A tourist came in from Orbitville, parked in the air, and said: The creatures of this star are made of metal and glass. Through the transparent parts you can see their guts. Their feet are round and roll on diagrams of long measuring tapes, dark with white lines. They have four eyes. The two in back are red. Sometimes you can see a five-eyed one, with a red eye turning on the top of his head. He must be special— the others respect him and go slow when he passes, winding among them from behind. 2 Chapter 1 Catalysts for Change They all hiss as they glide, like inches, down the marked tapes. Those soft shapes, shadowy inside the hard bodies—are they their guts or their brains? —May Swenson, “Southbound on the Freeway”1 1.1 Introduction Most of us who live in Western democratic nations take technological change for granted. In the past two decades alone, we have witnessed the emergence of exciting new technologies, including cell phones, MP3 players, digital photography, email, and the World Wide Web. There is good reason to say we are living in the Infor- mation Age. Never before have so many people had such easy access to information. The two principal catalysts for the Information Age have been low-cost computers and high- speed communication networks (Figure 1.1). Even in a society accustomed to change, the rate at which computers and communication networks have transformed our lives is breathtaking. In 1950 there were no more than a handful of electronic digital computers in the world. -
Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate One Hundredth Congress First Session
S. HRG. 100-210 ISSUES CONFRONTING THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDREDTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON S. 442 A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 914 OF TITLE 17, UNITED STATES CODE, REGARDING CERTAIN PROTECTIVE ORDERS FEBRUARY 26 AND MARCH 3, 1987 Serial No. J-100-5 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 74-345 WASHINGTON : 1987 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 2O402 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware, Chairman EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts STROM THURMOND, South Carolina ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah HOWARD M. METZENBAUM, Ohio ALAN K. SIMPSON, Wyoming DENNIS DECONCINI, Arizona CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania HOWELL HEFLIN, Alabama GORDON J. HUMPHREY, New Hampshire PAUL SIMON, Illinois MARK H. GITENSTEIN, Chief Counsel DIANA HUFFMAN, Staff Director DENNIS W. SHEDD, Minority Chief Counsel SUBCOMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman DENNIS DECONCINI, Arizona GORDON J. HUMPHREY, New Hampshire ANN M. HARKINS, Chief Counsel GEORGE C SMITH, Minority Chief Counsel (II) CONTENTS Page Hearings held: Thursday, February 26, 1987 1 Tuesday, March 3, 1987 97 STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS Leahy, Hon. Patrick J., a U.S. Senator from the State of Vermont 1, 97 Humphrey, Hon. Gordon J., a U.S. Senator from the State of New Hampshire 3, 160 PROPOSED LEGISLATION S. 442, a bill to amend section 914 of title 17, United States Code, regarding certain protective orders 4 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WITNESSES THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1987 Kerber, Hon. -
The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley
The Man behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley LESLIE BERLIN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS THE MAN BEHIND THE MICROCHIP He who lives to see two or three generations is like a man who sits some time in the conjurer’s booth at a fair, and witnesses the performance twice or thrice in succession. The tricks were meant to be seen only once; and when they are no longer a novelty and cease to deceive, their effect is gone. Arthur Schopenhauer, “On the Sufferings of the World” THE MAN BEHIND THE MICROCHIP Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley LESLIE BERLIN 2005 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2005 by Leslie Berlin Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berlin, Leslie, 1969– The man behind the microchip : Robert Noyce and the invention of Silicon Valley / Leslie Berlin. -
William Shockley Papers SC0222
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8qf8tf9 Online items available Guide to the William Shockley Papers SC0222 Franz Kunst, Jenny Johnson, Daniel Hartwig Processing supported in part by a grant from the Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics. Department of Special Collections and University Archives October 2010 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Note This encoded finding aid is compliant with Stanford EAD Best Practice Guidelines, Version 1.0. Guide to the William Shockley SC0222 1 Papers SC0222 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: William Shockley papers creator: Shockley, May Bradford creator: Shockley, William, 1910-1989 Identifier/Call Number: SC0222 Physical Description: 490 Linear Feet Date (inclusive): 1860-2002 Date (bulk): bulk Abstract: Professional and personal papers relating to Professor Shockley's controversial interests in environment and genetic influences on intelligence; research on transistors and electronics; and science education. Also includes extensive family materials including diaries and correspondence. Immediate Source of Acquisition note Gift of Professor William B. Shockley, 1980 and 1986, and of Mrs. William B. Shockley, 1990, 1995, 2007 and 2008. Information about Access Accession ARCH-2007-198, boxes 183-185 are closed for 75 years from date of creation. Materials are otherwise open for research use. Audio-visual materials are not available in original format, and must be reformatted to a digital use copy. Ownership & Copyright Copyright has been transferred to Stanford University. All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the University Archivist, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94304-6064. -
John Bardeen 3 by Nick Holonyak, Jr
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/2231 SHARE Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 DETAILS 273 pages | 6 x 9 | HARDBACK ISBN 978-0-309-04847-7 | DOI 10.17226/2231 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK National Academy of Engineering FIND RELATED TITLES Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 i Memorial Tributes NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 ii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 iii NationalNationalNational AcademyAcademyAcademy OfOfOf EngineeringEngineeringEngineering OfOfOf TheTheThe UnitedUnitedUnited StatesStatesStates OfOfOf AmericaAmericaAmerica Memorial Tributes Volume 6 NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1993 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 iv National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for vol. 6) National Academy of Engineering. Memorial tributes. Vol. 2–6 have imprint: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press. 1. Engineers—United States—Biography. I. Title. TA139.N34 1979 620'.0092'2 [B] 79-21053 ISBN 0-309-02889-2 (v. -
Open Suburbanreformers FINAL.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts SUBURBAN REFORMERS: PROGRESSIVE REFORM MOVEMENTS AND THE MAKING OF SILICON VALLEY, 1880-1980 A Dissertation in History by Steven F. Wolpern 2013 Steven F. Wolpern Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 The dissertation of Steven F. Wolpern was reviewed and approved* by the following: Gary Cross Distinguished Professor of Modern History Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Nan Elizabeth Woodruff Professor of Modern U.S. History and African American Studies Daniel Letwin Associate Professor of History Benjamin Schreier Assistant Professor of English and Jewish Studies Michael Kulikowski Professor of History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Head of the Department of History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Silicon Valley is broadly renowned as an economic success story fueled by technological innovation and entrepreneurship, but the region’s suburbs during the 1960s and 1970s were also home to a grassroots movement that articulated a distinctly suburban strand of liberalism. Suburban liberalism in Silicon Valley arose out of an almost century-long process of progressive reform led by professional and middle-class residents and, although ultimately taken up by the Democratic Party, its early origins lay with liberal Republicans in the Progressive Era. This dissertation makes three primary contributions to recent US political history. First, it identifies and describes an overlooked suburban strand of modern liberalism. In doing so, it challenges several of the tenants of the so-called “Rise of the Right” narrative held by many historians and contemporary political commentators. -
This Work Is Distributed As a Discussion Paper by The
This work is distributed as a Discussion Paper by the STANFORD INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY RESEARCH SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 00-45 Learning the Silicon Valley Way Gordon Moore Kevin Davis* July 15, 2001 Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (650) 725-1874 The Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research at Stanford University supports research bearing on economic and public policy issues. The SIEPR Discussion Paper Series reports on research and policy analysis conducted by researchers affiliated with the Institute. Working papers in this series reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research or Stanford University. ____________ * Stanford University Learning the Silicon Valley Way By Gordon Moore and Kevin Davis Comments Welcome August 2, 2001 ABSTRACT: “Learning the Silicon Valley Way” is the incremental process of firm-building and market-building that underlay the formation of the world's preeminent high-technology, high growth economy. Revisiting Moore’s experiences as an early employee of Shockley Semiconductor and as a cofounder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel, we emphasize the necessary conditions for the take-off of Silicon Valley. These conditions include broad-based learning of the many facets of managing commercial scientific endeavors - from managing internal incentives to limiting the dimensions of external competition - and the central importance of a large technological opportunity. At the same time, we reevaluate and downplay the role that military spending, university proximity, and central planning played in the evolution of this economy. The end result is an almost iconoclastic, and we believe, more accurate picture of the crucial elements in a nascent high-tech regional economy.