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Malli Aradhya, Bernard H. Prins, Christine V. Marsden, and John

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Malli Aradhya, Bernard H. Prins, Christine V. Marsden, and John United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Plant Germplasm System Morphometric Analysis of Cultivated Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Malli Aradhya, Bernard H. Prins, Christine V. Marsden, and John Preece 1National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Tree Fruit, Nut Crops and Grapes, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis, California 95616 Introduction Results and Discussion To understand the genetic basis of phenotypes, . The cultivated grape collection possess significant amount of variability for all characters included in the study. especially economic phenotypes governed by . Cluster and berry traits exhibited coefficient of variation ranging from 30 to well over 60 percent reflecting breeding value and scope for genetic improvement polygenes, it is critical to accurately phenotype of grape for these traits. individuals. While currently massive amounts of . The CA revealed four major groups within the cultivated grape included in the analysis (Fig. 1) – Group 1 is mainly made up of table grapes along with some genomic data are available, lack of accurate Southern European wine grapes often used in breeding of table grapes mostly from West and South Asia and Asia Minor, but some from Eastern and phenotypic data has become a serious impediment to Southern Europe; Group 2 is mostly composed of European wine grapes; Group 3 is similar to Group 1 containing table grapes from Eastern Europe and East and West Asia along with some less known wine types from Southern and Eastern Europe; and Group 4 is predominantly wine grapes from Europe and develop genomics-assisted crop improvement occasionally a few table grapes and hybrids. programs, particularly in perennial and tree crop . The PCA elucidated groups more or less similar to the CA with groups 1 and 3 somewhat overlapping in both analyses. species. Accurate phenotyping of perennial crops is . The four groups revealed in the cluster analysis differed for mean and coefficient of variation for all metric traits (Table 2). time consuming and resource intensive, especially . The plant traits used in the study did not clearly distinguish between table and wine grapes. However, both CA and PCA brought out some specific when replicated, multi-year/location data are required differences among groups with respect to the frequency and composition of wine, table and dual use type grapes. to account for genotype-by-environment interactions. Knowledge of plant traits and their relationship with Overall, the cultivated grape germplasm collection evaluated possess considerable phenotypic variability as suggested by the variability measures computed, the economic traits and availability of high which translates into the breeding value of the collection and the scope for genetic improvement of both wine and table grapes. The population structure based throughput capacity to phenotype are the essential on the phenotypic traits may be somewhat different from the molecular traits and should not be neglected while developing genomics-based selection strategies. for successful development of genomics-based breeding strategies. We report here results of a numerical analysis on Table. 2 Variability parameters morphometric data collected in 2009 on a subset of Figure 1. Cluster analysis depicting the relationships among grape accessions cultivated grape germplasm collection representing GRO CV Variable UP N Range Mean SD (%) wine, table and dual type cultivars. We analyze data to assess phenotypic variability, population structure, BUDBURST G1 116 29 92.405±0.522 5.618 6.08 Memory Of Queen Elizabeth DVIT0458 AUS and to understand the genetic relationships among Red Ohanez DVIT2757 SPA G2 117 29 89.752±0.465 5.026 5.6 Fatai DVIT2510 PAK Lal Sorkh DVIT0442 AFG Madam Matijas DVIT2642 YUG accessions. Mueller-thurgau DVIT0853 AUS G3 52 26 91.288±0.656 4.733 5.19 Araclinos DVIT0632 GRE Kastour Rumi DVIT2103 EGY Kishmish Early DVIT2324 USSR G4 215 30 90.563±0.398 5.832 6.44 Barbableu DVIT1651 ITA Kandhari DVIT2081 IND Littorio (i.p. 90) DVIT0446 ITA ChaouchiMourisco Politico Branco DVIT0599 DVIT0850 GRE PORT Lattuario DVIT0445 ITA Dschan Im Isium DVIT0315 USSR Diamente Nero DVIT0614 ITA Siar DVIT0522 AFG Budrilay DVIT2506 PAK Neo-Muscat DVIT2645 JAP Sochal Kara-kash DVIT2340 USSR Muscat Bowood DVIT0463 EGY Muscat Of Alexandria DVIT0465 EGY Etraire De Ladhui DVIT0714 FRA Kokour Rot DVIT0318 GER Arcathinoh DVIT0635 GRE Arnsburger DVIT2666 GER Dehbina DVIT0705 GRE Sauvignon Gris DVIT1123 FRA Khalchili DVIT0430 AFG Poet Matabon DVIT1658 FRA Criolla Negra DVIT1091 VEN Shando Khari DVIT0520 AFG Conte Rosso DVIT0382 ITA b 39-52 Mlc DVIT1857 MEXICO Kandahari DVIT0429 AFG Monukka DVIT0462 AFG Black Rose DVIT0362 USA Muscat Rouge Fouce DVIT1656 FRA Shtur Angur DVIT2168 USSR BLOOMDATE G1 116 21 135.68±0.269 2.9 2.14 Chan Isium DVIT0613 GER 0.05 Kishmish Spien DVIT0438 AFG Barmak Isium DVIT0310 GER Pirobelle DVIT2700 SA Materials & Methods Dan Ben Chana DVIT2633 ISR Red Malaga DVIT0498 SPA TokayAsma DVIT0534 DVIT0308 ALG GER Husseine DVIT0419 AFG Ranny Vira DVIT2684Seeded USSR Thompson DVIT1334 ISR Doradillo DVIT2635 SPA Ithani Mavro DVIT0621 GRE Carignane DVIT1064 USA Barone Dellaterno DVIT0350 ITA Sciacarello DVIT1125 FRA Olivette Vendemien DVIT0482 FRA Jampal DVIT0763 PORT Buraburi DVIT2512 PAK Alicante Vermelho DVIT0626 PORT Mortagua DVIT0840 PORT Vernatschia Alternatures DVIT1076 GER G2 117 22 132.85±0.266 2.87 2.16 Morrastel DVIT0839 FRA Kishmish-charni DVIT2325Longyan USSR DVIT2078 CHN Askary DVIT0565 IRAN Eununi DVIT0400 ISR Cirmisi Sap De Sudak DVIT0313 USSR Askathari DVIT0638 GRE Clairette Blanche DVIT3003 FRA Aspruda Ariloghi DVIT0642 GRE MoscatelCorniola Ros. DVIT3162 De Blas ITA DVIT2328 ARGDermatas DVIT0572 GRE San Juanina Rosada DVIT2927 ARG Kozma Pal Muskotaly DVIT2681 HUN Madeleine Celine DVIT0452 FRA Anna Maria DVIT3156 ITA Joao Santarem DVIT0764Olivette PORTBauthelet DVIT0590 FRA Ghula Dari DVIT0409 AFG Tchilar DVIT2688 USSR Mureto DVIT0854 PORT ChaouchSulTanina DVIT0371 Rose TUR DVIT0530 USSR FayoumiCaus DVIT2636 X Perle EGY Of Csaba DVIT2308 YUG G3 52 20 135.83±0.465 3.35 2.47 Marsanne DVIT0817 FRA A subset of 500 cultivated grape accessions Taifi DVIT2174 USSR GanjehiOhanes BlackDVIT0615 DVIT0478 Kishmish IRAN SPA DVIT0358 USSR Grillo DVIT0752 ITA Treixadura Blanca DVIT2661 SPA Beba DVIT0651 SPA Semillon DVIT0954PiNot Blanc FRA DVIT0904 FRA G4 215 27 133.75±0.224 3.29 2.46 Agadia DVIT0334 USSR Churgoon DVIT2532 PAK representing the range of variability and geographic Mrs Pince Black Muscat DVIT2160 UK Ferral Tamara DVIT0406 PORT Blanc De Crimei DVIT0312 USSR Milton DVIT0459 FRA Harslevelu DVIT0755 AUS Waltham Cross DVIT2343 SA DOVine DVIT2516 USA Dais-el-anz DVIT0569 IRAQ Sahibi Sorkh DVIT0510 AFG Lombardia DVIT0447 ITA Calmeria ServantDVIT0366 DVIT0518 USA FRA Gocseji Zamatos DVIT2673 HUN Red HanepootRozoviiRed Kishmish DVIT0593Roumi DVIT2083 DVIT0507 SA EGY USSR distribution of the cultivated grape (V. vinifera) from Salomani DVIT0597 IRAQ Agoumastos DVIT1024 GRE Queen Of The Vineyard DVIT0496 AUS Aswad DVIT2085 YEM Italia (IP 65) DVIT0424 ITA KarabournovFrankenthal DVIT2703 DVIT0408 RUSSIA ITA CLUSTLEN G1 116 370 223.58±6.03 64.9 29.03 Sochal DVIT1126Calmeria USSR DVIT1084 USA Helena DVIT0756 USA BhokariEarly Muscat DVIT0353 DVIT0394 IND USA Asma DVIT2054 USSR Duc De Malakoff DVIT0393 FRA Kerner DVIT3104 GER Merlot DVIT0826 FRA Murma Isium DVIT0320 GER Koret DVIT2679 HUN the germplasm collection maintained at the USDA GrosTinta Maroc Amarella DVIT0414 DVIT0982 ISR PORT Zlahtina DVIT0607 YUG Donzillinho DVIT2634 POR Trousseau DVIT0995 FRA G2 117 295.6 164.35±3.95 42.72 25.99 ChasselasBaharatROM DVIT0595 MusqueEarly DVIT2306 DVIT0374 ROM IND FRA Germplasm Repository, Davis, California is included Royal DVIT0596 BEL G3 52 773 235.2±15 108.1 45.95 Setzlinge DodreliabiBlack DVIT0331 Queen DVIT0022USSR JAP Pleven Mychat DVIT3171 BUL BondolaKoptcha DVIT3067 DVIT0783 SWT USSR HimrisnkyMoscatel DVIT0328Sovereign Galego GER RoseDVIT0842 DVIT2153 PORT CAN Muscat De Ladda DVIT2166 FRA G4 215 1217.41 195.88±7.21 105.66 53.94 in this study. A set of 25 nominal, ordinal, and metric Rousseau DVIT0936 FRA b 39-59aTallian Mlc DVIT0532 DVIT1859 HUN MEXICO Argant DVIT2305 SPA Taschli DVIT0325 GER July Muscat DVIT0426 USABakari DornfelderMavro DVIT0653 DVIT2705Black GRE Corinth GER DVIT1052 GRE Hungarian Millenium DVIT0761 HUN Stambulari (stambul Ali) DVIT0332 GER HonigberRed-White DVIT0760 Veltliner MOR DVIT0929b 39-59 GER Mlc DVIT1858Perle MEXICODVIT2647 GER PlavacTerret Mali Schwarz DVIT1119 DVIT1318 YUG GER traits (Table 1) from the 2009 evaluation of grape has BerzaminoBoyalsing DVIT0657 I DVIT2496 ITA PAK OtschaTand Bala DVIT0533 DVIT0617 AFG GER Bhokri DVIT1081Johanna IND Mathiasz DVIT0425 AUS Leanoy DVIT2641 USSR Malaga Rosada DVIT0454 PERU CLUSTWDTH G1 116 262.63 145.11±4.09 44.06 30.36 been used to analyze phenotypic variability, Delizia DiSahibi TerraVaprio DVIT0509 Promessa DVIT0571Muscat AFG DVIT2114 ITATalebot DVIT0473 ISR FRA Mamelon DVIT0586 FRA ChasselasStambul Rose Ali DVIT0376 (stambulari) FRA DVIT0324 GER Chasselas Tompa DVIT0378 AUS Mourisco DVIT0849Chrisostaphylo PORT DVIT0567 GRE Zimsko Belo DVIT2664 YUG G2 117 201.76 112.56±3.69 39.94 35.49 Fahri DVIT0402Pedro AFG Ximenez DVIT0890 SPA Black Hamburg DVIT1309 GER ErlihaneNetter DVIT2671 DVIT0474 SA ISR population structure, and classify germplasm. ChasselasVan Der Laan Tokay DVIT0543 DVIT0377 NET AUS Dabouki DVIT0388 ISR Osteiner DVIT2330 GER G3 52 160 146.61±4.89 35.29 24.07 MonTanaccioTerret Gris DVIT0836
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