1 Status Report of Vitis Germplasm in FRANCE T

1. Importance of the Viticulture in the country Total surface is 788 700 ha (2010): 782 500 ha for wine grapes and 6 200 ha for table grapes.

2. Collections or germplasm banks for Vitis INRA Experimental Station of “Domaine de Vassal” (34340 Marseillan-plage): 5500 Vitis vinifera accessions (2600 cultivars); 200 Vitis sylvestris accessions; 250 Vitis sp. accessions; 480 rootstocks accessions (210 cultivars); 1100 interspecific hybrid accessions (720 cultivars). IFV Pole Matériel Végétal, Domaine de l’Espiguette (30240 Le Grau-du-Roi): 5250 clones (447 cultivars of Vitis vinifera and rootstocks). IFV repository holds all the varieties registered in the Official French Catalogue. Other regional partners: 33 partners preserving a total of 15 375 clones (113 cultivars) for 151 different locations.

3. Status of characterization of the collections INRA is a public institute. IFV is an ITA (Agricultural and Technical Institute through an official agreement). IFV and regional partners are professional organisations. All the collections are characterized.

4. References of germplasm collections or databases in internet Database of the French Network of Grapevine Repositories: http://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/index.php

Multicrop Database of INRA for genetic ressources (Siregal): http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/siregal/siregal/welcome.do

5. Main varieties in the country In 2011, 80% of the vineyard was planted with the 14 following cultivars (ranked from the most to the least important): Merlot N Grenache N Ugni blanc B Syrah N Cabernet-Sauvignon N Chardonnay B Carignan N Cabernet franc N Pinot noir N Sauvignon B Gamay N Cinsaut N Semillon B Melon B

6. Table grapes Table grapes represents less than 1% of the French vineyard (48 690 tons in 2008). The main cultivars planted are:  Black: Muscat de Hambourg N, Alphonse Lavallée N, Prima N, Lival N, Ribol N, Cardinal Rg.  White: Chasselas B, Ora B, Danlas B, Italia B, Gros vert B, Servant B.

Some like Muscat de Hambourg N are of double use: table and wine.

7. Selection or breeding programmes in course INRA (Montpellier, Colmar and Bordeaux research centers) and IFV (Le Grau-du- Roi) breeding programs are focused on pathogen resistance, downy and powdery mildew for wine grapes, table/juice grapes and phylloxera combined with dagger nematodes rootstocks.

8. Clonal selection status Programs of clonal selection are conducted by IFV and the 33 regional partners.

9. Catalogue or reliable publication with a list of the confirmed synonymies  French Catalogue of registered cultivars and clones: http://plantgrape.plantnet- project.org/  Synonyms of French cultivars among all the European Catalogues: Grapevine European Catalogue: Towards a Comprehensive List, Lacombe T et al., Vitis 50 (2), 65–68 (2011). Available online at http://www.eu-vitis.de/index.php or http://www.vivc.de/index.php

10. Number (or list) of endangered cultivars See paragraph 18,(varieties with less than 3 ha in cultivation), and Yobrégat et al., 2011 (registered varieties without any diversity maintained in repository and/or clean material available).

11. Main international varieties cultivated Data of 2011: Merlot N (114 014 ha) Grenache N (87 967 ha) Ugni blanc = Trebbiano toscano B (82 986 ha) Syrah N (66 410 ha) Cabernet-Sauvignon N (53 024 ha) Chardonnay B (46 418 ha) Carignan N (43 227 ha) Cabernet franc N (35 649 ha) Pinot noir N (30 699 ha) Sauvignon B (29 168 ha) Gamay N (28 718 ha) Muscat à petits grains blancs B (7 733 ha) Cot = Malbec N (6 136 ha) Riesling B (3 524 ha) Gewurztraminer Rs (3 237 ha) Tannat N (2 859 ha) Pinot gris G (2 749 ha)

Muscat d’Alexandrie B (2 635 ha) Nielluccio = Sangiovese N (1 578 ha).

12. Main rootstocks used Cultivars marked in bold are commonly used rootstocks: 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset ; 110 Richter ; 1103 Paulsen ; 140 Ruggeri ; 1447 Paulsen ; 161-49 Couderc ; 1616 Couderc ; 196-17 Castel ; 216-3 Castel ; 3309 Couderc ; 333 Ecole de Montpellier ; 34 Ecole de Montpellier ; 4010 Castel ; 41 B Millardet et de Grasset ; 420 A Millardet et de Grasset ; 44-53 Malègue ; 99 Richter ; Berlandieri - Colombard 2 ; Fercal ; Gravesac ; Grézot 1 ; Kober 125 AA ; Kober 5 BB ; Nemadex Alain Bouquet ; Rességuier Sélection Birolleau 1 ; Riparia Gloire de Montpellier ; Rupestris du Lot ; Sélection Oppenheim 4 ; Teleki 5 C ; Teleki 8 B ; Vialla.

13. Use of microsatellites in characterization Twenty nuclear microsatellites are used to identify cultivars at INRA Montpellier/Vassal and at IFV. Nine microsatellites are currently used to check identities.

14. Sanitary status of the propagated material Material is propagated following the European Union regulations and phytosanitary passport. ANSES official Quarantine in Clermont-Ferrand Station is compulsory for any importation from outside of European Union.

15. Main reference publications related to Vitis varieties or clones

See the list at the end of this chapter.

16. Existence of old vineyards According to the authorities, old vineyards (more than 50 years) were 8,5 % in 2006 and 6,6 % in 2011.

17. List of minor cultivars Cultivars marked in bold are autochthonous and/or endangered cultivars (data 2011): Cultivar ha MONERAC N 2,77 MOURVAISON N 2,68 VERDESSE B 2,65 GRAMON N 2,6 LAUZET B 2,53 EKIGAINA 2,46 MADELEINES B 2,45 PERDEA B 2,45 OLIVETTE NOIRE N 2,29 CODIVARTA B. 2,21 VAROUSSET N 2,17 ARBANE B 1,73 PIQUEPOUL GRIS G 1,6 ZINFANDEL N 1,5 CARIGNAN BOUSCH.N 1,46 DANUTA B 1,43 ISA B 1,34 COURBU NOIR N 1,27 MILGRANET N 1,26 SEMEBAT N 1,18 EDERENA N 1,09 ROUSSETTE D AYZE B 1,08 PICARDAN BLANC 1,03 GASCON N 1 AUBIN B 0,86 CLAVERIE B 0,77 BEQUIGNOL N 0,69 OEILLADE BOUSCHE.N 0,68 PANSE PRECOCE B 0,65 CHELOIS N 0,55 SULTANINE B 0,5 PRECOCE MALINGRE B 0,47 BOUILLET N 0,46 CROUCHEN B 0,43 DATT.ST.VALLIER B 0,42 G.N. LA CALMETTE N 0,41 ST.PIERRE DORE B 0,39 GENOVESE B 0,36 CORBEAU N 0,35 TRESSOT N 0,34 MADELEINE ROYALE B 0,34 OLIVETTE BLANCHE B 0,32 ABONDANT B 0,32 ODOLA N 0,31 GARANOIR N 0,31 ELBLING B 0,27 PERLE DE CSABA B 0,26 PETIT BECLAN N 0,25 PERLETTE B 0,25

ARROUYA N 0,23 DELRHO N 0,19 BLANC DAME B 0,18 VERDEJO B 0,18 NOIR FLEURIEN N 0,17 RIMINESE B 0,17 MANCIN N 0,16 TEOULIER N 0,15 ALICANTE TERR.20 N 0,15 KNIPPERLE B 0,14 MURESCONU N 0,14 CASTETS N 0,1 CHASSEL.CIOUTAT B 0,1 FURMINT B 0,1 MOUYSSAGUES N 0,08 GRASSEN N 0,07 CANNER SEEDLESS B 0,06 ONCHETTE N 0,06 XARELLO B 0,05 DURIF N 0,05 NOUAL B 0,05 ARGANT N 0,04 ENFARINE N 0,04 JOUBERTIN N 0,04 EXALTA B 0,03 PASCAL B 0,03 POULSARD BLANC B 0,03 OTHELLO N 0,02 SULIMA B 0,02

18. Neglected cultivars (present in repositories only) All the neglected cultivars are preserved at least in INRA Vassal collection and/or IFV repository. Additionally, 113 cultivars are preserved in at less one a regional repository (see Yobregat et al. 2011).

19. Occurrence of V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris in wild habitats Since 1999, about 800 individuals have been found at national level (see Lacombe et al. 2003). Main locations are indicated on the following map:

20. Is on farm evaluation and maintenance carried out? Through INRA, IFV and partners efforts, maintenance of varieties is done in the pre mentioned collections. Recently, a South West 19th century vineyard has been officially recognized as a historical and cultural monument by the French Authorities. Nevertheless, this is a rare example of in situ preservation of the diversity, the main efforts are focused on collecting plant material before the complete destruction of old vineyards. Some evaluations of local cultivars can sometimes be initiated from a plot in a commercial vineyard, but reliable results only come from experimental blocks (established with a strict experimental protocole, that includes checking genetic identity and sanitary status).

21. Realization of prospections (minor cultivars, clones, Vitis species) About five prospections are carried out every year both for cultivated and wild resources in the whole French vineyard. Minor cultivars and clones recollections are done jointly, on the same old vineyard by IFV, INRA and regional partners. In addition to the INRA and IFV repositories, 10 varietal collections including minor cultivars (with, sometimes, a certain clonal diversity for some of them) are maintained by the partners.

22. Is particular attention paid to preservation of clones? Strong efforts are done in France since 1942 for clone preservation (see Yobregat et al. 2011). ENTAV since 1962 (named IFV today) has been established in Le Grau-du- Roi, on pure sandy soils -free of dagger nematodes- that still bring guarantees in term of sanitary status.

23. Are there any organizations responsible for grape germplasm, e.g. linking gene banks or coordinating activities? Since 1999, a French Network exists in order to coordinate the activities on grapevine genetic resources preservation. IFV and INRA Montpellier are in charge of the coordination on this network. A common database has been built to group and share the collection data: http://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/index.php

24. Existence of national respectively regional programs/projects Many programs exist (see Yobregat et al. 2011). In term of maintenance, the 3 levels (INRA Vassal, IFV Espiguette and the local repositories) take into consideration the diversity and the preservation. In term of clonal selection, French CTPS program requires experimental vineyards to be established in the native or traditional area of the considered variety for the candidates clones. In 2012, there are approximately 30 experimental vineyards being checked by the local partners. The data collected (viticultural, oenological and tasting) bring information for the official registration of new clones. Approximately fifteen new clones were certified annually. Currently just over 1100 clones are registered in Official French Catalogue of grapevine varieties. Thanks to advances in genetics, a recent study (Carrier et al. 2011) has distinguished sixty clones of Pinot through the use of SNP markers. This technique needs to be developed to analyze clones of other grape varieties.

List of publications related to Vitis varieties or clones (2007-2012) Bordenave L, Lacombe T, Laucou V, Boursiquot JM (2007). Etude historique, génétique et ampélographique des cépages Pyrénéo-Atlantiques. Bulletin de l'OIV 80: 174-180. Boursiquot JM, Audeguin L, Charmont S, Desperrier JM, Dufour MC, Jacquet O et al (2007). Catalogue des variétés et clones de vigne cultivés en France, 2nd edn. Boursiquot JM, Lacombe T, Laucou V, Julliard S, Perrin FX, Lanier N et al (2009). Parentage of Merlot and related winegrape cultivars of southwestern France: discovery of the missing link. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 15: 144-155. Carrier G., Le Cunff L., Dereeper A., Legrand D., Sabot F., Bouchez O., et al (2012) Transposable elements are a major cause of somatic polymorphism in Vitis vinifera L.. PLoS ONE 7(3): e32973. Chatelet P, Laucou V, Fernandez L, Sreekantan L, Lacombe T, Martinez-Zapater JM et al (2007). Characterization of Vitis vinifera L. somatic variants exhibiting abnormal flower development patterns. J Exp Bot 58: 4107-4118. Didier V, De Beaumont S, Besseas E, Grondain V, Séréno C, Audeguin L, 2009. - Les clones de vigne agréés en 2008. Progrès Agricole et Viticole, 15-16,357-365. Dufour M.C, Lusson A, Menant J.M, Dureuil J, Besnard E, Laffargues F, Desperrier J.M, Schneider C, Arnold G, Jacquet O, Vergnes D, Rapha J.L, Séréno C, Audeguin L, 2011. - Synthèse des résultats de la sélection clonale sur 10 ans. Le Pépiniériste, 201, 4-29. Di Gaspero G, Copetti D, Coleman C, Castellarin SD, Eibach R, Kozma P et al (2011). Selective sweep at the Rpv3 locus during grapevine breeding for downy mildew resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Di Vecchi-Staraz M, Bandinelli R, Boselli M, This P, Boursiquot JM, Laucou V et al (2007). Genetic structuring and parentage analysis for evolutionary studies in grapevine: Kin group and origin of the cultivar Sangiovese revealed. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132: 514-524. Di Vecchi-Staraz M, Bruno G, Ortigosa P, Laucou V, Lacombe T, Vares D et al (2009). Evidence of gene flow between wild and cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in France. Acta Horticulturae: 103-106. Di Vecchi-Staraz M, Laucou V, Boursiquot JM, Lacombe T, Vares D, Gerber S et al (2009). The kingroup of the cultivar 'Chardonnay' revealed. Acta Horticulturae: 233-238. El Oualkadi A, Ater M, Laucou V, Boursiquot J-M, Lacombe T, Péros J-P et al (2011). Study of gentetic relationships between wild and domesticated grapevine in the north of Morocco. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 512-526. El Oualkadi A, Ater M, Messaoudi Z, El Heit K, Laucou V, Boursiquot JM et al (2011). Genetic diversity of Moroccan grape accessions conserved ex situ compared to Maghreb and Europe gene pools. Tree Genetics and Genomes. El Oualkadi A, Ater M, Messaoudi Z, Laucou V, Boursiquot JM, Lacombe T et al (2009). Molecular Characterization of Moroccan Grapevine Germplasm Using Ssr Markers for the Establishment of a Reference Collection. Journal International Des Sciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin 43: 135-148. Emanuelli F., J. Battilana, L. Costantini, L. Le Cunff, J.M. Boursiquot, P. This, et al (2010) candidate gene association study for muscat flavor in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC Plant Biology 10:241 Fernandez L, Torregrosa L, Segura V, Bouquet A, Martinez-Zapater JM (2010). Transposon-induced gene activation as a mechanism generating cluster shape somatic variation in grapevine. Plant Journal 61: 545- 557. Fournier-Level A, Lacombe T, Le Cunff L, Boursiquot JM, This P (2010). Evolution of the VvMybA gene family, the major determinant of berry colour in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Heredity 104: 351-362. García-Muñoz S, Lacombe T, de Andrés M, Gaforio L, Muñoz-Organero G, Laucou V et al (2012). Grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) from the Balearic Islands: genetic characterization and relationship with Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean Basin. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 59: 589-605. Houel C, Bounon R, Chaib J, Guichard C, Peros JP, Bacilieri R et al (2010). Patterns of sequence polymorphism in the fleshless berry locus in cultivated and wild Vitis vinifera accessions. BMC Plant Biology 10. Julliard S, Roy JL, Audeguin L, Séréno C, Boursiquot JM, Lacombe T et al (2007). Prospection et valorisation de cépage Trousseau gris dans les Charentes. Revue des Oenologues 122. Lacombe T, Audeguin L, Boselli M, Bucchetti B, Cabello F, Chatelet P et al (2011). Grapevine European Catalogue: Towards a Comprenhensive List. Vitis 50: 65-68. Lacombe T, Boursiquot JM, Laucou V, Dechesne F, Vares D, This P (2007). Relationships and genetic diversity within the accessions related to Malvasia held in the Domaine de Vassal grape germplasm repository. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 58: 124-131. Laucou V, Boursiquot JM, Lacombe T, Bordenave L, Decroocq S, Ollat N (2008). Parentage of grapevine rootstock 'Fercal' finally elucidated. Vitis 47: 163-167.

Laucou V, Lacombe T, Dechesne F, Siret R, Bruno JP, Dessup M et al (2011). High throughput analysis of grape genetic diversity as a tool for germplasm collection management. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 122: 1233-1245. Le Cunff L, Fournier-Level A, Laucou V, Vezzulli S, Lacombe T, Adam-Blondon A-F et al (2008). Construction of nested genetic core collections to optimize the exploitation of natural diversity in Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sativa. BMC Plant Biology 8: 31. Mejía N., B. Soto, M. Guerrero, X. Casanueva, C. Houel, M. de los Angeles Miccono, et al (2011) Molecular, genetic and transcriptional evidences for a role of VvAGL11 in stenospermocarpic seedlessness in grapevine. BMC Plant Biology 11:57. Martinez L, Cavagnaro P, Boursiquot J-M, Agueero C (2008). Molecular characterization of Bonarda-type grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars from Argentina, Italy, and France. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 59: 287-291. Péros JP, Berger G, Portemont A, Boursiquot JM, Lacombe T (2011). Genetic variation and biogeography of the disjunct Vitis subg. Vitis (Vitaceae). Journal of Biogeography 38: 471-486. Riahi L, Zoghlami N, El-Heit K, Laucou V, Le Cunff L, Boursiquot J et al (2010). Genetic structure and differentiation among grapevines (Vitis vinifera) accessions from Maghreb region. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 57: 255-272. Riahi L., V. Laucou, L. Le Cunff, N. Zoghlamia, J.M. Boursiquot, T. Lacombe, et al (2012) Highly polymorphic nSSR markers: A useful tool to assess origin of North African cultivars and to provide additional proofs of secondary grapevine domestication events. Scientia Horticulturae 141: 53–60 Salva G, Uscidda N, Bourde L, Vergnes D, Desperrier J.M, Minodier R, Mascia M.L, Séréno C, Audeguin L, Boursiquot J.M, 2007. - Les clones de vigne agréés en 2006. Progrès Agricole et Viticole, 3,27-35. Staraz MVd, Boselli M, Laucou V, Lacombe T, This P, Gerber S et al (2007). Famoz: a software for large scale parentage analysis in Vitis vinifera L. species. In: Nuzzo VGPGC (ed) Acta Horticulturae, pp 79-83. Tapia AM, Cabezas JA, Cabello F, Lacombe T, Martinez-Zapater JM, Hinrichsen P et al (2007). Determining the Spanish origin of representative ancient American grapevine varieties. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 58: 242-251. This P, Lacombe T, Cadle-Davidson M, Owens CL (2007). Wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) color associates with allelic variation in the domestication gene VvmybA1. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114: 723-730. Torello Marinoni D, Raimondi S, Ruffa P, Lacombe T, Schneider A (2009). Identification of grape cultivars from Liguria (north-western Italy). Vitis 48: 175-183. Vargas AM, Velez MD, de Andres MT, Laucou V, Lacombe T, Boursiquot JM et al (2007). Corinto bianco: A seedless mutant of Pedro Ximenes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 58: 540-543. Vergnes D, Delorme G, Séréno C, Audeguin L, 2008. - Les clones de vigne agréés en 2007. Progrès Agricole et Viticole, 19,525-531. Yiou P, García de Cortázar-Atauri I, Chuine I, Daux V, Garnier E, Viovy N et al (2012). Continental atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Little Ice Age inferred from grape harvest dates. Climate of the past 8: 577-588. Yobregat O, Séréno C, Audeguin L, Lacombe T, Boursiquot J-M (2011). Conservation de la diversité intravariétale de la vigne en France : situation générale en 2010, perspectives et priorités pour l’avenir. Progrès Agricole et Viticole 128: 211-230. Zoghlami N, Riahi L, Laucou V, Lacombe T, Mliki A, Ghorbel A et al (2009). Origin and genetic diversity of Tunisian grapes as revealed by microsatellite markers. Scientia Horticulturae 120: 479-486.