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Secrecy and Structure: the Social Organisation of Clandestine Groups

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Secrecy and Structure: the Social Organisation of Clandestine Groups Secrecy and Structure: The Social Organisation of Clandestine Groups A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2016 RACHEL STEVENSON School of Social Sciences 1 Contents Description Page Number List of Figures & Tables ………………………………………........ 4 List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………. 6 Abstract …………………………………………………………….. 7 Declaration and Copyright Statement ……………………………… 8 1. Introduction……………………………………………………… 10 2. The Structure of Covert Groups ………………………………… 13 2.1 Density ……………………………………………….... 16 2.1.1. Advocates of Low Density …………………. 16 2.1.2 Security through Density and Closure ………. 24 2.2 Centralisation ………………………………………….. 28 2.2.1 Advocates of Decentralisation ………………. 29 2.2.2 Advocates of Centralisation …………………. 33 2.3 Cells, Cliques and Clusters …………………………….. 38 2.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………... 43 3. Covert Networks and the Social Processes of Secrecy ………….. 45 3.1 The Nature of Secrecy and its Role in Society ………… 49 3.2 Group Secrecy: Nature, Functions and Practices ……… 52 3.3 Secrecy and Structure ………………………………….. 61 3.4 Secrecy and Information Control ………………………. 64 3.5 Perspectives on secrecy ………………………………… 66 3.6 Conclusion ……………………………………………… 67 4. Methodology ……………………………………………………… 69 4.1 Case Studies ……………………………………………... 70 4.2 Data Collection ………………………………………….. 74 4.3 Limitations and Defence of the Sources ………………… 78 4.4 Ethics ……………………………………………………. 82 2 5. The Secrecy and Structure of the Right Club …………………….. 83 5.1 Density …………………………………………………... 84 5.1.1 Density: Analysis ……………………………… 86 5.1.2 Density: Discussion …………………………… 87 5.1.3 Density: Findings ……………………………… 91 5.2 De/Centralisation …………………………………………. 92 5.2.1 De/Centralisation: Analysis ……………………. 93 5.2.2 De/Centralisation: Discussion ………………….. 97 5.2.3 De/Centralisation Findings ……………………... 102 5.3 (Cells, Cliques and) Clusters ……………………………... 103 5.3.1 Clusters: Analysis ………………………………. 104 5.3.2 Clusters: Discussion ……………………………. 108 5.3.3 Clusters: Findings ……………………………… 117 5.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………….. 118 6. The Provisional IRA ‘Inner Circle’ Network – Density …………… 120 6.1 Density: Analysis …………………………………………. 121 6.2 Density: Discussion ……………………………………….. 125 6.3 Conclusion.….…………………………………………….. 147 7. The Provisional IRA ‘Inner Circle’ Network – De/Centralisation and Leadership …………………………………………………………... 150 7.1 De/Centralisation Analysis ……………………………….. 151 7.2 Decentralisation Discussion ………………………………. 152 7.3 Conclusion ………………………………………………… 180 8. Conclusion ………………………………………………………….. 182 9. Bibliography ………………………………………………………… 191 Word count: 65307 3 List of Figures & Tables Description Page Number Figure 1: A Star Network ………………………………………... 14 Figure 2: A Circle Network …………………………………….... 14 Figure 3: The Right Club Action Network (Covert Ties)………... 83 Figure 4: The Right Club Extra-Organisational Ties Network (Overt Ties) 84 Figure 5: Average Degree of the Right Club & Comparison Networks 86 Figure 6: Degree Centralisation Scores for Right Club & Comparison Networks …………………………………. 94 Figure 7: Average Reciprocal Distance Scores for Right Club & Comparison Networks ………………………………. 95 Figure 8: Betweeness Centralisation Scores for Right Club & Comparison Networks ……..…………………………… 95 Figure 9: Nine Subgroups within the Right Club Action Network 106 Figure 10: Provisional Irish Republican Army ‘Inner Circle’ T1 1969-1972.………………………………………… 123 Figure 11: Provisional Irish Republican Army ‘Inner Circle’ T2 1973-1976 ………………………………………… 123 Figure 12: Provisional Irish Republican Army ‘Inner Circle’ T3 1977-1981 ………………………………………… 124 Figure 13: Provisional Irish Republican Army ‘Inner Circle’ T4 1982-1986 ………………………………………… 124 Figure 14: Degree and Average Reciprocal Distance Centralisation Scores for the PIRA Inner Circle Networks …………. 152 Figure 15: Betweeness Centralisation Scores for the PIRA Inner Circle Networks …………………………. 152 4 Table 1: Specification of Right Club and Comparison Covert Network Data …... 85 Table 2: Density and Average Degree Scores for the Right Club….…………….. 86 Table 3: Number of Participants in Right Club Organisational Events ………….. 89 Table 4: Centralisation Scores for Right Club & Comparison Networks ……….. 93 Table 5: Top 5 Normalised Centrality Scores for the Right Club Action Network ……………………………………………. 96 Table 6: Density Scores for the Core and Periphery Groups in the Right Club Action Network…………………………………………………………. 99 Table 7: Density, Average Degree and Clustering Coefficient Scores for the Right Club Networks ………………………………………………………….. 104 Table 8: Density Matrix for the Nine Sub-groups of the Right Club Action Network ……………………………………………………..... 106 Table 9: Descriptive Information for the Sub-Groups in the Right Club Action Network ……………………………………………………………….. 108 Table 10: Density and Average Degree Scores for Provisional Irish Republican Army Inner Circle Networks ………………………………………... 121 Table 11: Centralisation Scores for Provisional Irish Republican Army Inner Circle Networks ………………. …………………………………….. 151 Table 12: Top 5 Normalised Centrality Scores for Provisional Irish Republican Army T1 Inner Circle Network……………......................................... 154 Table 13: Top 5 Normalised Centrality Scores for Provisional Irish Republican Army T2 Inner Circle Network……………......................................... 162 Table 14: Top 5 Normalised Centrality Scores for Provisional Irish Republican Army T3 Inner Circle Network……………......................................... 168 Table 15: Top 5 Normalised Centrality Scores for Provisional Irish Republican Army T4 Inner Circle Network……………......................................... 175 5 List of Abbreviations AC Army Council AE Army Executive AG Adjutant General AQ Al Qaeda ARD Average Reciprocal Distance ASU Active Service Unit BUF British Union of Fascists COS Chief of Staff ERGM Exponential Random Graph Models GHQ General Head Quarters GSJ Global Salifi Jihad JI Jemaah Islamiyah OC Officer Commanding PIRA Provisional Irish Republican Army QMG Quarter Master General RC Right Club SF Sinn Fein SNA Social Network Analysis 6 Abstract: The University of Manchester Rachel Stevenson Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities Secrecy and Structure: The Social Organisation of Clandestine Groups 31.03.2016 In this thesis I contribute to the growing literature on the structure of covert networks by exploring the organisation and functioning of two new groups. (1) The Right Club, a Right-wing, Pro-German group active in the UK at the outbreak of World War Two, and (2) The leadership group of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) between 1969 and 1986. Specifically, I focus upon the formation of these groups, and how, and indeed if, they maintained covertness in practice. Whilst there has been a wealth of research in this area, many studies simply assume covertness and its impact upon structure due to the illegal nature of their case studies. In this thesis I develop a more nuanced concept of covertness, and a more detailed analysis of the myriad factors which affect the structure of a clandestine group. I employ a mixed methods approach combining Social Network Analysis with qualitative inquiry of the environment and processes which influence the functioning of each group. The qualitative analysis, which was guided by factors identified in the existing covert networks literature, in the Social Movements literature, and by dynamics noted in work on the Sociology of Secrecy, is used to explore and explain the sociometric findings. This provides a more in-depth, more sociological understanding of clandestine organisation than that which currently exists in this field of research. However, more and varied case studies analysed in this way are also necessary if we are to improve our understanding of the structure and functioning of covert groups. With this knowledge more sensitive and successful deradicalisation and/or destabilisation techniques can be crafted. 7 Declaration: No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Copyright statement: i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trademarks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any
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