Notes Introduction 1. Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, JournaldeMarquis de Dangeau avec les Additions duDucdeSaint-Simon, vol. 3 (Paris, 1854) 125, referring to the salon of Mme de Rambouillet, Une espèce d’académie des beaux esprits, de galanterie, de vertu et de science, car toutes ces choses-las’accomodoient alors merveilleusement ensemble, et le rendez-vous de tout ce qui étoit le plus distingué en con- dition et en mérite, un tribunal avec qui il falloit compter, et dont la décision avoit un grand poids dans le monde. All translations are my own unless otherwise stated. 2. Ute Brandes, “Salons,” TheBlackwell Companion to theEnlightenment (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991) 471. 3. “Sociability,” n. Third edition of Oxford English Dictionary, September 2009; 21 January 2015. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/183735. 4. Vicesimus Knox, Essays Moral and Literary ... vol.2(London, 1782) 81. 5. Siobhán Kilfeather, “The Profession of Letters, 1700–1810,” in TheField Day Anthology of Irish Writing: Irish Women’s Writing and Traditions, vol.5,ed. Angela Bourkeetal. (Cork: Cork UP, 2002) 776. 6. See for example, James Kelly and Martyn Powell, eds., Clubsand Societies in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2010). 7. Markman Ellis, “Coffee-Women, TheSpectator and thePublic Sphere in the EarlyEighteenth Century,” Women, Writing and thePublic Sphere, 1700–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001) 27–52. 8. Peter Clark, British Clubsand Societies 1580–1800, The Origins of an Associational World (Oxford: OUP, 2002) 204. 9. Indeed a footnote advises “see below, pp 198–204” and this is the extent to which women feature in the book. 10. Toby Barnard, “ ‘Grand Metropolis’ or ‘The Anus of the World’? The Cul- tural Life of Eighteenth-Century Dublin,” in Two Capitals. London and Dublin 1500–1840, ed. Peter Clark and Raymond Gillespie (Oxford: OUP, 2001) 191. There are, however, important exceptions, such as the significant work carried out by Lady Arabella Denny with regardstotheDublin Foundling Hospital and Magdalen asylum, see Frances Clarke, “Lady Arabella Denny,” Dictionary of Irish Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, with Royal Irish Academy, current) henceforth DIB. 11. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002) 30. 12. For discussion of the “problem of orders” and an understanding of the differ- ent members of elite society including peers, aristocrats, and gentry, see Toby Barnard, A New Anatomy of Ireland, The Irish Protestants, 1649–1770 (New 177 178 Notes Haven and London: Yale UP, 2004),and Katharine Glover, Elite Women and Polite Society in Eighteenth-Century Scotland (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011). 13. John Brewer, ThePleasures of the Imagination (London: HarperCollins, 1997) 34; 37. Of course, there were also aristocratic clubs and societies in existence, the most famous perhaps being the Kit Cat Club (c.1696–1720), “It included many of the powerful Whiggrandees of taste and no fewer than ten of its members were dukes,” Brewer 41. 14. There were also examples of male hosts or joint male and female hosts, generally a married couple, and these are included throughout the current study. 15. Necker to Grimm, 16 January 1777, in Necker, Nouveaux Mélanges extraits des Manuscrits de Mme Neckerr, ed. Jacques Necker (Paris, 1801) 344–345. 16. Chauncey Brewster Tinker, TheSalon and English Letters: Chapters on the Inter- relations of Literature and Society in the age of Johnson (New York: Macmillan, 1915) 223. 17. David Hume, Essays Moral Political and Literary, ed.Eugene Miller, Revised Ed. (Indianapolis, Liberty Classics, 1987) 271. 18. Barbauld, quoted in Christina deBellaigue, Educating Women: Schooling and Identity in England and France, 1800–1867 (Oxford: OUP, 2007) 19. 19. Elizabeth Eger, Bluestockings: Women of Reason From Enlightenment to Roman- ticism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 106. 20. E.J. Clery, The Feminization Debate in Eighteenth-Century England: Literature, Commerce and Luxury (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). 21. Benedetta Craveri, TheAgeof Conversation, Trans. Teresa Waugh(New York: New York Review Books, 2005) xiv. 22. Stephen Conway, Britain, Ireland,and Continental Europe in the Eighteenth Century, Similarities, Connections, Identities (Oxford: OUP, 2011) 112. 23. AmandaVickery and JohnStyles, eds., Gender, Taste and Material Culture in Britain and North America, 1700–1830 (New Haven: The Yale Centre for British Art, 2006) 285. Vickery’s Behind Closed Doors, at Home in Georgian England (2009), is also very useful in relation to British material culture, as is such collaborative work as Jeremy Aynsley and Charlotte Grant’s Imagined Interiors: Representing the Domestic Interior since the Renaissance (2006). 24. As Patrick Walsh has noted, “Some of this neglect can be attributed to post- colonial political and cultural concerns which have pushed the study of country houses to the margins of Irish historiography except where they dealt with the break-up of the great estates during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.” Patrick Walsh, “William Conolly and Castletown,” in The Irish Country House, Its Past Present and Future, ed. Terence Dooley and Christopher Ridgway (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011) 25. 25. Dooley 16. 26. Examples include the National University of Ireland Maynooth’s Centre for theStudy of Historic Houses in Ireland, www.historicirishhouses.ie, and NUI Galway’s comprehensive database on landed estates andhistoric houses in Connachtand Munster – Landed Estates Database, www.landedestates.ie. 27. Granard Papers, T3765/N. 28. Madame de Rambouillet is said to have drawn up the plans for the 1619 and 1627 renovations of the Hôtel de Rambouillet herself, see Pamela Notes 179 Plumb-Dhindsa, “From Royal Bed to Boudoir: The Dissolution of the Space of Appearance Told Through the History of the French Salon,” MA thesis, McGill University, 1998, 10. 29. LeTrésor de la Langue Française dates its first use in this manner to 1793,but Jacqueline Hellegouarc’h has traced that use to 1783 after discovering the term in volume VI of Tableau deParis. Jacqueline Hellegouarc’h, L’Esprit de société: cercles et “salons” parisiens au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Garnier, 2000) 450. 30. The OED suggests Frances Burney’s reference to “the conversazione” in 1782 as one of the first examples of the entrance of the term into English but there are many examples of earlier usage, including the following from Hannah More: “I was engaged at Mrs Boscawen’s to meet by appointment a party. It was a conversazione, but composed of rather too many people ... ”(1776), Hannah More, Memoirs of theLifeand Correspondence of Mrs Hannah More, ed.William Roberts, vol.1(London, 1834) 92, whileThomas Gray mentions them as early as 1739 in a letter to Richard West, where he refers to “the Marquise de Cavaillac’s Conversazione,” Thomas Gray, TheWorksof Thomas Gray,vol.2(London, 1835) 70. 31. Máire Kennedy, “Readership in French: The Irish Experience” in Ireland and the French Enlightenment, 1700–1800, ed. Graham Gargett and Geraldine Sheridan (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) 14. 32. Elizabeth Carterr, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot, from the Year 1741 to 1770 ...(London, 1808) 374; 177. 33. Stefanie Stockhorst, ed. Cultural Transfer through Translation, The Circulation of Enlightened Thought in Europe by means of Translation (Amsterdam and New York:Rodopi, 2010) 20. 34. Ann Thomson, Simon Burrows, and Edmond Dziembowski, eds. Cultural Transfers, France and Britain in the Long Eighteenth Century (Oxford: SVEC, 2010) 4. 35. Conway 213. 36. Emma Major, “Femininity and National Identity:Elizabeth Montagu’sTrip to France,” ELH 72 (2005): 901–918. 37. Joep Leerssen, Mere Irish and Fíor-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, its Development, and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century (Cork: Field Day Press, 1996) 17. 38. Andrew Carpenter, “Poetry in English, 1690–1800: From theWilliamite Wars to the Act of Union,” Cambridge History of Irish Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006). 39. Emily Fitzgerald, “Duchess of Leinster,” in Correspondence of Emily, Duchess of Leinster (1731–1814), ed. Brian Fitzgerald, vol. 3 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1949–1957) 379. 40. Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance, Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) 135. 41. Toby Barnard, “Reading in Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Public and Private Pleasures,” in TheExperience of Reading, ed. Máire Kennedy and Bernadette Cunningham (Dublin: Rare Books Group, 1999) 65. 42. Barnard 68. 43. Mark Purcell, The Big House Library in Ireland, Books in Ulster Country Houses (Swindon: The National Trust, 2011) 13. 44. Purcell 13. 180 Notes 45. Anthony Malcolmson, The Pursuit of the Heiress: Aristocratic Marriage in Ireland (Belfast: Ulster History Foundation, 2006) 122. 46. Granard Papers, T3765/N/2; Ross Balfour, ed., TheLibrary of Mrs Elizabeth Vesey (Newcastle-on-Tyne: Robinson, 1926). 1The French Salon: Its Foreign Participants and Hosts 1. Dashkova, The Memoirs of Princess Dashkova, ed. Kyril Fitzlyon (Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1995) 127. 2.Edward Gibbon, Miscellaneous Worksof Edward Gibbon, Esq. with Memoirs of His Lifeand Writings, ComposedbyHimself ...(London, 1796) 432. 3. Steven D. Kale, French Salons: High Society and Political Sociabilityfrom the Old Regime (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 2004) 229. 4. André Morellet, Mémoires Inédits del’abbé Morellet de l’Académie française