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John Bardeen 3 by Nick Holonyak, Jr THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/2231 SHARE Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 DETAILS 273 pages | 6 x 9 | HARDBACK ISBN 978-0-309-04847-7 | DOI 10.17226/2231 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK National Academy of Engineering FIND RELATED TITLES Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 i Memorial Tributes NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 ii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 iii NationalNationalNational AcademyAcademyAcademy OfOfOf EngineeringEngineeringEngineering OfOfOf TheTheThe UnitedUnitedUnited StatesStatesStates OfOfOf AmericaAmericaAmerica Memorial Tributes Volume 6 NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1993 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 iv National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for vol. 6) National Academy of Engineering. Memorial tributes. Vol. 2–6 have imprint: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press. 1. Engineers—United States—Biography. I. Title. TA139.N34 1979 620'.0092'2 [B] 79-21053 ISBN 0-309-02889-2 (v. 1) ISBN 0-309-03482-5 (v. 2) ISBN 0-309-03939-8 (v. 3) ISBN 0-309-04349-2 (v. 4) ISBN 0-309-04689-0 (v. 5) ISBN 0-309-04847-8 (v. 6) Additional copies of this publication are available from: National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 B120 Printed in the United States of America Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 CONTENTS v Contents Foreword xi John Bardeen 3 by Nick Holonyak, Jr. Harry F. Barr 13 by Robert A. Frosch Gilbert Y. Chin 19 by Jack H. Wernick James Wallace Daily 23 by Donald R. F. Harleman John Frank Elliott 27 by Morris Cohen Karl L. Fetters 31 Written by Robert D. Pehlke Submitted by The NAE Home Secretary James C. Fletcher 35 by Dale D. Myers Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 CONTENTS vi Jacob M. Geist 41 by P. L. Thibaut Brian Milton Harris 47 by Alfred E. Brown Fred L. Hartley 51 by John R. Kiely Richard Hazen 57 by Daniel A. Okun Edward H. Heinemann 63 Written by Donald Douglas, Jr. and Harry Gann Submitted by The NAE Home Secretary Frederic A. L. Holloway 67 by J. F. Mathis Marshall G. Holloway 73 Written by Raemere. Schreiber Submitted by The NAE Home Sec- retary Grace Murray Hopper 79 Written by Gordon R. Nagler Submitted by The NAE Home Secre- tary Richard Ralston Hough 85 Written by S. R Willcoxon Submitted by The NAE Home Secretary Robert I. Jaffee 89 Written by John Stringer Submitted by The NAE Home Secretary Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson 93 by Daniel M. Tellep Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 CONTENTS vii Edward Conrad Jordan 97 by George W. Swenson, Jr. John Fisher Kennedy 103 by Vito A. Vanoni and Norman H. Brooks Augustus B. Kinzel 111 by Walkerl. Cisler and Harvey A. Wagner Philip S. Klebanoff 115 Written by G. E. Mattingly and L. P. Purtell Submitted by The NAE Home Secretary Alan G. Loofbourrow 119 by Rupert L. Atkin Gerald T. Mccarthy 123 by Wilson V. Binger James R. Melcher 127 by Thomas H. Lee and Markus Zahn Frank R. Milliken 133 by Nathaniel Arbiter Kiyoshi Muto 139 by Joseph Penzien and George W. Housner Jack N. Nielsen 145 by Dean R. Chapman Zenji Nishiyama 149 by M. Meshii and Morris Fine Robert N. Noyce 155 by Gordon E. Moore Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 CONTENTS viii Thomas O. Paine 161 by Edward E. Hood, Jr. Alan J. Perlis 167 by Fernando J. Corbató Milton S. Plesset 173 by Theodore Y. Wu Robert F. Rocheleau 177 by Edwin A. Gee Louis Harry Roddis, Jr. 181 by John W. Simpson Kenneth A. Roe 185 by Robert Plunkett L. Eugene Root 191 Written by Robert E. Burgess Submitted by The NAE Home Secre- tary Albert Rose 197 by Paul K Weimer Dominick J. Sanchini 203 by George W. Jeffs Sidney Eugene Scisson 207 by Clarence E. Larson Wilbur S. Smith 211 by Donald S. Berry Robert C. Sprague 217 by Robert C. Duncan Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 CONTENTS ix Arthur C. Stern 221 by Merril Eisenbud C. Guy Suits 225 by Walter L. Robb Itiro Tani 229 by Yasuo Mori Eugene B. Waggoner 233 by William W. Moore Aubrey J. Wagner 239 Written by W. F. Willis Submitted by The NAE Home Secretary An Wang 245 by Leo L. Beranek Gabriel Otto Wessenauer 251 Written by Roland A. Kampmeier Submitted by The NAE Home Secretary Sakae Yagi 255 by Hoyt C. Hottel Appendix, 259 Acknowledgments For The Photographs, 261 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 CONTENTS x Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 FOREWORD xi Foreword THIS IS THE SIXTH VOLUME in the series of Memorial Tributes issued periodically by the National Academy of Engineering to honor the deceased members and foreign associates of the Academy and to recognize their achievements. It is intended that these volumes will stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In all cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased members and foreign associates. The National Academy of Engineering is a private organization established in 1964 to share in the responsibility given the National Academy of Sciences under its congressional charter signed by President Lincoln in 1863 to examine and report on questions of science and engineering at the request of the federal government. Individuals are elected to the National Academy of Engineering on the basis of significant contributions to engineering theory and practice and to the literature of engineering or demonstrated unusual accomplishments in the pioneering of new and developing fields of technology. SIMON OSTRACH HOME SECRETARY Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 FOREWORD xii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 1 Memorial Tributes NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 2 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 JOHN BARDEEN 3 John Bardeen 1908-1991 By Nick Holonyak, Jr. IN JOHN BARDEEN'S own words: In any field there are golden ages during which advances are made at a rapid pace. In solid-state physics, three stand out. One, the early years of the present century, followed the discoveries of x rays, the electron, Planck's quantum of energy, and the nuclear atom—the discoveries that ushered in the atomic era. The Drude-Lorentz electron theory of metals and Einstein's applications of the quantum principle to lattice vibrations in solids and to the photoelectric effect date from this period. Von Laue's suggestion in 1912 that a crystal lattice should act as a diffraction grating for x rays and research of the W. H. and W. L. Bragg [sic] opened up the vast field of x-ray structure determination. The foundations of the field were firmly established during a second very active period, from about 1928 until the mid-thirties, which followed the discovery of quantum mechanics. Many of the world's leading theorists were involved in this effort. The Bloch theory, based on the one-electron model, introduced the concept of energy bands and showed why solids, depending on the electronic structure, may be metals, insulators, or semiconductors. The fundamentals of the theory of transport of electricity and of heat in solids were established. In these same years, the importance for many crystal properties of the role of imperfections in the crystal lattice, such as vacant lattice sites, dislocations, and impurity atoms was beginning to be recognized. Some of the names prominent in the developments of solid-state theory during this period are Bloch, Brillouin, Frenkel, Landau, Mott, Peierls, Schottky, Seitz, Slater, A. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 6 JOHN BARDEEN 4 H. Wilson, Wigner, and Van Vleck. The third golden age has been the rapid expansion in the post-World War II years, with not only great advances in understanding but also in technology and new products. (Physics 50 Years Later Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1973, pp. 166-167.) If we look for a specific date for the beginning of the ''third golden age'' of solid-state physics, the logical choice is when Bardeen identified carrier injection in a semiconductor, that is, when Bardeen and Walter Brattain first demonstrated (December 16, 1947) the transistor and with it a new principle for an amplifying device (Physical Review 74 [1948]: 230; U.S. Patent 2,524,035, filed June 17, 1948). Who would have believed that the Ge band structure, which was then unknown, and carrier lifetime would have permitted carrier injection, collection, and signal amplification, even if the idea, the notion of a transistor, existed? The semiconductor suddenly took on new importance, and a revolution in electronics followed.
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