Notes

Introduction

1. Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, JournaldeMarquis de Dangeau avec les Additions duDucdeSaint-Simon, vol. 3 (Paris, 1854) 125, referring to the salon of Mme de Rambouillet,

Une espèce d’académie des beaux esprits, de galanterie, de vertu et de science, car toutes ces choses-las’accomodoient alors merveilleusement ensemble, et le rendez-vous de tout ce qui étoit le plus distingué en con- dition et en mérite, un tribunal avec qui il falloit compter, et dont la décision avoit un grand poids dans le monde.

All translations are my own unless otherwise stated. 2. Ute Brandes, “Salons,” TheBlackwell Companion to theEnlightenment (: Blackwell, 1991) 471. 3. “Sociability,” n. Third edition of Oxford English Dictionary, September 2009; 21 January 2015. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/183735. 4. Vicesimus Knox, Essays Moral and Literary ... vol.2(London, 1782) 81. 5. Siobhán Kilfeather, “The Profession of Letters, 1700–1810,” in TheField Day Anthology of Irish Writing: Irish Women’s Writing and , vol.5,ed. Angela Bourkeetal. (Cork: Cork UP, 2002) 776. 6. See for example, James Kelly and Martyn Powell, eds., Clubsand Societies in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2010). 7. Markman Ellis, “Coffee-Women, TheSpectator and thePublic Sphere in the EarlyEighteenth Century,” Women, Writing and thePublic Sphere, 1700–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001) 27–52. 8. Peter Clark, British Clubsand Societies 1580–1800, The Origins of an Associational World (Oxford: OUP, 2002) 204. 9. Indeed a footnote advises “see below, pp 198–204” and this is the extent to which women feature in the book. 10. Toby Barnard, “ ‘Grand Metropolis’ or ‘The Anus of the World’? The Cul- tural Life of Eighteenth-Century Dublin,” in Two Capitals. London and Dublin 1500–1840, ed. Peter Clark and Raymond Gillespie (Oxford: OUP, 2001) 191. There are, however, important exceptions, such as the significant work carried out by Lady Arabella Denny with regardstotheDublin Foundling Hospital and Magdalen asylum, see Frances Clarke, “Lady Arabella Denny,” Dictionary of Irish Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, with Royal Irish Academy, current) henceforth DIB. 11. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002) 30. 12. For discussion of the “problem of orders” and an understanding of the differ- ent members of elite society including peers, aristocrats, and gentry, see Toby Barnard, A New Anatomy of Ireland, The Irish Protestants, 1649–1770 (New

177 178 Notes

Haven and London: Yale UP, 2004),and Katharine Glover, Elite Women and Polite Society in Eighteenth-Century Scotland (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011). 13. John Brewer, ThePleasures of the Imagination (London: HarperCollins, 1997) 34; 37. Of course, there were also aristocratic clubs and societies in existence, the most famous perhaps being the Kit Cat Club (c.1696–1720), “It included many of the powerful Whiggrandees of taste and no fewer than ten of its members were dukes,” Brewer 41. 14. There were also examples of male hosts or joint male and female hosts, generally a married couple, and these are included throughout the current study. 15. Necker to Grimm, 16 January 1777, in Necker, Nouveaux Mélanges extraits des Manuscrits de Mme Neckerr, ed. Jacques Necker (Paris, 1801) 344–345. 16. Chauncey Brewster Tinker, TheSalon and English Letters: Chapters on the Inter- relations of Literature and Society in the age of Johnson (New York: Macmillan, 1915) 223. 17. , Essays Moral Political and Literary, ed.Eugene Miller, Revised Ed. (Indianapolis, Liberty Classics, 1987) 271. 18. Barbauld, quoted in Christina deBellaigue, Educating Women: Schooling and Identity in and France, 1800–1867 (Oxford: OUP, 2007) 19. 19. Elizabeth Eger, : Women of Reason From Enlightenment to Roman- ticism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 106. 20. E.J. Clery, The Feminization Debate in Eighteenth-Century England: Literature, Commerce and Luxury (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). 21. Benedetta Craveri, TheAgeof Conversation, Trans. Teresa Waugh(New York: New York Review Books, 2005) xiv. 22. Stephen Conway, Britain, Ireland,and Continental Europe in the Eighteenth Century, Similarities, Connections, Identities (Oxford: OUP, 2011) 112. 23. AmandaVickery and JohnStyles, eds., Gender, Taste and Material Culture in Britain and North America, 1700–1830 (New Haven: The Yale Centre for British Art, 2006) 285. Vickery’s Behind Closed Doors, at Home in Georgian England (2009), is also very useful in relation to British material culture, as is such collaborative work as Jeremy Aynsley and Charlotte Grant’s Imagined Interiors: Representing the Domestic Interior since the Renaissance (2006). 24. As Patrick Walsh has noted, “Some of this neglect can be attributed to post- colonial political and cultural concerns which have pushed the study of country houses to the margins of Irish historiography except where they dealt with the break-up of the great estates during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.” Patrick Walsh, “William Conolly and Castletown,” in The Irish Country House, Its Past Present and Future, ed. Terence Dooley and Christopher Ridgway (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011) 25. 25. Dooley 16. 26. Examples include the National University of Ireland Maynooth’s Centre for theStudy of Historic Houses in Ireland, www.historicirishhouses.ie, and NUI Galway’s comprehensive database on landed estates andhistoric houses in Connachtand Munster – Landed Estates Database, www.landedestates.ie. 27. Granard Papers, T3765/N. 28. Madame de Rambouillet is said to have drawn up the plans for the 1619 and 1627 renovations of the Hôtel de Rambouillet herself, see Pamela Notes 179

Plumb-Dhindsa, “From Royal Bed to Boudoir: The Dissolution of the Space of Appearance Told Through the History of the French Salon,” MA thesis, McGill University, 1998, 10. 29. LeTrésor de la Langue Française dates its first use in this manner to 1793,but Jacqueline Hellegouarc’h has traced that use to 1783 after discovering the term in volume VI of Tableau deParis. Jacqueline Hellegouarc’h, L’Esprit de société: cercles et “salons” parisiens au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Garnier, 2000) 450. 30. The OED suggests ’s reference to “the conversazione” in 1782 as one of the first examples of the entrance of the term into English but there are many examples of earlier usage, including the following from : “I was engaged at Mrs Boscawen’s to meet by appointment a party. It was a conversazione, but composed of rather too many people ... ”(1776), Hannah More, Memoirs of theLifeand Correspondence of Mrs Hannah More, ed.William Roberts, vol.1(London, 1834) 92, whileThomas Gray mentions them as early as 1739 in a letter to Richard West, where he refers to “the Marquise de Cavaillac’s Conversazione,” Thomas Gray, TheWorksof Thomas Gray,vol.2(London, 1835) 70. 31. Máire Kennedy, “Readership in French: The Irish Experience” in Ireland and the French Enlightenment, 1700–1800, ed. Graham Gargett and Geraldine Sheridan (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) 14. 32. Elizabeth Carterr, A Series of Letters between Mrs and Miss Catherine Talbot, from the Year 1741 to 1770 ...(London, 1808) 374; 177. 33. Stefanie Stockhorst, ed. Cultural Transfer through Translation, The Circulation of Enlightened Thought in Europe by means of Translation (Amsterdam and New York:Rodopi, 2010) 20. 34. Ann Thomson, Simon Burrows, and Edmond Dziembowski, eds. Cultural Transfers, France and Britain in the Long Eighteenth Century (Oxford: SVEC, 2010) 4. 35. Conway 213. 36. Emma Major, “Femininity and National Identity:’sTrip to France,” ELH 72 (2005): 901–918. 37. Joep Leerssen, Mere Irish and Fíor-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, its Development, and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century (Cork: Field Day Press, 1996) 17. 38. Andrew Carpenter, “ in English, 1690–1800: From theWilliamite Wars to the Act of Union,” Cambridge History of Irish Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006). 39. Emily Fitzgerald, “Duchess of Leinster,” in Correspondence of Emily, Duchess of Leinster (1731–1814), ed. Brian Fitzgerald, vol. 3 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1949–1957) 379. 40. Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance, Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) 135. 41. Toby Barnard, “Reading in Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Public and Private Pleasures,” in TheExperience of Reading, ed. Máire Kennedy and Bernadette Cunningham (Dublin: Rare Books Group, 1999) 65. 42. Barnard 68. 43. Mark Purcell, The Big House Library in Ireland, Books in Ulster Country Houses (Swindon: The National Trust, 2011) 13. 44. Purcell 13. 180 Notes

45. Anthony Malcolmson, The Pursuit of the Heiress: Aristocratic Marriage in Ireland (: Ulster History Foundation, 2006) 122. 46. Granard Papers, T3765/N/2; Ross Balfour, ed., TheLibrary of Mrs (Newcastle-on-Tyne: Robinson, 1926).

1The French Salon: Its Foreign Participants and Hosts

1. Dashkova, The Memoirs of Princess Dashkova, ed. Kyril Fitzlyon (Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1995) 127. 2., Miscellaneous Worksof Edward Gibbon, Esq. with Memoirs of His Lifeand Writings, ComposedbyHimself ...(London, 1796) 432. 3. Steven D. Kale, French Salons: High Society and Political Sociabilityfrom the Old Regime (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 2004) 229. 4. André Morellet, Mémoires Inédits del’abbé Morellet de l’Académie française ...(Paris, 1822) 85, “Many foreigners from all different countries who would not have believed they had really seen Paris if they had not been admitted to Mme Geoffrin’s.” 5. For further discussion regarding how war interrupted travel to France throughout this period, see Jeremy Black, “War, Disputes, Accidents and Crime,” in The British Abroad,The Grand Tour in theEighteenth Century (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1992) 159–181. 6. “Mme de Tencin [1682–1749] was in fact one of the first hostesses to reg- ularly receive foreign visitors,” Benedetta Craveri, TheAgeof Conversation, trans. Teresa Waugh(New York: New York Review Books, 2005) 288. 7. Marianne D’Ezio, “Literary and Cultural Intersections between British and Italian WomenWriters and Salonnières during theEighteenth Century,” in Readers, Writers, Salonnières, Female Networks in Europe, 1700–1900,ed. Hilary Brown and Gillian Dow (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2011) 29. 8. Thesubstantial materialdealing with theclose relationship between Ireland and France in theeighteenth centuryhas been added to with the publica- tion of two collected editions: Graham Gargett and Geraldine Sheridan’s Ireland and the French Enlightenment, 1700–1800 (1999) and Jane Conroy’s Franco-Irish Connections (2009).Thomas O’Connor’s The Irish in Europe: 1580–1815 (2001),thoughbroader in range, also adds significantlytoour understanding of Franco-Irish relations at this time. 9. O’Connor 9. 10. Mme deLambert, Réflexions nouvelles sur les femmes (Paris: Cote-femmes, 1989) 93, “In the past there were houses where one could both speak and think,where the muses were in company with the graces.” 11. Nicole Pohl, “Perfect Reciprocity: Salon Culture and Epistolary Conversa- tions,” Women’s Writing 13.1 (2006): 139–159. 12. Craveri 210. 13. It is important to bear in mind that, although useful, salonnière is a recent coinage, and probably of American origin rather than French. 14. Jean-François Marmontel, Mémoires de Marmontel, secrétaire perpétuel de l’académie française (Paris, 1846) 231. “Lespinasse was the only woman Geoffrin would ever allow attend her dinner in honour of the men of letters.” Notes 181

15. Suzanne Curchod Necker, Nouveaux Mélanges extraits des manuscrits de Mme Neckerr, ed. Jacques Necker (Paris, 1801) 1:49–50, 1:34. 16. When he [l’abbé de Saint-Pierre] was leaving, Mme Geoffrin said to him: Sir, you have given us some excellent conversation. Madame, hesaid, I have been but an instrument on which you have played well. André Morellet, Eloges de Madame Geoffrin, Contemporaine de Madame du Deffand par Marmontel,Thomas et D’Alembert (Paris, 1812) 12. 17. Faith E. Beasley, Salons, History,and the Creation of Seventeenth Century France: Mastering Memory (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006); Dena Goodman, “Enlight- enment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 22.3 (Spring 1989): 337. 18. Perhaps the most significant political event in seventeenth-century France was the Fronde: a series of civil wars from 1648 to 1653 that occurred when thenobility rebelled against Cardinal Mazarin and the Court in order to curb the power of the monarchy during Louis XIV’s minority. 19. Antoine Lilti, Le monde des salons: sociabilité et mondanité à Paris au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Fayard, 2005). 20. Comtesse de Genlis, Memoirs of the Countess de Genlis, Illustrative of theHis- of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London, 1825) 2:171; Craveri 455. Chastellux contributed to the Encyclopédie with the article “Public Happiness.” 21. Roger Picard, Les salons littéraires et la société française, 1610–1789 (New York: Brentano’s, 1943) 212, “General Barington: mademedine with Milord Grosvenor, heisvery ugly andpox-ridden. Grosvenor, in English,is pronounced‘Gros Veneur’[i.e. Great Hunter].” 22. Joan Landes, Women and thePublic Sphere in the Age of the (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1988). 23. Alan Kors, D’Holbach’s Coterie: An Enlightenment in Paris (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1976) 96. Baron d’Holbach represents a notable exception to the generally female rule of the salons. There were also salons that were seen as being governed by both male and female hosts such as chez Helvétius where husband and wife were both considered hosts. 24. Morellet, Eloges, 12, “Withher gentle that’s enoughfor now,she never ceased to hold our thoughts as if on a leash; I had dinners elsewhere where one felt more relaxed.” 25. Julie de Lespinasse, Letters of Mlle. de Lespinasse, with Notes on her Lifeand Character ...(London: Heinemann, 1902) 34. 26. Picard 139. 27. Dena Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1994). 28. Bachaumont, “Mémoires de Bachaumont,” in Mémoires de Madame du Hausset ...ed. Fs. Barriere, M. (Paris, 1846) 406, “very well-known in the world owing to the sanctuary she gave to M d’Alembert as well as for her passion for l’Encyclopédie and the encyclopédistes ...” Lespinasse is often cited alternatively as d’Alembert’s mistress, lover or muse. 29. Margaret Ezell, Social Authorship and the Advent of Print (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins, 1999). 30. Goodman, “Enlightenment Salons,” 344. 182 Notes

31. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of thePublic Sphere, quoted in Goodman 344. 32. Landes 25. 33. Morellet, Eloges, 210. Morellet states that Geoffrin is writing to one of the men she likedbest, “un des hommes qu’elle aimait leplus.” 34. D’Ezio 15. 35. Emily Fitzgerald, “Duchess of Leinster,” in Correspondence of Emily, Duchess of Leinster (1731–1814), ed. Brian Fitzgerald,vol.1(Dublin: Stationery Office, 1949–1957) 377; 399. 36. Fitzgerald,vol. 1, 463. 37. See afterword by Woronzoff-Dashkoff to Dashkova, The Memoirs of Princess Dashkova, ed. Kyril Fitzlyon (Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1995),aswell as Angela Byrne, “Supplementing the autobiography of Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova: The Russian Diaries of Martha and Katherine Wilmot,” Irish Slavonic Studies 23 (2011): 25–34. 38. Dashkova 124. 39. Dashkova 158. 40. Goodman, The Republic of Letters,84. 41. For more on this, see Kale, “Women thePublic Sphere and the Persistence of Salons,” French Historical Studies 25.1 (2002): 116–126. 42. Craveri 332. 43. Barbara B. Diefendorf, “Contradictions of the Century of Saints: Aristocratic Patronage and the Convents of Counter-Reformation Paris,” French Histori- cal Studies 24.3 (2001): 469–499. 44. Lilti 227. 45. For further information, see Julie de Lespinasse, Letters of Mlle. de Lespinasse, with Notes on her Lifeand Character by d’Alembert, Marmontel,DeGuibert, Etc. (London: Heinemann, 1902). 46. Craveri 311–315. 47. Fitzgerald,vol. 2, 183. 48. Fitzgerald,vol. 2, 191. 49. Fitzgerald,vol. 1, 462. 50. In ’s dictionary, “artisan” is describedbyJohnson as “Artist; professor of an art,” echoing his description of “artist.” See Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language ...vol.1(London, 1755). 51. Marmontel 239, “the food there was frugal.” 52. Lilti 227, “what a lot offuss over a spinach omelette.” 53. Morellet, Eloges, 57, “her apartment was decorated with their works. Paintings by Vanloo, Greuze, Vernet, Vien, Lagrenée, Robert, portrait by Lemoine, etc; pieces of furniture and some bronzes of the very best taste everywhere showed her love for the arts and artists.” 54. Goodman, The Republic of Letters, 86–89. 55. Morellet, Eloges, 60. 56. William Cole, A Journal of My Journey to Paris in the Year 1765, ed. Francis Griffin Stokes (London: Constable, 1931) 81–82. 57. Kimberly Chrisman, “Unhoop the Fair Sex: The CampaignAgainst the Hoop Petticoat in Eighteenth-Century England,” Eighteenth Century Studies 30.1 (1996):10. 58. Fitzgerald,vol. 1, 374. Notes 183

59. Fitzgerald,vol. 1, 395. 60. Fitzgerald,vol. 1, 383. 61. See Marcia Pointon, Strategies for Showing: Women, Possession and Represen- tation in English Visual Culture (Oxford: OUP, 1997). 62. Morellet 154. 63. Vicomte d’Haussonville, Le Salon de Madame Necker d’après des documents tirés des archives de Coppet (Paris, 1882) 121. 64. “A social geography of Paris began to establish itself from the 18th century which would later mark the 19th and 20th centuries with the setting up of what one would later call the ‘beaux quartiers’ or fine neighbourhoods.” Lilti 137. 65. Rosena Davison, “Salons,” in Encyclopaedia of the Enlightenmentt, ed.Alan Charles Kors, vol. 4 (Oxford: OUP, 2003). 66. Genlis, vol.1, 381. 67. René Moulinas, “James Butler, Second Duke of Ormonde in Avignon,” in TheDukes of Ormonde, 1610–1745, ed.Toby Barnard and Jane Fenlon (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2000) 255. 68. Moulinas 256. 69. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, ed. Robert Halsband, vol. 2, 1721–1751 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966) 289–290. 70. TheMarquis d’Argens, Memoirs of Count du Beauval, trans. Samuel Derrick (London, 1754) 193–194. 71. Wortley Montagu, vol. 2, 290. 72. Christine Adams, A Taste for Comfort and Status: A Bourgeois Family in Eighteenth-Century France (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University, 2000) 58. 73. André Grellet-Dumazeau. La Société bordelaise sous Louis XV et le salon de Mme Duplessy (Bordeaux, 1897) 20. 74. For example, works such as Janet Aldis, Madame Geoffrin, her salon andher times (London, 1905). 75. Grellet-Dumazeau 22–23. 76. Grellet-Dumazeau 31, “The most distinguished members were joinedby other local celebrities, savants, artists, learned women: a whole phalanx of educatedpeople.” 77. Adams 2. 78. Adams 226. 79. Grellet-Dumazeau 20,“...soon, there was no longer anyliterary renown that didn’t bear the stamp of her salon, and Montesquieu himself accepted the honour of being counted among her friends.” 80. James Caulfield, Memoirs of the Political and Private Lifeof James Caulfield, Earl of Charlemontt, ed. Francis Hardy (London, 1810) 36. 81. In Cynthia O’Connor’s The Pleasing Hours (1999), O’Connor also recognises this difference of perspective, “others told of Montesquieu being nearly blind and not nearly as lively as Charlemont related” but that “we have no reason to doubt Hardy’s transcription” of Charlemont’s words from the now missing manuscript; O’Connor 149. 82. Charlemont MS at Royal Irish Academy, MS 12 R 5. Travellers Essays, vol.1. 83. Michael Clancy, Memoirs of Michael Clancy MD, vol.2(Dublin, 1750) 52; 50. 184 Notes

84. Patricia Fleming, Gilles Gallichan and Yvan Lamonde, eds., History of the Book in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004) 345. 85. Fleming et al. 345. 86. See, Hilary Brown and Gillian Dow, Readers, Writers, Salonnières, Female Networks in Europe, 1700–1900 (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2011). This collection includes several essaysoneighteenth-century salons in France, Italy, and Germany, although it concentrates explicitly on the female members of these salons and on female networks, with little mention of Ireland apart from inclusion of . 87. Eve-Marie Lampron, “From Venice to Paris: Fame, Gender and National Sensibilities in Late Eighteenth-and Early Nineteenth-Century Female Liter- ary Networks,” in Readers, Writers, Salonnières,ed.Hilary Brown and Gillian Dow (2011) 31. 88. Pohl 143. 89. Pohl 143–144. 90. EmilyD.Bilskiand Emily Braun, Jewish Women and Their Salons, The Power of Conversation,(New Haven and London: Yale UP, 2005) 16; Pohl 144. 91. Pohl 150. 92. Bilskiand Braun 25. 93. David Shields, Civil Tongues, Polite Letters in British America (Chapel Hill,NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997) 311. 94. Shields 310; 309. Shields does,however, observe that thesalons had to diversify their practices, and gives the example of how they “projected a presence in print.” 95. PRONI, Joseph Cooper Walker to Lady Moira, T3048/A/5. 96. PRONI T3048/A/5. 97. “Anastacia Daly,” 21 January 2015. www.thepeerage.com/p4892.htm# i48915. 98. “Anastacia Daly,” 21 January 2015. www.thepeerage.com/p4892.htm# i48915. 99. For details of the houses and estates associated with the Fitzmaurice fam- ily, see Landed Estates Database, 21 January 2015. http://landedestates .nuigalway.ie/LandedEstates/jsp/estate-show.jsp?id=2198. 100. C. J. Woods, “Notes on Some Irish Residents in Paris,” in Franco-Irish Connections,ed. Jane Conroy (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009) 337. 101. Lady Mary Campbell Coke, Letters and Journalsof Lady Mary Coke, vol.3., 1769–1771 (Edinburgh, 1889) 75. 102. Lord Fitzmaurice, Lifeof William, Earl of Shelburne, Afterwards First Marquess of Lansdowne, With Extracts From his Papers and Correspondence (London: Macmillan and Co., 1912) 3. 103. Richard Hayes, “Biographical Dictionary of Irishmen in France,” Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 32.126 (1943): 241–242. I am indebted to Niall Gillespie for bringing this quotation to my attention. 104. Phillippe Bechu, “Papiers d’origine privée tombés dans le domaine public,” Centre Historique des Archvies Nationales, “documents sequestered during the Revolution in the Seine department, from emigrants and condemned individuals and from some lay communities.” 105. Nigel Aston and Clarissa Campbell Orr, AnEnlightenment Statesman in Whig Britain: Lord Shelburne in Context, 1737–1805 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011) 18. Aston and Orr refer also to an MA thesis by Patrick Pilkington. Notes 185

106. “Stephen Slaughter, Art Auction Results, Prices and Artworks Estimates,” Arcadja Auctions, 21 January 2015. http://www.arcadja.com/auctions/en /slaughter_stephen/artist/26825/. 107. The Hôtel de Charost is now home to the British embassy in Paris and is open to thepublic on certain days. 108. NLI Pos 7421, “by Granhez, jeweller to the Queen.” 109. Household and personal accounts of Francis Thomas Fitzmaurice, 3rd Earl of Kerry in France and England, National Library of Ireland, Pos 7241. 110. “2000 dinner invitation cards printed on superfine Annonay velum with giltedges.” 111. Hayes 242. 112. Slaughter. 113. Goodman, “Enlightenment Salons,” 349. 114. “Assemblée national – Loi de 1901 relative au contrat d’association,” 17 April 2014. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/loi-1901/loi 1901-5.asp. 115. Kale, French Salons 3; 200–201. 116. Genlis, vol.1, 8. 117. Genlis, vol. 5, 85. 118. Genlis, vol.5, 186. 119. Kale French Salons 232. In 1807 theMarquise’s daughter Eliza married the Irish politician and revolutionary Arthur O’Connor, who assumed the name Condorcet-O’Connor. James Kelly “Arthur O’Connor,” DIB. 120. For more information on these and other nineteenth century salonnières, see Kale French Salons 231–236. 121. Maria Edgeworth, TheLifeand Letters of Maria Edgeworth, ed.Augustus J. C. Hare, vol.1(London, 1984) 101. 122. Edgeworth 280. 123. Edgeworth 115. 124. Edgeworth 115. 125. J. G. Alger “Thomas Plunket,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: OUP, 2004) henceforth ODNB, and Jean Main, “An Irish lifein Austrian service: General Thomas Von Plunket,” Sabretache (Melbourne: Military Historical Society of Australia, 2003). 126. Alger, “Thomas Plunket.” 127. Genlis, vol. 2, 113–114. Plunket is described as havinghad no wealth,and the marriagewasgreeted with “great displeasure” by the Marquis’s family. 128. Genlis, vol. 2, 114. 129. Hayes 245. 130. “Morris, Gouverneur, (1752–1816)” Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress, 17 April 2014. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts /biodisplay.pl?index=M000976. 131. Gouverneur Morris, The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, Minister of the United States to France etc., ed. Anne Cary Morris (New York, 1888) 73. 132. Morris 190. 133. Morris. 134. Morris 248. 135. Morris 202. 136. Morris 268. 186 Notes

137. Morris 227. 138. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Digital Edition, eds. Barbara B. Oberg and J. Jefferson Looney (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2008) 312. 139. JohnG.Alger, Englishmen in the French Revolution (London, 1889) 158. 140. Alger 156. 141. Jefferson 463. 142. Jefferson 344; 312. 143. Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (Harlow: Pearson Education: 2000) 182. 144. Kale French Salons 53. 145. Peter McPhee, A Social History of France, 1789–1914 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). 146. Carol E. Harrison, The Bourgeois Citizen in Nineteenth-Century France: Gender, Sociability,and the Uses of Emulation (Oxford: OUP, 1999) 89. 147. Harrison 95. 148. Harrison 95. 149. Harrison 89; 94.

2 A French Phenomenon Embraced:The Literary Salon in Eighteenth-Century Britain

1. Alison Rutherford Cockburn, The Letters and Memoirs of Mrs A Rutherford or Cockburn, ed. T. Craig Brown (Edinburgh:Douglas, 1900) xxvii. 2. See, for example, Peter Clark’s study, British Clubsand Societies 1580–1800, The Origins of an Associational World (2002),whichdevotes extraordinarily little space to addressing women and their absence from such gatherings. 3. Several attempts were made to establish salon culture in England as early as the first decades of the Stuart period, during the reignof James I (r. 1603–1625). James van Horn Melton, in his study The Rise of thePublic in Enlightenment Europe (2001), detailsthecircles sur- rounding the countesses of Bedford and Carlisle as instances of early English salons. Echoing Melton, Roy E. Schreiber lays particular empha- sis on the fact that “the French provided the model for these gath- erings, and the duchesse de Chevreuse, a good friend of the count- ess, undoubtedly encouraged her [the countess of Carlisle] during her stay in England,” Schreiber, “Lucy Hay, countess of Carlisle,” ODNB. This manner of imitation and emulation of the French prototype by seventeenth-century courtiers anticipates the salon hostesses of the eigh- teenth century and their method of adoption and adaptation of the French prototype. 4. Melton 211. 5. Melton 211. 6. Elizabeth Montagu’s only child died unexpectedly when under one year old; outlived two children; and Hester Lynch Thrale “resented theendless pregnancies, thirteen between 1764 and 1778, producing twelve children, only four of whom survived to maturity.” Michael Franklin, “Hester Lynch Piozzi,” ODNB. Monckton married aged 40 and is not said to have had any children. Notes 187

7.Sylvia Myers, TheBluestocking Circle, Women, Friendship, and theLifeof the Mind in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990) 8–12. 8. See Moyra Haslett, “ Feminism Revisited:The Satirical Figure of the Bluestocking,” Women’s Writing 17.3 (2010): 432–451. 9. Emma Major, “Femininity and National Identity: Elizabeth Montagu’s trip to France,” ELH 72 (2005): 901–918; Barbara Darby, Frances Burney, Drama- tist: Gender, Performance, and the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage (1997);Bridget Hill, The Republican Virago: TheLifeand Times of Catharine Macaulay, Histo- rian (1992).Sylvia Myers’s TheBluestocking Circle is often referenced as a full-length study of Bluestocking activity. However, in her preface Myers laments the fact that many feminists continue to emphasise what she describes as “the salon aspect” of the Bluestockings and the work subse- quently concentrates uniquely on the contribution of the Bluestockings as women writers and proto-feminists rather than salon hostesses. Sim- ilarly, Gary Kelly’s six-volume set, Bluestocking Feminism, Writings of the Bluestocking Circle 1738–1790 (1999) considers the literary output of these women, only briefly mentioning their roles as hostesses thus illustrating further the little interest there has been in the Bluestockingsasputative salon hostesses. 10. I use the capitalised “B” for Bluestockings throughout in order to indicate thespecific participants rather than the lower-case “b,” which would indi- cate the more generic term. Additionally, in order to differentiate between the French and the British and Irish salon hostesses, the term salonnière should be understood to refer specifically to the hostesses of the French salons rather than those of the Bluestockings who will be referred to as salon hostesses for the purpose of clarity. 11. Paul Wood, The Scottish Enlightenment: Essays in Reinterpretation (Rochester, NY and Woodbridge: University of Rochester Press, 2000) 44. 12. Elizabeth Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot, from the year 1741 to 1770 . .. (London, 1808) 16. 13. Hannah More, Memoirs of theLifeand Correspondence of Mrs Hannah More, ed.William Roberts, vol.1(London, 1834) 76. Though Elizabeth Sheridan, for example, enjoyed cards, even while she enjoyed serious conversation as well. 14. Deborah Heller argues: “The project of providing a site for sociable commu- nication is the overriding goal of English salon activity from its beginnings in about 1750 throughitsgolden age stretching from the early 1760s into the early 1780s.” Deborah Heller, “Bluestocking Salons and the Public Sphere,” Eighteenth-Century Life 22.2 (1998):62. 15. Susanne Schmid, British Literary Salons of the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 3–4. 16. Whileitdoes not deal explicitly with comparative analysis, NicolePohl’s, “Perfect Reciprocity: Salon Culture and Epistolary Conversations,” Women’s Writing 13.1 (2006): 139–159 offers some examples of similarities between the different countries’ salons. See also, Hilary Brown and Gillian Dow, Readers, Writers, Salonnières, Female Networks in Europe 1700–1900 (2011), discussed in Chapter 1. 188 Notes

17. Chauncey Brewster Tinker, TheSalon and English Letters: Chapters on the Interrelations of Literature and Society in theAgeof Johnson (New York: Macmillan, 1915) 63. 18. Tinker 213. 19. Tinker 210. 20. Evelyn Gordon Bodek, “Salonnières and Bluestockings: Educated Obsole- scence and Germinating Feminism,” Feminist Studies 3(1976): 185–199. 21. This new edition was Lettres nouvelles ...Pour servir de supplément à l’édition de Paris en six volumes, 1754. , Selected Letters of Horace Walpole, ed. W.S. Lewis (New Haven: Yale UP, 1973) 60; Elizabeth Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, Letters from Sheridan’s Sister 1784–1786 and 1788–1790, ed.William Le Fanu (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1960) 128. 22. Edward Gibbon, Miscellaneous Worksof Edward Gibbon, Esq.With Memoirs of His Lifeand Writings, ComposedbyHimself ...(London, 1796) 115–116. Horace Walpole, Horace Walpole’s Correspondence with Thomas Gray, Richard West and ThomasAshton, ed. W.S. Lewis, George L. Lam and Charles H. Bennett (New Haven: Yale UP, 1948) 150. 23. Reginald Blunt, Mrs Montagu “Queen of theBlues” Her Letters and Friendships from 1762 to 1800,vol.1(London: Constable, 1923) 317. 24. Blunt, vol.1, 326. 25. For further biographical details of the female Bluestockings, see Anna Miegon, The Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol.65, No. 1/2, Reconsidering the Bluestockings (2002): 25–37. 26. Katharina M. Wilson, Paul Schlueter, and June Schlueter, eds. Women Writ- ers of Great Britain and Europe: An Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge, 1997) 41; Blunt, vol. 2, 3. Marmontel alludes to du Bocage’ssalons, althoughhe describes them a lot less favourably than those of Geoffrin, Marmontel, Mémoires de Marmontel, secrétaire perpétuel de l’académie française (Paris, 1846) 304. 27. Georges Solovieff, “Deux Lettres de Madame Necker à Lady Montaguetune lettre de Necker à Bonstetten,” Cahiers Staeliens 25 (1978): 57; “thepleasure we had in receiving England’s muse here in France.” 28. See Chapter 1. David Hume’s letters from the 1760s also reveal much regarding the competition and animosity that could exist between the salonnières,particularly Lespinasse and Deffand. Speaking of a later period, Schmid observes that “the cult offemale friendship, sometimes nostalgi- cally evoked in salon research, had no place among theLondon hostesses of the 1830s.” 135. 29. More, Memoirs, vol. 2, 73. While Boscawen’s letters were never published during her lifetime, they were very well known amongst her circle of friends. 30. Christine Casey, “TheDublin Domestic Formula,” in TheEighteenth-Century Town House, ed. Christine Casey (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2010) 46. 31. “14 South Audley Street W1 – Westminster ...” 21 January 2015. www .britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. 32. The house become listed on 1 December 1987. Ibid. 33. “South Audley Street: East Side,” Survey of London: volume 40: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (theBuildings) (1980) 21 January 2015. http://www .british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42153#n4. Notes 189

34. Elizabeth(Robinson) Montagu Papers, Montagu to Vesey, MO 6502. 35. Rachel Stewart, The Town House in Georgian London (New Haven: YaleUP, 2009) 193. 36. Jeremy Aynsley and Charlotte Grant, eds. Imagined Interiors: Represent- ing the Domestic Interior since the Renaissance (London: V&A Publications, 2006) 114. 37. Cecil Aspinall-Oglander, ed. Admiral’sWife, Being the lifeandletters of the Hon Mrs from 1719 to 1761 (London: Longmans, 1940) 72, “I know people who are so jealous of my house and furniture that they are almost ill because of it.” 38. For further information on this style see “Influence of Chinese Art upon European Artists,” in David E. Mungello, The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) 98–103. 39. Rosemary Baird, “ ‘The Queen of the Bluestockings’: Mrs Montagu’s house at 23 Hill Street Rediscovered,” Apollo 498 (August 2003). 40. Emily Climenson, Elizabeth Montagu, the Queen of theBlue-Stockings: Her Correspondence From 1720 to 1761 (London: Murray, 1906) 203. 41. Baird. 42. Blunt, vol.2, 3. 43. Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral’sWife, 72. 44. Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral’sWife, 73. 45. Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral’sWife, 66. 46. Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral’sWife, 73. 47. Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral’sWidow, Being the lifeandletters of the Hon Mrs Edward Boscawen from 1761 to 1805 (London: Hogarth, 1942) 33. 48. Montagu to Vesey, MO6379. 49. “HatchlandsPark History,” National Trustt, 21 January 2015. http://www .nationaltrust.org.uk/hatchlands-park/history/. 50. Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral’sWife, 188. 51. Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral’sWife, 248. 52. Elizabeth Eger, Bluestockings: Women of Reason from Enlightenment to Roman- ticism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 67. 53. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6423. 54. Quotedby Major 212. 55. More, Memoirs, vol.1, 141. 56. Blunt, vol. 2, 103. 57. More, Memoirs, vol. 1, 62. 58. More, Memoirs, vol.1, 57; 92. 59. More, Memoirs, vol. 1, 93. 60. , TheLifeof Samuel Johnson. Everyman’sLibrary. (London: Campbell, 1992) 502. See also Ethel Roth Wheeler, Famous Bluestockings (London: Lane, 1910) 149: “Mrs Montagu’s guests came to hear her talk; Mrs Vesey’s guests came to talk themselves; Mrs Thrale’s guests came to talk to Mrs Thrale. Mrs Vesey’s parties were, therefore, the most enjoyable; Mrs Thrale’s the liveliest; Mrs Montagu’s the most intellectual.” 61. After Montagu’s falling out with Johnson, when he insulted her friend, the poet Lord Lyttelton, author of Dialogues of the Dead (1760), her most powerful weapon of revenge was in fact to withdraw this lively con- versation, thus preventing Johnson’s delightindialogue and exchange: 190 Notes

“He addressed his hostess two or three timesafter dinner with a viewto engage her in conversation; receiving only cold and brief answers,” Blunt, vol.1, 231. 62. Bruce Redford, ed., The Letters of Samuel Johnson, vol. 3 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) 250, 251. See Marmontel 239, for example, where he states that he felt more at his ease in other gatherings, despite his praise of Geoffrin. 63. , quoted in Tinker 221. 64. More, Memoirs, vol. 1, 317. 65. More, Memoirs, vol.1, 54. For a heateddebate between Monckton and Johnson regarding Laurence Sterne’s writings, see Boswell,vol. 2, 382. 66. Chapone 174. One imagines that the Abbé Reynal may have caused the hostess similar problems to Johnson withhis “unceasing torrent.” 67. AmandaVickery, “Not Just a Pretty Face,” The Guardian. Saturday 8 March 2008, 21 January 2015. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/mar/08 /art. For a more detailed discussion of female education during the eigh- teenth century, see Susan Skedd, “Women Teachers and the Expansion of Girls’ Schooling in England, c1760–1820,” in Gender in Eighteenth-century England,ed.Elaine Chalus and Hannah Barker (1997). 68. Barbara Brandon Schnorrenberg, “Elizabeth Montagu,” ODNB. 69. Elaine Chalus, “Women and Electoral Politics in theEighteenth Century,” in Gender in Eighteenth-century England, ed.Elaine Chalus and Hannah Barker (London: Longman, 1997) 171. Montagu generally spent spring and autumn near Newcastle, managingher husband’s coal mines andher letters revealher prideinher rolethere. 70. Hester Lynch Thrale, Thraliana, The Diary of Hester Lynch Thrale (Later Mrs Piozzi) 1776–1809, ed. Katherine C. Balderston (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951) vol. 1, 231. Whilethis bookdeals withliterary salons, polit- ical salons were also recorded as having taken place in eighteenth-century England, the most (in)famous of these being that of Georgina, the Duchess of Devonshire. For more information see, Amanda Foreman, Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire (London: Harper Collins, 1998). 71. Kelly xiii. 72. Kelly xiii. 73. See “Queen Charlotte, ‘Scientific Queen,’” in Clarissa Campbell Orr, Queenship in Britain 1660–1837 (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2002). 74. Of course the Ascendancy were also removed from Irish Presbyterians and Protestant dissenters in general.SeeToby Barnard, A New Anatomy of Ireland (New Haven and London: Yale UP, 2004). 75. Major 167. 76. Elizabeth and Florence Anson, Mary Hamilton, at Court and at Home, From Letters and Diaries 1756 to 1816 (London: Murray, 1925) 174. 77. Iain Maxwell Hammett, “Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo (1714, d. 1799),” ODNB. 78. More, Memoirs, vol. 1, 53. 79. Hester Mulso Chapone, Letters on the Improvement of the Mind, Addressed to a Young Lady (London, 1773) iii. 80. Myers 231. 81. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6496. Notes 191

82. Hester Mulso Chapone, TheWorksof Mrs Chapone (Edinburgh, 1807) 64. 83. Elizabeth Carter, Letters from Mrs Elizabeth Carter to Mrs Montagu between theYears 1755 and 1800 (London, 1817) 138, 28 October 1761; Carter 142, 10 November 1761. 84. Carter 149. 85. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6471. 86. Moyra Haslett records the large numbers of readers of More’s manuscript poem, including Vesey, Carter, Montagu, and Boscawen, as well as Lady Dartrey, Lady Rothes, the Duchess of Portland, Lord and Lady Lucan, “every reading and writing Miss at Margate,” Dr Heberden, Horace Walpole, and Samuel Johnson among many others. Haslett, “Becoming Bluestockings, Contextualising Hannah More’s ‘The Bas Bleu,’” Journalfor Eighteenth- Century Studies 33.1 (2010): 107. 87. Frances Burney, A Known Scribbler: Frances Burney on Literary Life, ed. Justine Crump (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2002) 278. 88. Burney 20–21. 89. Myers 20. 90. Blunt, vol. 2, 118. 91. PamelaEdwards, “Mary Monckton,” ODNB. 92. Edwards, “Mary Monckton.” 93. Tinker 153, Both Mrs Grevilleand Lady Lucan had connections with Ireland.Lady Lucan (Margaret Bingham) was Englishbut associated with Ireland through her Mayo-born husband.Shesympathised with Ireland’s plightasoutlined in her Verses on the Present State of Ireland (Dublin, 1768). Theauthor Frances Greville was born in Ireland to James Macartney who was MP for Longford and Granard and was closely connected to the Lennox sisters. 94. Frances Burney, Diary and Letters of Madame d’Arblay, ed.Charlotte Barrett (London, 1876) 460. 95. Boswell, vol. 2, 381. Of course one cannot always take Boswell entirely for granted as a recorder of Johnson and much scholarship exists which draws his objectivity and accuracy into question. 96. Monckton’s guests also includedpoliticalfigures such as Lord Castlereagh, who was for a time Secretary for Ireland, as well as who had served as prime minister. 97. NLI Edgeworth Papers, Pos. 9029/473. 15 June 1805 RLE to Maria Edgeworth. 98. R. Warwick Bond, ed. TheMarlay Letters 1778–1820 (London: Constableand Company, 1937) 212–213. 99. Bond 351. 100. Bond 348. 101. Bond 348. 102. Elizabeth Eger, Brilliant Women: 18th-Century Bluestockings (London: National Portrait Gallery, 2008) 52. This represents the collection of essays and portraits that accompanied the exhibition of the same name that took place at the National Portrait Gallery in London in 2008. 103. Tate Collection, “The Honourable Mrs Monckton by Sir ,” 21 January 2015. http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/reynolds-the-hon -miss-monckton-n04694. 192 Notes

104. Sydney Owenson (Lady Morgan), “My First Rout in London,” in The Book of the Boudoir (London, 1829) 102–103. 105. Burney 76. 106. Mary Berry, Extracts of the Journals and Correspondence of Miss Berry from the year 1783–1852,ed.Lady Maria Lister, vol.2(London, 1866) 484. 107. Owenson 101; 106. Owenson explains that these memories of her first time at Lady Cork’s were stirred up shortly before she wrote the sketch by speak- ing at Lady Cork’s “with a lady who hadbeen present” on her first visit to thesalon, 112. 108. Owenson 101–102. 109. Owenson 105. 110. Owenson 107, “an intimate little dinner.” 111. Julie Donovan, Sydney Owenson, Lady Morgan and thePolitics of Style (Palo Alto, CA: Academica Press, 2009) 113. 112. Michael J. Franklin, “Hester Lynch Piozzi,” ODNB. 113. Thrale, vol.1, 494; vol.2, 729. 114. A letter from Elizabeth Montagu to Elizabeth Vesey offers an example of the early response to the marriage: “Mrs Thrale’s marriage has taken suchhorri- ble possession of my mind I cannot advert to any other subject. I am sorry and feel the worst kind of sorrow, that which is blended with shame ...and I am myself convinced that the poor woman is mad,” Clifford 229. 115. Frank Hedgcock, A Cosmopolitan Actor, andhis French Friends (London: Stanley Paul, 1912). 116. Lady Mount Cashell held salons in Italywhen she resided there withher secondhusband, GeorgeTighe, under the name “Mrs Mason.” This Italian salon, or accademia letteraria,has been juxtaposed with the more common conversazioni: “of a more elevated kind than the usual ‘conversazioni’ of exclusively world concerns,” trans. Ian Campbell Ross. See Mario Curelli, “Lady Mountcashell alias Madam Mason,” in Leopardi in Pisa,ed.Fiorenza Ceragioli (Milan: Electa, 1998): 306–320. 117. Hester Lynch Piozzi, Observations and Reflections made in the Course ofa Journey through France, Italyand Germany (London, 1789) vol. 1, 179. See also, Paula Findlen, Italy’sEighteenth Century: Gender and Culture in theAge of the Grand Tour (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2009). Marianne D’Ezio high- lights the difficulty of examining Italy’s eighteenth-century salons, as Italy was then “a sort of patchwork of states with different rules, laws, and of course habits,” D’Ezio in Readers, Writers, Salonnières (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2011) 12. 118. Thrale, vol. 1, 47. 119. Thomas Campbell, Dr Campbell’s Diary of a Visit to England in 1775, ed. James L. Clifford (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1947) 67. 120. Thrale, vol.1, 172. 121. Thrale, vol. 1, 167. 122. Those depicted were Lord Sandys, Lord Westcote (William Lyttelton), Dr Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, Murphy, Garrick, Baretti, Sir Robert Cham- bers, and Dr Burney. See James L. Clifford, Hester Lynch Piozzi (Mrs Thrale) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952) 157. 123. Clifford 157. 124. Clifford 121. Notes 193

125. Katharine C. Balderston, ed., TheCollected Letters of Oliver Goldsmith (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1928) 121. 126. Mary Hyde, ed., TheThrales of Streatham Park (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard UP, 1977) 238. 127. The Piozzi Letters, vol.2,46. 128. Clifford 123. 129. Clifford 57. 130. Clifford 194–195. 131. Campbell 61. 132. Thrale, vol. 1, 443. 133. Clifford 195. 134. Clifford 353. 135. Anne Janowitz, “Amiableand Radical Sociability: Anna Barbauld’s ‘Free Familiar Conversation,’ ” in Romantic Sociability, ed.Gillian Russell and Clara Tuite (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002) 62–81. 136. Jon Mee, ConversableWorlds (Oxford: OUP, 2011) 140. See also Mee’s chapter “Critical Conversation in the 1790s: Godwin, Hays, and Wollstonecraft.” 137. See, Michèle Cohen, Fashioning Masculinity: National identity andlanguage in theeighteenth century (London: Routledge, 1996). 138. Cohen 52; 61. 139. Jacqueline M. Labbe, ed., The History of British Women’s Writing, 1750–1830 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 18. 140. Schmid 120. 141. Frances Clarke and Sinéad Sturgeon, “Marguerite (Margaret) Gardiner,” DIB. Blessington held a third salon at Gore House, Kensington from 1836 until 1849, just before her death in 1850. 142. Katharine Glover, Elite Women and Polite Society in Eighteenth-Century Scotland (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011) 85. 143. “Although a few eighteenth-century Scotswomen (sometimes reluctantly, sometimes less so)publishedpoetry,this move was muchless pronounced in Scotland than in England,” Glover 75. 144. Richard B. Sher, TheEnlightenment and the Book, Scottish Authors and their Publishers in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Ireland & America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010) 101. 145. Jane Rendall, “‘Women that Would Plague Me with Rational Conversation’: Aspiring Women and Scottish Whigs, c. 1790–1830,” in Women, Gender and Enlightenmentt, ed. Sarah Knott and Barbara Taylor (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) 326–348. 146. Pam Perkins, “Enlightenment Culture,” in The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Women’s Writing, ed.Glenda Norquay(Edinburgh:Edinburgh UP, 2012) 47. Perkins also mentions Harriet Guest, Moyra Haslett, and Betty Schellenberg’s work in this area. 147. Karen O’Brien, “From Savage to Scotswoman: The History of Femininity,” in Women and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009) 68–109. 148. William Alexander, The History of Women, From the Earliest Antiquity,tothe Present Time ...vol.1(London, 1782). 149. John Dwyer, “Alison Rutherford Cockburn,” ODNB. 194 Notes

150. Cockburn xxvii. 151. Cockburn 55; 37. 152. Cockburn xxxii. 153.Dwyer ODNB. 154. Cockburn 132. 155. Ernest C. Mossner, ed., The Lifeof David Hume (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979) 406. 156. NLI Pos. 9029/439. 157. “Mapping memorials to women in Scotland,” 21 January 2015. http:// womenofscotland.org.uk/memorials/wall-plaque-mrs-alison-cockburn. 158. “Lost Edinburgh – George Square” The Scotsman,24 June 2013, 21 January 2015. http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/lost-edinburgh-george- square-1-2974261. 159. Miles Glendinning, Ranald MacInnes, and Aonghus MacKechnie, eds. A History of Scottish Architecture (Edinburgh:Edinburgh UP, 2002) 136. 160. Dashkova, The Memoirs of Princess Dashkova (Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1995). 161. Susan Manly, “Maria Edgeworth,” Women Writers, Chawton House Library, 21 January 2015. http://www.chawtonhouse.org/wp-content /uploads/2012/06/Maria-Edgeworth.pdf. 162. Sinéad Sturgeon, “Elizabeth Hamilton,” DIB. 163. E.O. Benger, Memoirs of the Late Mrs. Elizabeth Hamilton (London, 1818) 152–154. 164. Stana Nenadic, “Middle-Rank Consumers and Domestic Culture in Edinburgh and Glasgow 1720–1840,” Past & Present 145 (1994): 126. In Tobias Smollett’s The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker (1771) it is the won- ders of Glasgow rather than Edinburgh that are enthused upon at length: “But Glasgow is the pride of Scotland, and, indeed, it might very well pass for an elegant and flourishing city in any part of Christendom.” 165. Benger 132; Sturgeon, “Elizabeth Hamilton.” 166. Benger 177–178. 167. Elizabeth Fletcher, Autobiographyof Mrs. Fletcher with Letters and Other Family Memorials, edited by the survivor of her family (Edinburgh, 1875) 85. 168. Fletcher 86. 169. Benger 174. 170. “Elizabeth Hamilton, Sir Henry Raeburn,” National Galleries of Scotland, 21 January 2015. https://www.nationalgalleries.org/object/PG 1486. 171. Perkins. 172. Fletcher 64; Pam Perkins, “Helen D’Arcy Stewart, née Cranstoun,” ODNB. 173. Cited in Rendall 336. 174. Qtd. in Blunt, vol. 2, 38; Solovieff 57.

3 “Never Was a Flock So Scattered for Want of a Shepherdess”:Elizabeth Vesey Between England and Ireland

1. Elizabeth Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot, from the year 1741 to 1770: to which are added, let- ters from Mrs Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Vesey, between the years 1763 and 1787 (London, 1808) 227. Notes 195

2. “From 1715 until the 1780s Parliament usually met in Dublin every second winter for five to eight months.” Tighearnan Mooney and Fiona White, “The Gentry’s Winter Season,” in The Gorgeous Mask:Dublin 1700–1850 (Dublin: Trinity History Workshop, 1987) 2. 3. Carter 253. 4. Mary Muschamp was the only surviving child and thus heir of Denny Muschamp, the successful land speculator. 5. Vesey’s husband Agmondesham was a member of the Irish Parliament as well as Privy Councillor and Accountant General to Ireland,making him an influentialfigure in Anglo-Irish society. 6. Even Elizabeth Eger’s, Bluestockings, Women of Reason from Enlightenment to Romanticism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) refers only sporadi- cally to Vesey, generallypresenting her as dear friend of Montagu rather than emphasisingher Irish salons. 7. See, for example, Elizabeth Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, Letters from Sheridan’s Sister 1784–1786 and 1788–1790, ed.William Le Fanu (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1960);Emily Climenson, Elizabeth Montagu, the Queen of theBlue-stockings: Her Correspondence From 1720 to 1761 (London: Murray, 1906);and Reginald Blunt, ed., Mrs Montagu, “Queen of the blues”: Her Letters and Friendships from 1762 to 1800,2vols. (London: Consta- ble, 1923).TheElizabeth(Robinson) Montagu Papers, MO 1–6923, at The Huntington Library, San Marino, California, contain many letters to and from Elizabeth Vesey. There are 96 letters written by Vesey herself between 1761 and 1785; 90 of these are directed to Montagu and the remaining six to Lord Lyttelton, in addition to 260 letters received by Vesey from Montagu dating from almost the identical time period, from 1761 to 1786 – MontaguPapers MO6265–6360 and MontaguPapers MO 6361–6614. 8. The University of Manchester Library, Ham/1/6/2/3, Mary Hamilton Papers. 9. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6557. 10. Carter 92; 159; 198; Montagu to Vesey, MO 6513. 11. Carter 120. 12. is often named, erroneously, as the joint host of an Irish liter- ary salon dating from the early decades of the eighteenth century. It seems as though the salon that historians repeatedly refer to as being hosted by Mary and Patrick Delany was that which was held by Patrick(exclu- sively) until 1735, when correspondence between Mary Delany (then Mary Granville) and reports it to have ended: “I am sorry the sociable Thursdays, that used to bring together so many agreeable friends at Dr Delany’s, are broken up” (London 16 May 1735). Patrick Delany’s salon is often referred to by historians and literary critics alike as the Delanys’ salon or “The Thursday literary salons of Mary and Patrick Delany,” entirely ignoring the fact that the couple only married in 1743. Indeed it is extremely unlikely that Mary Delany played a role in any way resembling that of a salon hostess. Her comments give us much evidence of her partic- ipation, during 1733, in the salon, but exclusively as a guest: “I recollect no entertainment with so much pleasure, as what I received from the company; it has made me very sincerely lament the many hours of my life that I have lost in insignificant conversation” (Gloucester, 24 October 1733). 196 Notes

13. Angelique Day,ed. Letters from Georgian Ireland.The Correspondence of Mary Delany, 1731–68 (Belfast: Friar’s Bush Press, 1991) 109. 14. Day 154. 15. Elizabeth Carter, Letters from Mrs Elizabeth Carter to Mrs Montagu between the Years 1755 and 1800 (London, 1817) 40. 16. “Agmondisham Vesey,” Dictionary of Irish Architects, 21 January 2015. http://www.dia.ie/architects/view/5435/vesey-agmondisham. 17. Seán O’Reilly and Alistair Rowan, eds., Lucan House County Dublin (Dublin: Eason, 1988) 4. 18. Elizabeth Carter, Letters from Mrs Elizabeth Carter to Mrs Montagu, 357. 19. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6507. 20. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6298. 21. Arthur Young, A Tour in Ireland; With General Observations on the Present State of that Kingdom ... (London, 1780) 17. 22. Sheffield Archives, WWM/BkP/2/3, Letter from Mrs Vesey to , n.d. 23. The subscription list reflects the choice of views and includes such figures as the Earls of Aldborough, Belvedere, and Moira, as well as Lady Louisa Conolly and the Duke of Leinster. 24. Thomas Milton, ACollection of Select Views from the different seats of theNobil- ity and Gentry in the Kingdom of Ireland. EngravedbyThomas Milton. From originaldrawings, by the best masters (London, 1793) v. 25. FinolaO’Kane, Landscape Design in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Cork: Cork UP, 2004) 70–71. 26. O’Reilly and Rowan 9–26. 27. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6319. 28. Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot, 261. 29. This is probably a reference to Grace-Anne Newenham née Burton (b. c. 1735), wife of Sir Edward Newenham. James Kelly, “Sir Edward Newenham,” ODNB. 30. Francis Elrington Ball, A History of the County Dublin: The People, Parishes and Antiquities (Dublin: Alex. Thorn and Company, 1906). 31. Francis Bickley, ed., Report on the Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings, Esq. ...Vol. 3. Historical Manuscripts Commission (London: HMSO, 1934) 144. 32. In a later letter to her brother (c.1770 or 1771) Lady Moira refers to a masquerade ball, held at Moira House, where many women attempted to temporarily embrace the role and dressed in like manner: “There was so many shepherdesses that their crooks formed a little thicket.” Bickley 151. 33. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6283. 34. Anon. A New Ballad on the Masquerade Lately Given bythe Countess of Moira (Dublin: 1768). 35. Mary O’Dowd, History of Women in Ireland, 1500–1800 (London: Pearson Education, 2005) 56. 36. Edward Evans, “Old Dublin Mansion-houses, Moira House, Residence of Earl Moira ...” The Irish Builder 36.835 (Dublin, 1 October 1894): 222. 37. Thomas B. Bayley, Thoughts on the Necessity and Advantages of Care and Oeconomy in Collecting and Preserving different Substances for Manure. Notes 197

Addressed to the Members of the Agriculture Society of Manchester, October the 12th, 1795 (Manchester, 1796) 6. 38. Leverian Museum. ACompanion to the Museum (late Sir Ashton Lever’s) Removed to Albion Street, the Surry End of Black Friars Bridge (London, 1790) 27. 39. MO 6419. This seems to have been the general consensus at the time with Elizabeth Sheridan making a similar comment relative to the beauty of Irish clothes: ...I never had a gown so admired as my Irish Lawn. It has been washed 3 times and appears now if any thing better than when new, so tell Mr Porter if you think of it. It is always taken for a dutch Chintz but I take care to publish its country, (TunbridgeWells, 5 July 1785) Sheridan 59. 40. O’Dowd 58. 41. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6587. 42. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6541. 43. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6424. 44. A macaroni was a largely dismissive term used to refer to young men who embraced an affected love for fashion and elaborate forms of expression, usually following continental influences. 45. Otaheite = Tahiti, which was visitedby James Cook in 1769. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6525. 46. Frances Burney, Diary and Letters of Madame d’Arblay, ed.Charlotte Barrett, vol.4(London, 1876) 338. 47. Hannah More, “The Bas Bleu,” from Florio: A Tale, for Fine Gentlemen and Fine Ladies: And,TheBasBleu; or, Conversation (London: 1786) 76. 48. Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot, 132. 49. Eger 109. 50. I am indebted to Finola O’Kane for this observation, “The London Irish in the Long Eighteenth Century” Warwick University conference, April 2012. 51. Henry Benjamin Wheatley, Peter Cunningham, London Past and Present: Its History, Associations, and Traditions (London, 1891). 52. Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot, 241. 53. Rachel Stewart, The Town House in Georgian London (New Haven: YaleUP, 2009) 73. Stewart has noted that “Rent for good houses in good areas were generally between £100 and £400 per annum, although the rangewas much wider.” 54. Betty Rizzo, Companions Without Vows (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994) 369. Rizzo cites the Daily Advertiser for 27 November 1779. 55. Stewart 73. 56. Sheridan 43–44. 57. Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal 43. 58. Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal 43; Soame Jenyns (1704–1787) was a politician, satirist, and philosophical writer who frequented the Bluestocking salons. 59. Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal 43. 60. Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal 40. 198 Notes

61. JohnR.Redmill, “TheLady Anne Dawson Temple, Dartrey, Co. Monaghan,” Irish Georgian Society Newsletter (Autumn 2010) 14. 62. Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot, 349. 63. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6394; Carter, Letters from Mrs Elizabeth Carter to Mrs Montagu 14; Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot 333. 64. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6395. 65. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6283. 66. Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot 333. 67. “The Dartrey Papers, D3503,”(PRONI: 2007) 7. 68. Redmill 15. 69. Elizabeth Carter, Poems on Several Occasions, 3rd ed. (London, 1776) 104. 70. Redmill 15. 71. “The Dartrey Papers” 9. 72. Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal,39. 73. Patrick Kelly, “Anne Donnellan: Irish Proto-Bluestocking,” Hermathena, cliv, (Summer 1993): 39–68, 57. 74. See Laetitia Pilkington, Memoirs of Laetitia Pilkington. ed. A.C. Elias Jr., 2 vols. (London: University of Georgia Press, 1997). 75. Mary GranvilleDelany to Anne Granville Dewes, 8 June 1731. TheMr Wesley mentioned is Richard Colley Esq. 76. F. Elrington Ball,ed., The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, DD, vol. V (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1913) 126–127. 77. “It may be surmised that his wife did not find the arrangement distaste- ful, as there had been a suggestion that her first husband should be transferred to the English bench” (British Museum Addit. Mss., 28, 886, f. 41). 78. Elizabeth Montagu, The Letters of Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu ... vol.2(Boston, 1825) 150. 79. Frances Clarke, “Robert Jephson,” DIB. 80. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6325. 81. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6270. 82. There are references to Vesey in the Duchess’s correspondence, such as in the following letter to Emily from her son Lord Edward Fitzgerald: “Mrs Vesey and Mrs Handcock called to see us and enquired very kindly for you” (Black Rock, 23 March 1774).Emily Fitzgerald, The Correspondence of Emily, Duchess of Leinster, ed. Brian Fitzgerald, vol. 2 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1949–1957) 13. 83. Vesey to Montagu, MO6271. 84. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6271. 85. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6424. 86. Montagu to Vesey, MO6422. 87. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6395. 88. Vesey to Montagu, MO6326. It is difficult to ascertain which tragedy this refers to, those dating from the time the letter was written seem to have been favourably received. 89. Montagu to Vesey, MO6524. 90. Clarke DIB. Notes 199

91. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6400. 92. Thos. U. Sadleir, “The Manor of Blessington,” The Journal of theRoyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 18.2 (1928): 130. 93.Sadleir 130. 94. Sadleir 130. 95. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6574. 96. Eger 78. 97. Barbara Brandon Schnorrenberg, “Elizabeth Montagu,” ODNB. 98. His library,which is still almost intact, is preserved at Queen’s University Belfast and contains approximately 741 volumes as well as 1,225 pamphlets. “Thomas Percy Library,” Queen’s University Belfast, at RASCAL, Research and Special Collections Available Locally (Ireland) 21 January 2015. http://www.rascal.ie/index.php?CollectionID= 380&navOp=locID&navVar=25. Percy Collection, Queen’s University Belfast, Percy/635. 99. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6392. 100. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6393. 101. Percy Collection, QUB. 102. Percy Collection, QUB, Percy/495. 103. Elizabeth Meade was Percy’s daughter. This copy is held at theBodleian Library, Oxford. Percy 127/1–2. 104. Frances Burney, Diary and Letters of Madame D’Arblay, ed.Charlotte Barrett, vol.5(London: Macmillan, 1904–1905) 30–31. 105. Ethel Roth Wheeler, “An Irish Blue Stocking,” The Irish Book Loverr, VI (June 1915): 176–178. 106. Horace Walpole, Correspondence with Hannah More (and others) ed.W.S. Lewis (and others)(London: OUP, 1961) 247. 107. Walpole 227. 108. Vesey to Lyttelton, MO 6267. 109. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6302. 110. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6302. 111. Vesey to Montagu, MO Fragment. See JoEllen DeLucia, “‘Far Other Times are These’: The Bluestockings in the Time of Ossian,” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 27.1 (2008): 39–62. 112. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6322. 113. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6375. 114. Carter, Letters from Mrs Elizabeth Carter to Mrs Montagu, 63. 115. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6285. 116. Carter 163; 145. 117. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6378. 118. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6507. 119. Edmund Burke, The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, ed.Thomas W. Copeland, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1958) 476. 120. Burke 474. 121. Bingham’s presence in Vesey’s salon is recorded by Sheridan in her journal: “Our party consisted only of Lady Dartree and Mr Bingham, son to Lord Lucan – a pleasingyoung Man perfectly free from the present fashionable airs.” Sheridan 40. 122. David Hume, Essays Moral Political and Literary, ed. Eugene Miller, Revised ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1987) 271. 200 Notes

123. Montagu to Vesey,MO6437; Montagu to Vesey,MO6489. Lettres Nouvelles: Ou Nouvellement Recouvrées de La Marquise de Sévignée (Paris, 1774).Madame du Bocage’s verses possibly refer to Recueils des œuvres deMadame du Bocage (1770) but more probably refer to unpublished material. 124. Montagu to Vesey, MO6509. 125. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6517. The state papers referred to are Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501–1726 (1778). 126. Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot. Possibly Essays on Various Subjects to Which are Added Reflections on the Seven Days of the Week by Mrs Talbott, 2nd ed. (1772). 127. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6280; Montagu to Vesey, MO 6375. 128. Montagu to Vesey, MO6437. 129. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6540. 130. Vesey to Montagu, MO 6323. 131. Dustin Griffin in Literary Patronage in England, 1650–1800 (1996) notes the “disproportionate amount of attention” money has received as the key element providedbypatrons. See especially Chapter Two, “TheCultural Economics of Literary Patronage” for details of what patrons offered. 132. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6423. Braganza was later dedicated to Lady Nuneham. 133. Robert Jephson, Braganza. A Tragedy ...(London, 1775) iv. 134. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6388. 135. Griffin 191. 136. Montagu to Vesey, MO 6394. 137. Gary Kelly, Bluestocking Feminism, Writings of theBluestocking Circle, 1738– 1790,vol.2(London: Pickering and Chatto, 1999) xxxi; Blunt 226. 138. Quoted in Kelly,vol.1,lxxx. 139. M. Pollard, Dublin’sTradeinBooks 1550–1800, Lyell Lectures, 1986–1987 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) 161. 140. It must be borne in mind, however, that during the period c.1788–1800, from the formation of the Irish Volunteers until the Act of Union, most polemical work written by Irishpeople was first published in Ireland rather than England. See, Niall Gillespie, Irish Political Literature, c. 1778–1832: The Imaginative Prose, Poetry and Drama of the Irish Volunteers, the United Irish Society and the Anti-Jacobins (PhDThesis, Trinity CollegeDublin, 2013). 141. Epictetus was published after 1,031 advance subscriptions had been secured from within the Bluestocking circle and their friends. Gerda Lerner, “Female Clusters, Female Networks, Social Spaces,” in The Creation of Feminist Consciousness (Oxford: OUP, 1994) 230–231. 142. Carter, A Series of Letters between Mrs Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catherine Talbot 36.

4 Moira House Salon: A Site for Irish Scholarship

1. Walker’sHibernian Magazine: Or, Compendium of Entertaining Knowledge. For May, 1808 (Dublin, 1771–1809) 258. 2. Lady Moira was John Rawdon’s third wife, Rawdon married firstly Lady Helena Perceval, daughter of John, 1st Earl of Egmont and Catherine Notes 201

Parker in 1741, and secondly Hon. Anne Hill, daughter of Trevor Hill, 1st Viscount Hillsborough and Mary Rowe, in 1746. See Rosemary Richey, “JohnRawdon,” DIB. 3. Lady Moira’s full title, as listed in the ODNB, is Elizabeth Rawdon, née Hastings, suo jure Baroness Botreaux, suo jure Baroness Hungerford, suo jure Baroness Moleyns, suo jure Baroness Hastings, and countess of Moira. For the sake of brevity and ease of identification, Elizabeth Rawdon will be referred to throughout as Lady Moira, which is how she was generally addressed in her correspondence. 4. Sir JohnThomas Gilbert. A History of the City of Dublin,vol.1(Dublin, 1854) 393; “I have kept prettygood companyhere. Last Wednesday I dined with three countesses – Countess-dowager Moira (it was at her house), Earl and Countess Granard,and Countess Mountcashel ...I mean to call on Lady Moira the moment I have quitted this letter,” William Godwin to J. Mar- shal,Dublin, 2 August 1800, in Paul C. Keegan, William Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries (Boston, 1876) 366. 5. Ushers Island/Quay RWD 444T, Press cuttings folder. 6. Frances Gerard, “The Vicisssitudes of Moira House,” in Picturesque Dublin Old and New (London, 1898). 7. Edward Evans, “Old Dublin Mansion-houses, Moira House, Residence of Earl Moira . ..” in The Irish Builder 36.835 (Dublin, 1 October 1894): 222. 8. Wilmot Harrison, “MemorableDublin Houses – A Handy Guide with Illus- trated Anecdotes,” in TheWorksof theRev.JohnWesley, ed.JohnWesley (Philadelphia, 1826) III, 410 May 1890. 9. Granard Papers, T3765/L/4, Castle Forbes, Co. Longford. 10. Granard Papers, T3765/L/4. 11. For more information, see Beverly Lemire’s, “Domesticating the Exotic: Floral Culture and the East India Calico Trade with England, c. 1600–1800,” Textile: The Journal of Cloth and Culture 1.1 (2003): 64–85. 12. Granard Papers, T3765/L/4. 13. Granard Papers, T3765/J/9/2/11. 14. Granard Papers, T3765/J/9/2/11. 15. Richard Twiss, A Tour in Ireland in 1775 (London, 1775) 23. 16. “Coreggio, Antonio Allegri,” TheOxford Companion to Art, ed. Harold Osborne (Oxford: OUP, 1978) 283. 17. In art history Baroque is understood as a period of style “between roughly the later 16th c. and theearly 18thc. ...[that] expresses a concern for balance and above all wholeness.” The Oxford Companion to Artt, 108. 18. “Salvator Rosa,” The Oxford Companion to Artt, 1014. 19. “Salvator Rosa,” The Oxford Companion to Artt, 1014. 20. Aidan O’Boyle, “The Earls of Moira, their property and cultural interests,” Artefact 1 (2007): 75. It is possiblethat these pictures mayhave been moved to this room at a later date to make it easier to divide them amongst Lady Moira’s children, as Ruth Thorpe has suggested to me. 21. O’Boyle 79. 22. Stephen Conway, Britain, Ireland,and Continental Europe in the Eighteenth Century, Similarities, Connections, Identities (Oxford: OUP, 2011) 192. 23. PRONI D2924/1. Correspondence of Sir John (later Lord) Rawdon. 24. PRONI D2924/1. 202 Notes

25. In her obituary in the Gentleman’sMagazine 78.2 (1808), it is stated that, “[Lady Moira] resided in Dublin, or the North of Ireland (with the excep- tion of one year’s absence in France) for more than half a century for the longperiod of 56 years.” Details of this one year absence in France appear in another obituary, that of John Beresford, M.P. for Waterford. Beresford’s wife, Anne Constantia Ligondes, was a direct relative of Lady Moira and Lady Moira had obtained permission for the young woman “to accom- pany her to Ireland” whilst she herself was visiting the Auvergne region. Beresford and Ligondes were married on 12 November 1760, and we can extrapolate from this that Lady Moira may have been in France in the late 1750s or very early in 1760, Gentleman’sMagazine 75.2 (1805) 1083. 26. Máire Kennedy, French BooksinEighteenth-century Ireland (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2001). 27. Máire Kennedy, “Nations of the Mind: French culture in Ireland and the International Booktrade,” in Nations and Nationalisms: France, Britain, Ireland and theEighteenth-Century Context, ed.Michael O’Dea and Kevin Whelan (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1995) 152. 28. Granard Papers, T3765/N/2. 29. Granard Papers, T3765/L/3/3. 30. Joseph Cooper Walker, An Historical Essay on theDressof the Ancient and Modern Irish (Dublin, 1788) vii. 31. See Clare O’Halloran, Golden Ages and Barbarous Nations Antiquarian Debate and Cultural Politics in Ireland, c.1750–1800 (Cork: Cork UP, 2004). 32. These societies faltered due to financial difficulties as well as internal rivalries. See O’Halloran 165–166. 33. Charlotte Brooke’sReliques of Irish poetry, ed. Lesa Ní Mhunghaile (Dublin: Irish Manuscripts Commission, 2009) v. 34. Charlotte Brooke’sReliques, iv. 35. Norman A. Jeffares and Peter Van de Kamp, Irish Literture: TheEighteenth Century (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2006) 297. 36. Tim Burke, “Eliza Dorothea Cobbe, Lady Tuite,” in Irish Women Poets of the Romantic Period, ed. Stephen Behrendt (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street Press, 2008). 37. Charlotte Brooke’sReliques, cxxii; Monica Nevin writing in The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland dates their acquaintance to 1786. 38. Charlotte Brooke’sReliques, ix. 39. Rosemary Richey, “Lady Moira,” DIB. 40. Liz Bellamy, “Regionalism and nationalism: Maria Edgeworth,Walter Scott and the definition of Britishness,” in Snell, The Regional Novel in Britain and Ireland, 1800–1900, 57–58. Leith Davis also records that “In the later eigh- teenth century, more Anglo-Irish writers in particular turned their attention to antiquarian research into traditional Gaelic culture as a means of con- necting further with the native ” although she recognises the myriad problems and ambiguities associated with such an attempt, Music, Postcolonialism and Gender, The Construction of Irish National Identity 1723– 1784 (Notre Dame, Notre Dame UP, 2005) 56. See also, Joep Leerssen, Mere Irish and Fíor Ghael (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1986) ch x. 41. Charlotte Brooke’sReliques, ix. Brooke does however frequently disagree with Walker’s opinions, see Davis 79–81. Notes 203

42. Though not in possession of the reference book Lady Moira wanted, Lord Charlemont refers hertothe History of Nicetas Acominatus, translatedby Cousin, to support her investigations into Byzantine history, National Library of Ireland, F.S. Bourke Collection, MS 10,756. 43. Granard Papers, T3765/M/3/5. 44. Granard Papers, T3765/M/3/5. 45. Walker iii. 46. Walker vii. 47. Joseph Cooper Walker, Memoirs of Alessandro Tassoni, ed. Samuel Walker (London, 1815) xlix. 48. We know from Gilbert’s, A History of the City of Dublin (Dublin, 1854) that “Lord Moira was one of Lord Charlemont’s earliest friends, and for many years his Parliamentary coadjutor in the House of Peers,” 394. Walker refers to his correspondence with Hardy and their mutual intimacy withhim in a letter to Lady Moira during the time of the 1798 rebellion: “I had a letter this day from Mr Hardy. He says all is quiet about Castle Forbes ...What times!” Granard Papers, T3765/M/3/5. 49. Horace Walpole, Horace Walpole’s Correspondence with the Countess of Upper Ossory,eds., Lewis W.S. and DayleWallace A., TheYaleEdition, vol.33(New Haven: Yale UP, 1965) 474. 50. Lady Moira, “Particulars relative to a human skeleton, and thegar- ments that were found thereon, when dug out of a bog at the foot of Drumkeragh, ...” Archaeologia (1785): 100. 51. Lady Moira 93. 52. Lady Moira 90. 53. Walker, Historical Essay, v. 54. Lady Moira 92–93. 55. Lady Moira 92. 56. Walker, Historical Essay, vi. 57. Walker, Memoirs,lxiii; Henry Boyd, trans., A Translation of the “Inferno” of Dante Alighieri in English Verse, 2 vols. (Dublin, 1785). 58. Thomas Moore, Irish Melodies, National Airs, Sacred Songs, Ballads, Songs, etc. (Jersey, 1828) 25. 59. Lesa Ní Mhunghaile, “Anglo-Irish Antiquarianism,” in Anglo-Irish identities 1571–1845, ed. David A. Valone and Jill Marie Bradbury (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell UP, 2008) 191. 60. Thomas Moore, The Journal of Thomas Moore, 1836–1842,ed.Wilfred S. Dowden, vol.5(London: Associated UP, 1988) 1864. 61. The Gentleman’s Magazine: And Historical Chronicle (July to December, 1818) 88 2: 477. 62. Andrew James Symington, Thomas Moore the Poet: His Lifeand Works (New York, 1880) 13. 63. Symington 13. 64. Harry White, “Thomas Moore,” DIB. 65. Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Dublin, Established for the Investigation and Revival of Ancient Irish Literature ...vol.1(Dublin, 1808) ix. 66. Royal Irish Academy, Catalogue of Irish Manuscripts in Royal Irish Academy, 2. MS 23 F 16. 67. RIA 2. MS 23 F 16. 204 Notes

68. Theophilus O’Flanagan, ed., Advice to a Prince ... (Dublin, 1808) 29. 69. O’Flanagan 29. 70. It is listed in the Catalogue of Irish Manuscripts in theRoyal Irish Academy just as O’Flanagan haddescribed it: written on seventeenth-centurypaper, “bound in leather, tooled,and gilt; giltedges.” Lady Moira’s name, recorded as “E. Moira Hastings, &c. &c.” is written on the inside of the front cover. RIA MS23F 16. 71. O’Flanagan iv. 72. O’Flanagan iv. 73. Lesa Ní Mhunghaile, “Theophilus O’Flanagan,” DIB. 74. Augusta Hall,ed., Lifeand Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs Delany, vol.3(Cambridge: CambridgeUP) 552. 75. Honora Edgeworth to Charles Sneyd Edgeworth,11Feb 1808, Edgeworth Papers, National Library of Ireland, Pos. 9030/615. 76. John Bowyer Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century Consisting of Authentic Memoirs and Original Letters of Eminent Persons ...(London, 1858) 6. 77. Granard Papers, T3765 M/3/14/26. 78. Invitations to Moira House are included amongst theScully correspondence at the NLI as is the comment “In our Moira House society we look forward to havingyou sir of our party, as when I was last in town,” again explicitly referring to a society at Moira House. NLI MS 27485/16. 79. Morgan 92 and Granard Papers T3765/M/2/33. 80. See James Grant Raymond, TheLifeof Thomas Dermody,2vols. (London and Dublin, 1806);Lady Morgan, Lady Morgan’s, Memoirs. Autobiography, Diaries and Correspondence (London, 1862). 81. Granard Papers T3765/M/2/33/1. 82. Granard Papers T3765/M/2/33/3. 83. Granard Papers T3765/M/2/33/4. 84. Michael Griffin, “ ‘Infatuated to his ruin’: The fate of Thomas Dermody, 1775–1802,” History Ireland (May/June 2006). 85. Todd 105. 86. Snell 1. Edgeworth’sand Scott’s works have generally been classified as regional novels although many critics insist that they simultaneously fall into the genre of national tale, see Ina Ferris, The Romantic National Taleand the Question of Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002). 87. Maria Edgeworth, Castle Rackrentt,inThe Novelsand Selected Worksof Maria Edgeworth,ed. Jane Desmarais, Tim McLoughlin and Marilyn Butler, I (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1998) 54. 88. Granard Papers, T3765/2/31/3. 89. Maria Edgeworth, TheAbsentee,in The Novelsand Selected Worksof Maria Edgeworth, ed. HeidiVande Veire, Kim Walker and Marilyn Butler, vol.V (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1998) xvii. 90. Edgeworth Papers, Pos. 9029/493. 91. Maria Edgeworth, Patronage,in The Novels and Selected Works of Maria Edgeworth, ed. by Connor Carvilleand MarilynButler, vol.VI(London: Pickering and Chatto, 1998) xi; Richey, “Lady Moira” DIB. 92. Maria Edgeworth, Ormond,in The Novelsand Selected Worksof Maria Edgeworth, ed. by Claire Connolly, vol. VIII (London: Pickering and Chatto, Notes 205

1998) 5. refers to the perils of card-playing thus: “I have always considered the universal practice of card-playing as particularly pernicious in this respect, that, whilst it keeps people perpetually in com- pany,itexcludes conversation.” Hester Chapone, TheWorksof Mrs Chapone, Containing Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, vol.2(Dublin, 1775) 16. 93. Edgeworth, Ormond 152 and 10. 94. Edgeworth, Patronage 48. 95. Edgeworth, Ormond 55. 96. Edgeworth, Ormond 208. 97. Voltaire and Rousseau, two of the key members of the eighteenth-century salon, are noted as being absent, the former not being in France at the time, and the latter in the midst of another quarrel. 98. Edgeworth, Ormond xi. 99. Maria Edgeworth, Letters for Literary Ladies. ToWhich is Added, An Essay on theNoble Science of Self-justification. 2nd edition (London, 1799) 110. 100. Edgeworth, Letters for Literary Ladies 111. For more on Edgeworth’s gather- ings, see Chapter Five. 101. Granard Papers, T3765 M/3/14/29. 102. Granard Papers, T3765 M/3/14/31. 103. Of course it must be borne in mind that, as Hugh Trevor-Roper notes, “the creation of an independent Highland tradition, ...was the work of the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.” Thus rather than recording history, Trevor-Roper argues that Scott and many like him were instead contributing to a myth of antiquity, through their false presentation of Highland traditions as “ancient, original anddistinctive.”“The Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of Scotland,” The Invention of Tradi- tion,ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: CambridgeUP, 1983) 16. 104. Granard Papers, T3765 M/3/14/29. 105. Thomas Brydson to Lady Moira, Edinburgh,25July 1785, Granard Papers, T3765/M/3/14/17. 106. Granard Papers, T3765/M/3/14/17. 107. Granard Papers, T3765 M/3/14/31. 108. For further discussion on English-Irish politeness, see Martyn Powell, The Politics of Consumption in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) 212–218. 109. Granard Papers, T3765 M/3/14/31. 110. The Peerage of Ireland: or, a Genealogical History of the Present Nobility of that Kingdom ... By John Lodge . ..vol. 3 (London, 1789) 109–110. 111. James N. Brewer, The Beauties of Ireland: Being Original Delineations, Topo- graphical, Historical, and Biographical, of Each County (London, 1826). 112. Mrs Edgeworth[Harriet Butler and Lucy Robinson], A Memoir of Maria Edgeworth, With a Selection From Her Letters by the Late Mrs Edgeworth, 3 vols (Privately published, 1867) 14. 113. Maria Edgeworth to Margaret Ruxton, 1 April 1805, NLI, Edgeworth Papers, Pos. 9029/456. 114. Edgeworth, AMemoir 14. 115. “Moira House at Two Epochs,” Chambers’sEdinburgh Journal, ed.William and Robert Chambers (Edinburgh, 1848) 122. 206 Notes

116. Lady Morgan, Lady Morgan’s Memoirs, vol.1, 35. 117. Sydney Owenson, Poems: DedicatedbyPermission, to the Right Honourablethe Countess of Moira ...(Dublin, 1801). 118. Morgan 177. 119. Letter from Lady Stuart Lonsdale to Lady Loisia Stuart, 26 August 1806, Gleanings from an Old Portfolio Containing Some Correspondence between Lady Louisa Stuart and Her Sister ...(Edinburgh, 1898). 120. Both Jim Shanahan and Susan Egenolf remark on the frequency with which Lady Morgan subtitledher novels as national tales andhow shethus “actively fostered the national tale as a genre”; Irelandand Romanticism, ed. Jim Kelly (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011). 121. Sydney Owenson, TheWild Irish Girl, ed. Kathryn Kirkpatrick (Oxford: OUP, 2008) 88. 122. Owenson 48, 89. 123. Mary Helen Thuente, The Harp Re-strung, The United Irishmen and the Rise of Irish Literary Nationalism (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UP, 1994) 17. 124. Thuente, “Who Fears to Speak of Ninety-Eight?” 1–16. 125. Pamela Fitzgerald can herself be read as a product of Anglo-French-Irish exchanges. The assumed daughter of Mme de Genlis and Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orleans, she met Edward at the theatre in Paris and they later married in Tournai in 1792. Fitzgerald,vol. 2, xii. 126. John Carr, The Stranger in Ireland: Or, A Tour in the Southern and Western Parts of that Country, in the year 1805 (Hartford, 1806) 256. 127. Patrick Geoghegan, “In the courtroom he established himself as the lead- ing defender of the United Irishmen, and was later described as being the barrister most obnoxious to the government,” in “JohnPhilpot Curran,” DIB. 128. Curran was Masterofthe RobesinIreland from 1806 and he in fact assisted Lady Granard in this capacity in suppressing the publication of 300 letters written by Lady Moira to Lady Tryawley,whichhadbeen seizedbythe house’s tenants (Ann and Col.John Dunkin) upon her demise. Granard Papers T3765/J/5/10. 129. Theobald Wolfe Tone, Lifeof Theobald Wolfe Tone, ed.William Theobald Wolfe Tone (Washington, 1826) 214. 130. Sunday 23 August 1792, Tone 184. 131. Janet Todd, “Ascendancy: Lady Mount Cashell,Lady Moira, and the Union Pamphlets,” Eighteenth-Century Ireland 18 (2003): 105–106. Todd refers only briefly in her article to Lady Moira’s salon and when she does so it is to place great emphasis on it as a political gath- ering, open to women, and presumably men “with a political agenda from whatever religious background.” While accurately reflecting the political interests of the salon’s hostess and her husband, who along with Henry Grattan and other liberal members of the Irish Parliament, formed the Irish Whig Club in 1789, Todd misrepresents the salon’s focus and aims, which cannot be limited to the political. 132. Lady Moira to George Townsend, 14 March 1772, cited in Angela Bourke, et al., eds. The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writingg, vol. 5 (Cork: Cork UP, 2002) 45–46. Notes 207

133. Scully Papers, MS 27485/16/17, National Library of Ireland, “Letters to Denis Scully and others from members of his family and friends, and ecclesiastics.” 134. NLI MS 27485/15/10. 135. T3765/J/9/2/13. Lady Moira to Lady Granard: “Many of the members of both Houses who voted for the Union bitterly and loudly repent, from the most feeling source, disappointed in promises made to them.” 136. NLI MS 27485/15/10. 137. Irish Architectural Archive, Ushers Island/Quay RWD 444T. 138. For further information on the Mendicity Institution, see Audrey Woods, Dublin Outsiders: Mendicity Institution, 1818–1998 (A&AFarmar,1999). 139. “The Mendicity Institution, about us andhistory,” 21 January 2015. http:// www.mendicity.org/about.htm. 140. O’Halloran 122.

5 Collaborative Hospitality and Cultural Transfers: Provincial Salons Across England and Ireland

1. James Boswell, TheLifeof Samuel Johnson, ed. Chapman R.W (Oxford: Press, 2008) 405–406. 2. Elizabeth Child, “‘To Sing theTown’: Women, Place, and Print Culture in Eighteenth-Century Bath,” Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture 28 (1999): 157. See also Peter Clark, British Clubsand Societies 1580–1800, The Ori- gins of an Associational World (Oxford: OUP, 2002), “By the 1760s might boast that it had the biggest concentration of associations in the West of England, and that these recruited across the regional hinterland,” Clark 456. 3. Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). 4. Clark 111. 5. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchesterr, vol.IV (Manchester, 1793) v. 6. Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men: The FriendsWhoMadethe Future, 1730–1810 (London: Faber, 2002). 7. For further discussion of reading parties, book clubs, and private theatricals, see Chapter 6. 8. Laura Kirkley, “Translating Rousseauism: Transformations of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre’s Paul et Virginie in the Works of Helen Maria Williams and Maria Edgeworth,” in Readers, Writers, Salonnières, ed. Hilary Brown and Gillian Dow (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2011) 93. 9. Lady Morgan (Sydney Owenson), Lady Morgan’s Memoirs, Autobiography, Diaries and Correspondence, ed.William H. Dixon, vol.1(London, 1862) 144. 10. “Provincial Lichfield life might seem strange in one who was so ambi- tious to hold sway on thepublic stage, but Anna always declared her condemnation of that ‘Great Babylon’, London and its high soci- ety, refusing to move, either to there or to Bath,” Marion Roberts, 208 Notes

“(1742–1809),” Chawton House Library and early women’s writing, 21 January 2015. http://www.chawtonhouse.org/wp-content /uploads/2012/06/Anna-Seward.pdf. 11. Jan Fergus, Provincial Readers in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: OUP, 2006) 22. 12. See Fergus, “Introduction,” 28–29. 13. Julia M. Wright, “‘All the Fire-sideCircle’: Irish Women Writers and the Sheridan-Lefanu Coterie,” Keats-Shelley Journal 55 (2006): 63–72. 14. References to these literary women also occur in James Boswell’s London Journal 1762–63; Boswell’s TheLifeof Samuel Johnson (1791), Samuel Richardson’s correspondence (1804), Samuel Whyte’s Miscellanea Nova (1800),and Lady Morgan’s Memoirs (1862), amongst other works. More recently, Aileen Douglas and Ian Campbell Ross’s edition of The Triumph of Prudence over Passion (1781) for the Early Irish Fiction series has attributed that novel’sauthorship to Elizabeth Sheridan, and their introduction pro- vides biographical detail pertaining both to Elizabeth herself and to her immediate family, Elizabeth Sheridan, “Introduction,” 9–26. 15. Alicia Lefanu, Memoirs of theLifeand Writings of Mrs. Frances Sheridan (London, 1824) 31. 16. See “The Peregrinations of Fiachra McBrady, literally translated from the original Irish,” in Andrew Carpenter, Verse in Englishfrom Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Cork: Cork UP, 1998) 498. 17. Lefanu 34. 18. Lefanu 35. 19. Sean P. Popplewell, “Domestic Decorative Painting in Ireland: 1720–1820,” Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 68. 269/270 (1979):50. 20. Swift refers to Quilca as “a rotten cabin” in his poem “To Quilca,” and it certainly seems that a process of refinement of the building took place in the decades after Swift’s visits. 21. Lefanu 39. 22. Lefanu 199. 23. Lefanu 198. 24. Boswell, TheLifeof Samuel Johnson, vol. 1, 244; Lady Eliza Echlin to Mr Richardson, 2 August 1756 from The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, ed. ,6vols. (London, 1804) 75. 25. James Boswell, Boswell’sLondon Journal 1762–63, ed. Frederick A. Pottle, vol. 2 (London: The Folio Society, 1985) 111. Boswell here refers to Robert Jephson who also frequented the Bluestocking salons. 26. Lefanu 235. 27. Thomas Seccombe, rev. Raymond Refaussée, “Philip Le Fanu,” ODNB. 28. Wright 66. 29. Morgan, vol. 1, 143. 30. Morgan, vol. 1, 144. 31. Morgan, vol. 1, 183. 32. The Provost was strongly associated with Moore and his early career, being among the first to encouragethe youngpoet. See Jim Shanahan, “John Kearney,” DIB. 33. The National Library of Ireland is in possession of the Edgeworth Papers, which are available in microfilm format (Pos. 9206–9035), some of which Notes 209

have been transcribed and are available in Augustus Hare’s TheLifeand Letters of Maria Edgeworth (1894). 34. National Library of Ireland, Edgeworth Papers, Pos. 9028/416. 35. NLI Pos. 9028/416. 36. Clíona Ó Gallchoir, Maria Edgeworth: Women, Enlightenment and Nation (Dublin: UCD, 2005) 24. 37. Toby Barnard, “Reading in Eighteenth-Century Ireland:Public and Pri- vate Pleasures,” in TheExperience of Reading: Irish Historical Perspectives, ed. Máire Kennedy and Bernadette Cunningham (Dublin: Rare Books Group, 1999) 68. 38. James Quinn, “William Henry Hamilton,” DIB. 39. NLI Pos. 9030/688. 40. Hare 157. 41. Hare 13. 42. NLI Pos. 9030/667. 43. Hare 31 (18 November 1793).The English Short Title Catalogue lists nine editions of Gay’s Trivia, including two printed after 1735, both of which were printed in London. 44. In reference to Montesquieu sur la Grandeur et Decadence des Romains, and Dallas’s History of the Maroons (26 February 1805). 45. Hare 88, 145, 206, 225, 231. 46. Hare 145. 47. Hare 33. 48. Hare 151. This is most probably a reference to John Sargent’s The Mine: A Dramatic Poem (1785). 49. Hare 315. 50. NLI Pos. 9029/501.Thomas Tyrwhitt, The Canterbury Tales of Chaucerr,4 vols. (London, 1775),5th volume (Glossary) added in 1778. See Derek Pearsall, “Principal editions of the Canterbury Tales,” in The Canterbury Tales (New York: Routledge, 1985). 51. Thomas O’Beirne was a Church of Ireland bishop who had also written for the press and thetheatre, as well as translating two dramas into English from French. 52. It is unclear as to whothis Mr. Jephson is, as Robert Jephson haddied in 1803. 53. Hare 173. 54. PRONI Berwick Papers T415/44. 55. PRONI T415/50, undated. 56. Hare 160. 57. NLI Pos. 9029/528. 58. NLI Pos. 9029/532. The identity of Miss Fortescue is unspecified. 59. Harriet Kramer Linkin, TheLifeand Legacy of Mary Tighe (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street Press, 2008). 60. NLI Pos. 9029/532. 61. David Gadd, Georgian Summer: Bath in the Eighteenth Century (Bath: Adams and Dart, 1971) 157. 62. Ruth Avaline Hesselgrave, Lady Miller and the Batheaston Literary Circle (New Haven: Yale UP, 1927) 5. 210 Notes

63. Moyra Haslett, “The Poet as Clubman,” in TheHandbook of British Poetry, 1660–1800 (Oxford: OUP, 2013). 64. Thrale231. 65. Thrale 229. 66. “Estate: Miller (Ballycaseymore),” Landed Estates Database, 17 April 2014. landedestates.nuigalway.ie. 67. Landed Estates Database. 68. The New Annual Register, or General Repository of History,Politics and Literature, for the Year 1781 (London, 1782) 239. 69. Before the lapse of the licensing Act in 1695 printing was restricted to London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge. Borsay’s TheEnglish Urban Renais- sance provides a lengthy discussion of the development of provincial newspapers after the lapse of the Act, which resulted in massive, sustained growth in the provincialpublishing industry. 70. Anna Riggs Miller, On Novelty: And On Trifles, and Triflers. Poetic Amusements at a Villa NearBath (Bath, 1778) 1. 71. Terry Belanger, “Publishers and Writers in Eighteenth-Century England,” in Booksand Their Readers in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. Isabel Rivers (Leicester: Leicester UP, 1982) 12. 72. Joanna Hughes, ed., Poems, &c. &c. by the late Mrs. Mary Alcock (London, 1799) v. 73. Markman Ellis, “Mary Alcock,” ODNB. 74. Ellis. 75. Anna Seward, Poem to the Memory of Lady Miller (London, 1782). 76. Seward 79–81. 77. Anonymity is one such indication of this uncertain approach. Elizabeth Montagu’s name only appeared in print for example in the fourth edition of her work, An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespear (1777).Her sister, Sarah (Robinson) Scott also refrained from including her name on the title page, opting instead to declare herself simply as “ a person of quality” in A Journey Through Every Stage of Life (1754). 78. Seward 85–90. 79. “I was born 50 miles nearer Scotland than is Lichfield,andpassed the first seven years of my existence in my native village, amidst the eminences of the Peak of Derbyshire,” Anna Seward, Letters of Anna Seward: Writ- ten Between the Years 1784 and 1807,ed. A. Constable, vol.6(Edinburgh, 1811) 39. 80. Marion Roberts,“Close Encounters: Anna Seward, 1742–1809, A Woman in Provincial Cultural Life,” ML thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010, 43. 81. Roberts, “Close Encounters” 44. 82. For details of horse racing and associated sociability, see Borsay,“Sport,” The English Urban Renaissance 173–196. Additionallinks include Samuel Johnson’s father having been a bookseller in the town and David Garrick, another native, havingbegun acting there. 83. Borsay 329, 333, 342; Roberts, “Close Encounters” 44. 84. Maria Edgeworth,ed., Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, vol.1(London, 1820) 237. 85. As Claudia Kairoff has noted in Anna Seward and theEnd of theEighteenth Century (2012), “She [Seward] replacedher mother and, eventually, her Notes 211

father as host of the Bishop’s Palace salon. It was important to Seward that she maintainedher social as well as literary status, owing to her need to take over her parents’ roles ...” 86. Edgeworth, Memoirs, vol. 1 237. 87. Roberts, “Close Encounters” 45. 88. Roberts, “Close Encounters” 45. 89. Sylvia Bowerbank, “Anna Seward,” ODNB 90. Borsay 132. 91. Paul Kaufman, “Readers and their Reading in Eighteenth-Century Lichfield,” Library 28 (1973): 110. 92. Kaufman 110. 93. Brewer 577. Seward herself was a great appreciator of music and went to Birmingham to the harmonic festival where she encountered “perilous crowds and Calcutta heat in the morning and evening performance, three daystogether, eight hours music out of the twenty four. It was hazard- ing martyrdom to the second favourite science of my life,” Seward, Letters, vol.6,49. 94. Norma Clarke, The Rise and Fall of the Woman of Letters (London: Pimlico, 2004) 40. 95. Clarke 40. 96. Marion Roberts, Chawton House Library. 97. Bowerbank, “Anna Seward,” ODNB. 98. Brewer 573. 99. Brewer 573. 100. Seward, Letters, vol. 6, 339. 101. Seward, Letters, vol.1,ix. 102. Margaret Ashmun, The Singing Swan: An Account of Anna Seawrd and Her Acquaintance with Dr. Johnson, Boswell and Others of Their Time (New Haven: Yale UP, 1931) 280. 103. Charlotte Fell-Smith, rev. Sarah Couper, “William Newton,” ODNB. 104. Fell-Smith, ODNB. 105. Seward, Letters, vol.1, 292. 106. Brewer 604. 107. Lichfield Archives D262/1/24. 108. Lichfield Archives D262/1/24. 109. Lichfield Archives D262/1/24. 110. Lichfield Archives D262/1/24. 111. Brewer 575. 112. While speaking of Montagu and Carter’s correspondence, Elizabeth Eger refers to “the immediacy of their dialogue, the sense in which it tries to emulate conversation,” Eger, Bluestockings, Women of Rea- son from Enlightenment to Romanticism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 99. 113.Clarke25. 114. Martin Stapleton, Anna Seward & Classic Lichfield (Worcester: Deighton, 1909). 115. Brewer 612. 116. Jacqueline M. Labbe, ed., The History of British Women’s Writing, 1750– 1830 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 18. See also, Harriet Kramer 212 Notes

Linkin, “Mary Tighe and the Coterie of Women Poets in Psyche,” in the sameedition. 117. Nigel Leask, “Salons, Alpsand Cordilleras: Helen Maria Williams, Alexander von Humboldt, and the Discourse of Romantic Travel,”inWomen, Writing and thePublic Sphere, ed. Elizabeth Eger, Charlotte Grant, Clíona Ó Gallchoir and Penny Warburton (Cambridge: Cambridge, 2001) 223. The salon did not continue without interruption, Williams, her sister and mother were all imprisoned for six weeks in 1793 for example. 118. Leask 224. 119. Leask 221.

6 “Dublin Is Attribilaire” – The Changing Nature of Elite Sociability

1. Lady Morgan, Lady Morgan’s Memoirs, Autobiography, Diaries and Correspon- dence,vol.2(London, 1862) 22. 2. Elizabeth Sheridan, The Triumph of Prudence over Passion, ed.Aileen Douglas and Ian Campbell Ross (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011) 24. See Mary O’Dowd, “Women and Patriotism in Eighteenth-Century Ireland,” History Ireland 14.5 (September/October, 2006): 25–30. 3. Eoin Burke, “Poor Green Erin,” in GermanTravel Writers’ Narratives on Irelandfrom Before the 1798 Rising to After the Great Famine (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2011) 70–71. 4. Burke71. 5. Deirdre Coleman, “Firebrands, Letters and Flowers: Mrs Barbauld and the Priestleys,” in Romantic Sociability, ed.Gillian Russell and Clara Tuite (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002) 93. 6. R. Warwick Bond,ed. TheMarlay Letters 1778–1820 (London: Constableand Company, 1937) 97. 7. PRONI T1565/1, The Diary of Mrs Walker, 42; 45. 8. Susanne Schmid, British Literary Salons of the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 41. 9. O’Kane remarks on the Duke of Leinster’s anxiety and Louisa Conolly’s censure in the press. 10. Jean Agnew, The Drennan-McTier Letters, 1776–1819, vol.1(Dublin: Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1998) 213. Drennan wrote more than 1,500 letters to his sister Martha, and these are now in PRONI. 11. Bridget Hourican, “Henrietta O’Neill,” DIB. See also Andrew Carpenter, 475. 12. Anthologia Hibernica (October 1793) 319–320. 13. Bridget Hourican, “JohnO’Neill,” DIB. Henrietta also wrote poetryher- self and her poems, “The Ode to the Poppy” and “Written on Seeing her Two Sons at Play,” are included in Andrew Carpenter’s Verses in English in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (1998). 14. See Schmid 41. 15. PRONI T1839/1, volume of copy letters, correspondence of Sir John Rawdon. 16. PRONI T1839/1. 17. PRONI T1839/1. Notes 213

18. Agnew, vol. 2, 110. 19. For further information see, Karol Mullaney Dignam, Music and Dancing at Castletown, Co. Kildare, 1759–1821 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011). 20. Bridget Hourican, “JohnO’Neill,” DIB. 21. Agnew, vol. 2, 214. 22. PRONI T415/62. 23. PRONI T415/62. 24. Sarah M. Zimmerman “Henrietta O’Neill,” ODNB;Bridget Hourican, “Henrietta O’Neill,” DIB. 25. Thomas Campbell, Lifeof Mrs Siddons, vol.1(London, 1831) 263–264. 26. Borsay 182. 27. Borsay 182. 28. Many book clubs, which in their early days disposed of the books after theyhaddone their rounds, later decided to keep them. Theybegan with acupboard,then a room. Soon they needed a part-time librar- ian, and then specially designed premises. A book club could over time transform itself into a permanent library.

William St. Clair, TheReading Nation in the Romantic Period (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004) 252. 29. Johanna Archbold, “Book Clubsand Reading Societies in the Late Eigh- teenth Century,” Clubsand Societies in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2010) 138–162. 30. St Clair 250. 31. St Clair 668. 32. St Clair 244. 33. St Clair 251. 34. St. Clair, “Appendix 10,” 669. 35. AmandaVickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (London: TheFolio Society, 2006) 251. 36. Vickery 251. 37. Vickery 251. 38. Vickery 251. 39. Vickery 397, 400. 40. Archbold 142. 41. Granard Papers, T3765/J/8/13. 42. Granard Papers, T3765/J/8/13. 43. Archbold 141. 44. Archbold 141. The two guineas needed to join Selena’s book club was quite a significant sum of money and so would have excluded the literate lower orders. 45. Dorothea Herbert, Retrospections of Dorothea Herbert 1770–1806, ed.Louis M. Cullen (Dublin: Townhouse, 2004) 82–83 (1782). 46. Herbert 74. 47. Herbert 74. 48. Herbert 324 (1793). 49. Herbert 324. 50. Herbert 328 (1794). 51. Herbert 43. 214 Notes

52. Herbert 290–291. 53. Herbert 386. 54. Archbold 142. 55. Agnew, vol.2,96. 56. Agnew, vol. 2, 96; 101. 57. Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, No.12 Belfast, Part I, to 1840, Irish Historic Town Atlas Series (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2003) 6. 58. Gillespie and Royle7. 59. Agnew, vol.2,35. 60. Gillespie and Royle7. 61. This could, of course, be owing to the secretive nature of the correspon- dence, which was often written in code to prevent suspicion. 62. Agnew, vol.2,97. 63. Agnew vol. 2, 101. 64. Agnew vol. 2, 100. 65. Agnew vol. 2, 105. 66. Agnew vol. 2, 105. 67. Agnew vol. 2, 199. 68. For further details of the 1798 Rebellion see Ian McBride Eighteenth–Century Ireland (2009) although as McBride notes in speaking of ’98: “no single event has received more attention from the current generation of Irish historians,” 346. 69. Granard Papers T3765/J/9/2/13. 70. Maria Edgeworth, TheAbsentee,in The Novelsand Selected Worksof Maria Edgeworth,ed. HeidiVande Veire, Kim Walker, and Marilyn Butler, vol. V (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1998). 71. Mary Campbell, Lady Morgan, TheLifeand Times of Sydney Owenson (London: Pandora, 1988) 184. 72. Walter Scott, The Letters of Walter Scott 1787–1807, ed. H.J.C. Grierson (London: Constable, 1932) 234. 73. Alexander G. Gonzalez, ed. Irish Women Writers: An A-to-Z Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006) 311. 74. NLI MS 4239 and TCD MS 1461/5–7. 75. E. Wingfield “Isabella, Frances Wingfield, 24th December, 1860,” 48, Genealogical Office, NLI. Quoted in Harriet Kramer Linkin, “Mary Tighe: A Portrait of the Artist for the Twenty-first Century,” in A Companion to Irish Literature, ed.Julia M. Wright, vol.2(Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2010). 76. Hare 339; Frances Clarke “Caroline Hamilton,” DIB; C.J. Woods, “Edward Tighe,” DIB. 77. A.P. Woolrich, “Isaac Ambrose Eccles,” ODNB. 78. , Correspondence of J.C. Walker with Mary Tighe, MS 1461/7/44. 79. TCD MS 1461/6/21. 80. TCD MS 1461/7/36. 81. TCD MS 1461/7/30. 82. TCD MS 1461/5/8. Mrs Wilmot was born Barbarina Ogleandlater married Valentine Wilmot. Upon his death she married Thomas Brand thus becom- ing Lady Dacre. She has been described as “one of the most accomplished women of her time, an excellent horsewoman, sculptor, and a French and Notes 215

an Italian scholar, as well as a writer of some note.” Thompson Cooper, rev. Rebecca Mills, “Lady Dacre,” ODNB. 83. Harriet Kramer Linkin, ed. TheCollected Poems and Journalsof Mary Tighe (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005) 235. 84. Linkin, TheCollected Poems 263. 85. Linkin, The Collected Poems 263. 86. TCD MS 1461/7/55. 87. Linkin, TheCollected Poems 263–264. 88. Lord John Russell, ed., Memoirs, Journal and Correspondence of Thomas Moore (London, 1856) 61. 89. TCD MS 1461/7/41. 90. TCD MS 1461/7/41. 91. Harry White, “Thomas Moore,” DIB. 92. This impression is further substantiated by Caroline Hamilton’s drawings. Society, for example, has been described as capturing “the boredom of a Dublin drawing room, paralysed by post-union torpor,” and the decline of Dublin society in general after 1801.“Details of Lot 430” Adam’s Catalogue Details, 21 January 2015. http://www.adams.ie. 93. Morgan, vol.2,22. 94. “[Lady Wilde]builtup a large literary circle aroundher marriedhomes, 21 Westland Row and (from 1855) 1 Merrion Square,” Owen Dudley Edwards, “Jane Francesca Agnes (‘Sperenza’) Wilde,” DIB. 95. “New Stornoway Literary Salon Launches,”publ. 26 November 2010, 21 January 2015 http://www.hebrides-news.com/stornoway_literary_salon- 261110.html. 96. “The London Literary Salon,” 21 January 2015. http://www.litsalon.co .uk/. 97. “Twitter – The Virtual Literary Salon,”publ. 11 January 2012, 21 January 2015. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2012/jan/11 /twitter-virtual-literary-salon. 98. “Nonesense & Sensibility –Shoreditch House Literary Salon,”publ. 7March 2012, 21 January 2015. http://nonsensesensibility.com/blog /2012/03/shoreditch-house-literary-salon/. 99. “Nonesense & Sensibility.” 100. Stefanie Stockhorst, ed. Cultural Transfer through Translation, The Circulation of Enlightened Thought in Europe by means of Translation (Amsterdam and New York:Rodopi, 2010) 7. 101. Stockhorst 21. Bibliography

Manuscript Sources

Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland D4009 Lady Moira Letters, c. 1768–1772 T415 Berwick Letters, 1634–1815 T1565/1 The Diary of Mrs Anna Walker T1839/1 Copy of D2924, Correspondence of Sir John Rawdon T3048/A/5 Joseph Cooper Walker to Lady Moira, Avignon T3765 Granard Papers

Dublin, Irish Architectural Archive Ushers Island/Quay RWD 444T Press Cuttings Folder

Dublin, National Library of Ireland 4239 Letters between Caroline Hamilton, Mary Tighe, and other members of the Tighe family (1778–1810) T451 4–5 POS 7238 Papiers de Francis Thomas Fitz Maurice, comte de Kerry,et deMadame Spriggs P7241-7243 Household and personal accounts of Francis Thomas FitzMaurice, 3rd Earl of Kerry, in France and England, with some correspondence including letters from James and Robert Adam, late 18th c Pos. 9026–9029 Edgeworth Papers 10,756 F.S. BourkeCollection. Lord Charlemont to Lady Moira 27,485 (15–17) Letters to Dennis Scully from Lady Moira, 29 letters, 1798–1808

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy 12 R 5 A Traveller’s Essays: Manners of theTurks, 1749 12 R 9–11 Charlemont Correspondence: Ser. I: v. 1–3, 1707–1782. (Original Correspondence of James late Earl of Charlemont) 12 R 12 Charlemont Correspondence: Ser. II 1747–1774

Dublin, Trinity College 1461 (1–3) Letters to Joseph Cooper Walker from Isaac Ambrose Eccles, Charles Vallency, and William Beaufort etc 1461 (5–7) Correspondence of Joseph Cooper Walker (1761–1810) with Mrs Mary Tighe (1772–1810)

Lichfield Record Office D262/1/24 Edward Berwick to Anna Seward

216 Bibliography 217

Longford, Muniment Room at Castle Forbes, Newtownforbes T3765 Granard Papers

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Note: The letter ‘n’ following locators refers to notes.

Académie Française,15, 31, 38 Bordeaux, 28, 29–31 Act of Union, 130, 153–4, 168–9, 173, Borsay, Peter, 11, 160 174, 207n135 de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Adélaïde, Adam, Robert, 7, 52, 53 Duchess of Orléans, 38–41 Agriculture Society of Manchester, 85 Boscawen, Edward, 50, 51, 53 Ainsworth,Alice, 161, 162 Boscawen, Frances, 45, 46, 50–6, 58, Alcock,Mary, 146 61, 188n29 d’Alembert, Jean leRond, 20, 123 Boswell, James, 61–2, 67 Alexander, William, The History of Lifeof Johnson, 62, 191n95 Women,72 London Journal, 136–7 American literary salons, 33 Boyd, Henry, 106, 117, 121, 129 antiquarianism, 9, 29, 97, 111–20, Boyer, Jean-Baptiste de, Marquis 121, 127, 131 d’Argens, 28–9 Co. Antrim, 161, 165 Brewer, John, 3, 149, 150 Shane’s Castle, 155–60 Bristol, 139, 207n2 Archbold, Johanna, 162, 164 Brooke, Charlotte, 112, 113, 117, 128, architects, see under individual names 135 Atkinson, Joseph,118 Reliques of Irish poetry,97, 112, 113, Austen, Jane, 161 172 Avignon, 28–9, 33 Burke, Edmund, 46, 61, 62, 67, 68, 82, 86, 100–1 Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, 5 Burney,Charles, 66–7 Barnard,Toby, 3, 11, 139 Burney, Frances, 57, 60, 61, 64, 69–70, Bath, 132, 147, 207n10 87, 97, 144 Batheaston, , 133, 143–6 Camilla, 60 Beasley, Faith,17 Evelina, 56 Belfast, 155, 157, 158, 165–6 Bury,Catherine Maria, Lady Belfast Reading Society, 166 Charleville, 63 Berwick, Edward, 106, 115, 119, 142, Butler, James, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, 158 28–9 in Lichfield, 149–50 Bingham, Charles, 100, 199n121 Campbell, Thomas, 46, 69 Birmingham, 133, 211n93 Canadian literary salons, 31–2 Birmingham Riots, 154 cardsand card parties, 2, 46, 84, 122, Bluestockings, 45–66, 71, 78–105, 138, 187n13, 204n92 143, 151, 172, 174, Carter, Elizabeth, 46, 49, 58, 59, 78, 187n9 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90–1, 96, 99, the term bluestocking, 45–6, 76, 101, 104, 105 187n10 Epictetus, 49, 104 du Bocage, Anne-Marie Fiquet, 49, “Inscription on Lady Ann Dawson’s 101, 188n26, 200n123 Monument”, 91

232 Index 233

Poems on Particular Occasions, 59 Delany, Patrick, 9, 195n12 Poems on Several Occasions, 59, 91 Derby,132 Casey,Christine, 50 Dermody,Thomas, 107, 121, 157 Caufield, James, 1st Earl of Diderot, Denis, 20, 22 Charlemont, 16, 31, 114, 203n42, Dijon, 27 203n48 Donnellan, Anne, 92–3 Co. Cavan, 133, 135, 170 Dooley, Terence, 6 Quilca House, 135–6, 208n20 Co. Down, 97, 130, 161, 170 cercles, 42, 174 Montalto House, 109, 130 Chambers, William, 81, 88 Drennan, William, 156, 164–8 Chapone, Hester Mulso, 54, 56 Dublin, 1, 2, 6–7, 74, 78–85, 89, 93, Letters on theimprovement of the 94, 103–4, 106–131, 134, 137, mind, 58–9 154, 163–4, 165, 169, 173, 174 Miscellanies, 104 Dominick Street (Tighe), 155, 170, Charlotte, Queen, 57 171–2 deChastellux, Marquis, 19, 38–9, 41, Dorset Street (Sheridan),135 181n20 Moira House, 9, 106, 107–111, 114, chinoiserie, 7, 45, 51–2, 109 125, 126–7, 128–9, 130–1 Clancy, Michael,31 Smock Alley, 135 clothing, 25–6, 35, 45, 110 Irish textileindustry, 197n39 Trinity CollegeDublin, 9, 121, 138 see also under Rawdon, Elizabeth Westmoreland Street (Vesey),80 clubs, 2–3, 44, 47, 178n13 Co. Dublin book clubs, 11, 133, 154, 160–4, Lucan House, 80–3, 94–5, 99 174, 175, 213n28 duDeffand, Marie de see also under individual names Vichy-Champrond, 17, 23–4, 27, Cockburn, Alison Rutherford, 9, 46, 32, 47, 48–9, 133, 188n28 72–4 Dunbar, Charles, 95–6 coffee, 23, 52 Dunbar, Penelope, 91, 95–6, 101 coffee houses, 2–3, 45 Duplessy, Jean-Marie, 28, 29–32 Cole, Rev. William, 15, 25 Conolly,Lady Louisa, 95, 167, Eccles, Isaac Ambrose, 170 196n23, 212n9 Edgeworth, Maria, 22, 107, 121–3, Cork, 98–9 124, 126, 133–4, 138–43, 155 Crombie, Joseph, 167 TheAbsentee, 122, 168 Curran, JohnPhilpot, 106, 112, Belinda, 38 128–9, 206n127, 206n128 Castle Rackrentt, 121–2 Darwin, Erasmus, 133, 148, 149 in Edinburgh,46 Dashkoka, Princess Ekaterina Emilie de Coulanges,140 Romanovna, 15, 22,75 Ennui, 122, 140 Daventry, Northamptonshire, 134 in France, 37–8, 123 Dawson, Lady Anne, 10, 79, 90–1 Leonara, 122 Dawson, Thomas, later Lord Dartrey, Letters for Literary Ladies, 123 90–2 Ormonde, 122–3 Dawson, Philadelphia, Lady Dartrey, Patronage, 122 79, 91–2 Tales of Fashionable Life, 122 Day,Thomas, 133, 148 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, 46, 62, 74, Delany, Mary, 57, 81, 93, 120, 195n12 122, 133, 148 234 Index

Edinburgh, 1, 15, 44, 45, 46, 71–7 Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse, 15, George Square, 74–5 17–19, 21–2, 24–6, 56, 67, 68, 123 Holyrood House, 75 German literary salons, 32–3 education – self-education for women, Gibbon, Edward, 14, 15, 48, 49 2,5,9, 44, 56 Glasgow, 75, 194n164 Eger, Elizabeth, 5, 46, 63, 87 Godwin, William, 106, 201n4 Encyclopédie, 19, 20 Goldsmith, Oliver, 55, 67, 68 Enlightenment, 8, 10, 15–16, 18, 20, Goodman, Dena, 17–18, 20, 36 32, 46, 64, 72, 113, 139 Grand Tour, 7, 15, 22, 31, 67, 110 Grattan, Henry, 153, 206n131 February Revolution of 1848, 14, Guibert, Jaques Antoine Hippolyte, 37, 42 Comte de, 19, 20, 22 Fitzgerald, Emily, Duchess of Leinster, 10, 16, 94 Habermas, Jürgen, 3, 23 Fitzgerald,Lady Pamela, 128, 206n125 Hamilton, Caroline, 169, 170, 171–3, Fitzgerald,Lord Edward, 128, 157, 215n92 Hamilton, Elizabeth, 46, 72, 75–6, 159 167–8 Fitzmaurice, Anastacia, Countess of The Cottagers of Glenburnie,142 Kerry, 12, 16, 34–6 Hamilton, Mary, 57, 58 Fitzmaurice, Francis Thomas, 3rd Earl Hardy, Francis, 106, 115, 203n48 of Kerry, 34–6 Haslett, Moyra, 144, 191n86 Fletcher, Elizabeth,76 Hayes, Richard, 34, 39 food and drink, 24, 35–6, 52, 69, 89, Herbert, Dorothea, 155, 159, 160, 111, 159, 166 162–4, 168, 174 see also coffee; tea d’Holbach, Paul Henri Thiry, Baron, Forbes, Selina, Lady Granard, 12, 85–6, 15, 19, 67 107, 109, 110, 126, 130, 161–2 Humane Female Society, 166 Fox, Caroline, Lady Holland,22, Hume, David, 15, 48, 73 24, 25 “Of Refinement in the Arts”, 4, 72, Fox, Elizabeth Vassall,LadyHolland, 101 47, 174 Frenchlanguage, 8, 70, 123, 131, 141 Irish Absentee Tax, 100–1 books in Ireland, 110–11 Irishlanguage, 112, 113, 115–16, French Revolution, 12, 14, 27, 70–1, 117–19, 128, 131, 172–3 76, 116, 164, 174 Gaelic Society of Dublin, 118–19 French Revolutionary Wars, 15, 174 Italian conversazioni,67, 192n116, post-Revolutionary salons, 33–42 192n117 Reign of Terror, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40 friendship, 44, 50, 60–1, 92, 104 Jefferson, Thomas, 50–1 the Fronde, 18, 113, 181n18 Jephson, Robert, 46, 79, 94–5, 102, furniture, 25, 36, 51, 52, 108, 109 103, 105, 136, 157 Braganza, 55, 94, 103 Gardiner, Margaret, Countess of Johnson, Joseph, 70 Blessington, 71 Johnson, Samuel, 4, 54–5, 56, 61–2, Garrick, David, 15, 49, 66–7, 86, 145, 68, 69, 129, 132, 143, 149, 150, 210n82 189n61 Genlis, Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse Johnson’sClub, 55, 94, 97 de, 32, 37–9, 122, 141, 171 July Monarchy, 10, 36, 42 Index 235

Kale, Steven D., 23, 36, 40 56, 61; Portman Square, 50–1, Kearney, John, later Bishop of Ossory, 54, 57 148, 208n32 Shoreditch, 175 Kelly,Gary,57 Vesey’s town houses: Bolton Row, Kennedy, Máire, 7, 110 86, 88, 91, 100; Clarges Street, Co. Kildare 88–9 Carton House, 155 Co. Longford, 138, 141, 170 Castletown House, 82, 95, 155 Castle Forbes, 12, 109, 110, 111, Knox, Vicesimus,2 126, 130, 141–2, 162, 203n48 Edgeworthstown, 122, 133, 138–43, 145 Leeds, 132 muniment room at Castle Forbes, 6, Leerssen, Joep,19 107 Lefanu, Alicia, 135–6, 137 Lunar Society, 133 Leicestershire Lyttelton, Lord George, 86, 98, Ashby-de-la-Zouche, 142 189n61 Donington Park, 110, 150 Lennox, Sarah, later Napier, 10, 24 Macpherson, James, Fragments of Lespinasse, Julie de, 4, 17, 20, 23, Ancient Poetry,99 24, 25, 27, 180n14, 181n28, Major, Emma, 57 188n28 Manchester Literary and Philosophical libraries (building or room), 11–12, Society, 132–3 30, 68, 109, 132, 139, 154, 170–1, manuscript circulation, 11, 20–1, 44, 174, 213n28 59–60, 68,72, 77, 101, 138, 142–3, 171, 172, 191n86 circulating libraries, 161, 171 compare print culture libraries (collection of books), 96–7, Marlay, George, Dean of Ferns, later 111, 119, 121, 199n98 Bishop of Waterford, 79, 94–5, library societies, 160 102, 105 see also Bishop’sPalace at Lichfield; Marmontel, Jean-François, 15, 17, 18, Edgeworthstown 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 55, 123 Lichfield, Staffordshire, 133, 134, 147, marriage, 9–10, 38, 45, 96, 185n127 149, 150, 207n10 scandalous marriages, 34, 66, 70, Bishop’sPalace at Lichfield, 147–8, 192n114 149 McTier, Martha, 156, 158, 159, 165–8 Lilit, Anotine, 18, 27 Co. Meath, 138, 141, 142 Linkin, Harriet Kramer, 143 Black Castle, 140 London, 1, 2, 7, 8, 32, 35, 45–6, 49, Miller, Anna, 45, 133, 143–7, 162 50–65, 78–9, 86, 91, 93, 94, 95, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near 100, 104, 118, 131, 132–3, Bath, 145 134–6, 144, 145, 151, 168, 169, Milton, Thomas, A Collection of Select 174, 175 Views, 82 Boscawen’s town house: South Moira, Countess of, see Rawdon, Audley Street, 50, 51–3 Elizabeth Monckton’s town houses: Charles Co. Monaghan Street, Berkeley Square, 61; New Dawson Temple, 91 Burlington Street, 64–6 Monckton, Mary, later Countess of Montagu’s town houses: Hill street, Cork and Orrery, 45, 61–6, 87, Berkeley Square, 45, 50–1, 54, 186n6, 190n65, 192n107 236 Index

Montagu, Edward, 53, 57, 96 Hôtel de Charost (Fitzmaurice),35, Montagu, Elizabeth, 5–6, 45–6, 48, 49, 185n107 50–2, 53–5, 57–9, 61, 63–4, 70, 77, Hôtel Leblanc (Necker), 26–7 80, 84, 85–7, 91, 92, 93, 95–7, Hôtel de Rambouillet, 178n28 100, 101–4, 186n6 rue duBac(Staël),41 An Essay on the Writings and Genius rue Saint-Honoré (Geoffrin), of Shakespearr, 96–7, 103–4, 24–5, 27 210n77 rue St Dominique/rue deBelle Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Chasse (Lespinasse), 23–4 baron de, 31, 183n81 patronage, 44, 58–9,79, 97, 102–5, Moore, Thomas, 71, 106, 112, 117–18, 118, 120–1, 127, 128, 149, 155, 119, 172 157, 200n131 Irish Melodies, 117, 118, 172, 173 Perceval, Martha, 93 Odes, 118 Percy, Bishop Thomas, 68, 96–7, 120 More, Hannah, 54, 55–6, 58, 60, 70, Reliques of ancient ,97 89, 97, 98 Perkins, Pam, 71–2, 76 “The Bas Bleu”, 60, 87, 191n86 Philadelphia, 33 Morellet, André, 15, 18, 26, 27, 123 Pierce, Edward,148 Morris, Gouverneur, 39–41 Plunket, Bridget, Madame de Murphy, Arthur, 46, 67, 68 Chastellux, 12, 16, 38–41 music, 65, 66, 67, 138, 148, 157–9, Pohl, Nicole, 16, 32 166, 174, 211n93 politesse, 5, 8, 15, 29, 49, 55, 62, 70, 173, 175 Napoleon, 36, 41 portraits and portraiture, 18, 25, 26, Nattier, Jean-Marc, 26, 64 45, 63–4, 68, 69, 76, 109–10, 158 Necker, Suzanne, 4, 17, 19, 22, 26–7, Preston, Lancashire, 161 42,49,56 print culture, 15, 21, 43, 44, 58–60, Newton, William, 149, 152 71, 101–2, 103–4, 118, 121, 124, 133, 137, 140, 145, 146–7, 173, O’Flanagan, Theophilus, 118–19 193n143, 200n140, 210n69, Ó Gallchoir, Clíona, 139 210n77 Ó Gormáin, Muiris, 117, 118 booksellers, 60, 102, 120, 121, 124, O’Halloran, Clare, 131 133, 134, 210n82 O’Kane, Finola, 82–3, 155–6, 197n50 printer-publishers, 145 O’Neill, Henrietta, 156–9, 212n13 subscription, 35, 60, 104, 112, 146, Oswestry Book Society, 161 162, 196n23, 200n141 Owenson, Sydney, later Lady Morgan, compare manuscript circulation 63, 65–6, 106, 121, 127, 137–8, private theatricals, 133, 137, 155–60 168, 169, 171, 173, 174 Purcell, Mark, 6, 12 The Book of the Boudoirr,65 TheWild Irish Girl, 65, 127–8 Quesnel, Joseph, 31–2

Paris, 15, 16–27, 30, 31, 32, 33–43, Rawdon, Charlotte, 126, 142, 169 58–9, 73, 123, 134, 144, 151, 174 Rawdon, Elizabeth,Lady Moira, 6, 10, les “beaux quartiers”, 26–7, 52 12, 33, 83–4, 97, 106–31, 150, former convent of Saint-Joseph (du 168, 200n3, 202n25 Deffand),23 genealogical research,120 former Austin convent (Plunket), “Particulars relative to a human 39, 40 skeleton ...”, 115–16 Index 237

portrayal in Edgeworth’s novels, Sheridan Lefanu, Alicia, 89, 134, 135, 122–3 137–8, 151, 155 promotion of Irish manufacture, Sheridan Lefanu, Elizabeth (Betsy), 46, 84–6, 115 48, 88–9, 92, 134,135,187n13, sense of identity, 113, 125, 129 208n14 Rawdon Hastings, Francis, 2nd Earl of Sheridan, Frances, 133–4, 135–7, 139 Moira, 110, 118, 119, 126, 130 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 62, 135, Rawdon, John, 1st Earl of Moira, 106, 137 110, 200n2 The Rivals, 166–7 Rawdon, Selina, see Forbes Schoolfor Scandal, 157 reading parties, 11, 133, 138, 154–5, Sheridan, Thomas, 9, 89, 135–6 159, 160, 162–8, 174 Siddons, Sarah, 70, 155, 156, 158–9 Rebellion of 1798, 91, 128, 130, Smith,Charlotte, 157 153–4, 164, 168, 174, 203n48, social mobility, 8, 21 214n68 societies, 2–3, 44, 47, 132, 161, 164, Récamier, Mme, 37–8 174, 178n13, 202n32 receipts and accounts, 35–6, 111 see also under individual names Reeve, Clara, 60 Society of Antiquaries of London, religion, 9, 32–3, 57–8, 83, 112, 113, 115–16 119, 130, 151, 155–6, 190n74, Staël, Germaine, Baronne de, 17, 32, 206n131 40, 41–2 Rendall, Jane, 71–2 Corinne, 41, 141 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 58, 64, 68 Sterne, Laurence, 15, 48, 190n65 rococo, 23, 110 Stewart, Rachel, 7, 197n53 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 20 Stornoway literary salon, 174–5 Royal Dublin Society,85 Streatham, 46, 66–70 Royal Irish Academy, 97, 112, 118 Stuart, James, 7, 52,54 Ruxton, Margaret, 126, 140–1, 142 Surrey Ruxton, Sophy, 140–1, 142–3 HatchlandsPark, 53 Swift, Jonathan, 136, 208n20 salon hostesses, see under individual names taverns, 2–3 Schmid, Susanne, 47, 71, 155 tea, 23, 51, 52, 69, 136, 163 Scott, Walter, 73–4, 76, 121, 124–5, Thrale, Hester Lynch, later Piozzi, 45, 142, 149, 205n103 46, 55, 66–70,73, 144, 186n6 TheLady of theLake, 142 Observations and Reflections, 67, 97 Lay of the Last Minstrel, 124, 125, Thraliana,66, 67 171 Thuente, Mary Helen, 128 Waverly, 141 Tighe, Mary, 121, 137, 142–3, 155, seating, 7, 65, 87 169–73 seventeenth-century salons, 8, 16–18, Psyche; or, the Legend of Love, 142–3, 21, 45, 48, 186n3 169 Sevigné, Marie de Raboutin-Chantal, Tinker, Chauncey Brewster, 47, 61 Mme de, 16, 32, 48, 50, 101 Co. Tipperary, 155, 162–3 Seward, Anna, 133, 134, 145–52, 165, Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 129 207n10, 210n85 translation, 111–19 Elegy on Captain Cook, 147, 148 see also Brooke, Charlotte; French “Invocation for the Comic Muse”, language; Irish language; Ó 146 Gormáin, Muiris 238 Index twenty-first century literary salons, An historical essay on the dress ..., 174–5 114 Twiss, Richard, Tour of Ireland, 109, Historical memoirs of the Irishbards, 157 113 Memoirs of Alessandro Tassoni, 114 Walpole, Horace, 48, 49, 55, 58, 98, Vesey,Agmondesham, 79, 81, 88, 91, 115, 120, 143–4 94, 100, 195n5 Co. Westmeath, 138, 139, 161 Vesey, Elizabeth, 8, 12, 46, 49, 60, Pakenham Hall/Tullynally Castle, 78–105, 144 12, 140, 141–2 patronage, 102–5 Co. Wicklow, 169–70 sense of identity, 79, 97–100 Williams, Helen Maria, 151, 212n117 Vickery, Amanda, 5, 161 Wilmot, Barbarina, 171, 214n82 Voltaire (François Marie Arouet), Woodhouse, James, 103, 115 20, 27 Wortley Montagu, Lady Mary, 28–9 Wright, Julia M., 135, 137 Wales, 66, 70 Wyatt, James, 81, 91 Walker, Anna, 155, 158 Walker, Joseph Cooper, 33–4, 112, York Book Society, 160–1 113–17, 119, 128, 169, 170, 171–3 Young, Arthur, 82