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The Politeness Ethic and the Development of the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England

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The Politeness Ethic and the Development of the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England The Politeness Ethic and the Development of the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England Rosalind Lee Beng Tan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social Sciences University of New South Wales March 2015 Originality Statement ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in this thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ _________________________________________________________________________++ Signed by Rosalind L B Tan i Acknowledgements This thesis embodies the humanistic scholarship and the exemplary mentorship of my principal supervisor, Professor Andrew Metcalfe. It is built on his ascetic practice, nurtured through his emphasis on rationality, and sustained till the end by the inspiration of his politeness. It has been an exhilarating and soul-nourishing experience and this thesis will not be possible without the guidance and devotion of Professor Metcalfe. I wish to extend my heartfelt appreciation to the School of Social Sciences at the University of New South Wales. In particular, I would like to thank Associate Professor Paul Jones for his guidance, and my joint supervisor, Dr Claudia Tazreiter, for her faith in me and for her encouragement throughout my candidature. I have also benefited much from the interest and support of the panel members of the Annual Progress Reviews. I wish to thank Professor Ann Game, Professor Elizabeth Fernandez, Associate Professor Helen Meekosha, Associate Professor Leanne Dowse, Associate Professor Rogelia Pe-Pua, and Dr Mary Zournazi. I have also thoroughly enjoyed the thesis-writing courses conducted by Associate Professor Sue Starfield and Dr Michael Wearing. I am grateful for the kindness and friendship extended to me by Associate Professor Alan Morris, now researching at the Centre for Local Government, University of Technology, Sydney, as well as Professor Ursula Rao, now directing the Institute of Anthropology at the University of Leipzig. I extend my grateful thanks to my special friend, Dr Monica Laura Vaquez Maggio for her friendship. I would also like to acknowledge the support, kindness and assistance of Ms Anita Sibrits for ensuring that I got the supervisor’s feedback when I was writing in the bush. At UNSW, my candidature was supported by the efficiency and kindness of the staff at the Inter-Library Loan section of the Library, the Technical Support Service, the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, as well as the School of Graduate Research. During my literature research in England on Wedgwood and the production and consumption of porcelain and earthenware, I was privileged to have received the generous help of Kevin Salt at the Wedgwood Museum, as well as the kind assistance of the librarians at the National Art Library, Victoria and Albert Museum and the British Library. ii My thesis writing would not have been possible without the constant encouragement and enduring faith of my special friends and loving family. They were instrumental in sustaining the flickering candle light when it was almost extinguished during a thunderstorm. I would like to thank most heartily Andrew and Tracey for standing by me and holding my hands when the going got tough. Gerry and Neil gave me courage to persevere when I stumbled. David and Juliet checked on my progress and listened to my trials with sympathy. Toby and Helen supported with their interest in my thesis argument. Ian and Janie sustained me as I struggled to find my voice. Pauline and Darryl nourished me with their positivity. Lucinda and Martin supported me in my endeavour. Alison and Richard energised me with their intellectual curiosity. Bill and Liz spurred me on through engaging discussions. Kyril and Terry did not doubt my ability to complete the thesis. Dianne and Geoff gave me reason to be tenacious. I acknowledge their embrace as I inch my way up, slowly but surely. I have a large contingent of the most faithful and devoted cheerleaders from Canada, Singapore and England who hauled me out of the crevasses with their moral strength and emotional support. First and foremost, I cannot thank my sister, Hazel, enough for seeing me through and insisting that I must look for a dedicated supervisor, who has the best interests of the students at heart, and who extends himself beyond the call of duty. She could not have been more ‘spot-on’ with that counsel. I want to thank Hazel for assuming the role of an examiner in guiding me through writing my introduction and conclusion, the two most difficult chapters of the whole thesis. In the last year, the constant nourishment provided by my special friends and family members, Francisca in Perth and Swee Peng in Singapore, has been indispensable in energising me to keep the faith and finish the race. I thank Meng Eng for her implicit faith and interest in my progress. Dorothy, Lee Lee and Linda have all pushed me closer to the finish line with their encouraging words. I thank Mrs Loong for feeding the chickens, Sugar and Nice, and attending to my veggie patch whilst I studied. I thank James and Angela for helping me sort out my computer problem. I wish to extend my deepest gratitude to Pearlyn for giving me the much needed support before, during and after the Singapore Book Fairs, so that I could focus on my thesis writing. I want to thank Thian Poh, Min Hao and Min Jie for their thoughtfulness and practical help when I had to struggle with thesis writing and selling books. The timely visits of my god-children Gabriel, Lionel, Isabelle, Crystalle, Candice and Annabel during my thesis writing gave me the much needed opportunity to relax iii and recharge. I want to thank them all for waving their flags and dancing along with their pom-poms right till the end. The rousing support from Vic and Michael in England came loud and clear. I thank them for their constant encouragement and interest in my progress. Their love and friendship, as well as interest in my thesis, encouraged me to strive on. In particular, I want to acknowledge their hospitality and generosity during my two-week research stint in England. I thank Nigel and Gilly, Alistair and Mrs Doreen Drake for believing in me and cheering me on. The thesis writing is a collaborative effort. It is a joint mobilization exercise from the very beginning. There is no way I could have done it alone. Nicholas Drake has been my examiner, supervisor, co-researcher, and collaborator throughout this journey. He is also the gardener, the cook, the washer-upper, the handyman, the courier pigeon and the best helpmate. Not only did he have to endure late nights listening to my various hypotheses, but he also had to keep my body and soul together. I have been nourished on the sweetest and freshest sweet corn, peas, broccoli, cabbages, zucchinis, cucumbers, chillies, tomatoes, potatoes, spinach, lettuce, artichoke, radishes, capsicums, ladies fingers, garlic, brinjals and celery. As the head gardener, he delighted me with the most beautiful lavender, roses, irises, gladioli, camellia, sweet peas and dahlia. It is his pursuit of perfection and interest in classical symmetry and proportion, in life and aesthetics, which inspired me to study eighteenth-century England. Nicholas’s ascetic approach to cultivating the land and ensuring that the best yields are coaxed from the veggie garden, as well as his pursuit of perfection, convinced me that politeness is not an ethical and aesthetic orientation appropriated only by the Georgian English. iv Thesis Abstract The transition of the age of enlightenment has been interrogated in several ways. Weber traces the relationship between asceticism and the rise of capitalism in the seventeenth century. Elias discusses the cultivation of civilitè, founded on rationalization, social constraints and self-restraint, in interrogating the making of the French courtiers and the bourgeois society. In analysing the development of the public sphere, Habermas identifies the importance of conversation, predicated on rationality and sociability. Foucault stresses the disciplining of the self to prepare the individuals to participate in the public sphere. To contribute to the above dialogue, this thesis interrogates the idiom of politeness as a constituent of the ethical and aesthetic landscape of eighteenth-century England. It analyses the themes of asceticism, rationality and sociability implicit in the three key components of politeness: self-cultivation, social interaction and cultural construction. To trace the rise and pursuit of politeness, this thesis refers to the works, letters and personal notes of the third Earl of Shaftesbury, the writings of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele as encapsulated in the Spectator, personal correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood, one of England foremost capitalists, as well as secondary historical literature. In The Protestant Ethic, Weber establishes the congruence between Calvinism and the spirit of capitalism. This thesis interrogates the life of Josiah Wedgwood, a non- Calvinist, to illustrate that capitalism in the post-puritan era did not function on a mechanistic foundation as suggested by Weber. Rather, it proposes that the ethic of politeness, rooted in asceticism and predicated on rationality and sociability, exerted its influence on the new class of gentlemen, represented by Wedgwood in his role as a capitalist, cultural producer and citizen-patriot.
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