Appendix List of Interviews*

Name Date

Personal Interview No. 1 29 August 2000 Personal Interview No. 2 12 September 2000 Personal Interview No. 3 18 September 2000 Personal Interview No. 4 6 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 5 16 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 6 17 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 7 18 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 8: Oonagh Marron (A) 17 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 9: Oonagh Marron (B) 23 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 10: Helena Schlindwein 28 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 11 30 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 12 1 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 13 1 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 14: Claire Hackett 7 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 15: Meta Auden 15 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 16 1 June 2000 Personal Interview Maggie Feeley 30 August 2005 Personal Interview No. 18 4 August 2009 Personal Interview No. 19: Marie Mulholland 27 August 2009 Personal Interview No. 20 3 February 2010 Personal Interview No. 21A (joint interview) 23 February 2010 Personal Interview No. 21B (joint interview) 23 February 2010

* Locations are omitted from this list so as to preserve the identity of the respondents.

203 Notes

1 Introduction: Rethinking Women and Nationalism

1 . I will return to this argument in a subsequent section dedicated to women’s victimisation as ‘women as reproducers’ of the nation. See also, Beverly Allen, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1996); Alexandra Stiglmayer, (ed.), Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia- Herzegovina (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1994); Carolyn Nordstrom, Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival (Berkeley: University of California, 1995); Jill Benderly, ‘Rape, feminism, and nationalism in the war in Yugoslav successor states’ in Lois West, ed., Feminist Nationalism ( and New Tork: Routledge, 1997); Cynthia Enloe, ‘When soldiers rape’ in Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives (Berkeley: University of California, 2000). 2 . See also: Miranda Alison, ‘Wartime sexual violence: women’s human rights and questions of masculinity’, Review of International Studies (2007), 33 : 75–90; Pankhurst D, ‘Sexual violence in war’ in L. Shepherd (ed.) Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 148–160. Wilson Njita, ‘Sexual violence against women and girls during situation of armed conflict’, Canadian Women’s Studies 19 (2010) (4); Ronit Lentin, Gender and Catastrophe . (London & New York: Zed Books, 1997). Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin eds, The Women and War Reader (New York: New York University, 1998); Tamar Mayer, ed., Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge, 2000). It is important to note that chapters in the listed edited collection are overwhelmingly dedicated to examining the ways in which women are victimised by conflict through sexual violence. 3 . For further examples of woman/mother as signifier of nationalism, see Julie Mostov, ‘Sexing the nation/de-sexing the body’ in Tamar Mayer, ed., Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge, 2000); Vesna Nikolić-Risanović, ‘War, nationalism, and mothers in the former Yugoslavia’ in Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin, eds, The Women and War Reader (New York: New York University, 1998); Anne McClintock, ‘Family Feuds: Gender, Nationalism and the Family’, Feminist Review 44, (Summer 1993); Zengie A. Mangaliso, ‘Gender and nation-building in South Africa’ in Lois West, ed., Feminist Nationalism (London and New York: Routledge, 1997); Deborah Gaistskell and Elaine Underhalter, ‘Mothers of the nation: A comparative analysis of nation, race and motherhood in Afrikaner nationalism and the African National Congress’ in Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, eds, Woman-Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1989). For examples of woman/mother as social reproducer of the nation, see Julie Mostov, ‘Sexing the nation/de-sexing the body’ in Tamar Mayer, ed. Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge,

204 Notes 205

2000); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaxhes and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics , 2nd Edn (Berkeley: University of California, 2000); Sarah A. Radcliffe, ‘Gendered nations: nostalgia, development and territory in Ecuador’, Gender, Place and Culture 3, no. 1 (1996): 5–21. For examples of woman/mother as biological reproducer of the nation, see Danielle Juteau, ‘From nation-church to nation-state: evolving sex-gender relations in Quebec society’ in Norma Alarcon and Minoo Moallem, eds, Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State (Durham, NC: Duke, 1999); Julie Mostov, ‘Sexing the nation/de-sexing the body’ in Tamar Mayer, ed. Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge, 2000); Lorraine Dowler, “‘And They Think I’m Just a Nice Old Lady” Women and War in , Northern ’, Gender, Place and Culture 5, no. 2 (1998): pp. 159–176. 4 . See, for example, Zillah Eisenstein, who argues that ‘Nationalism speaks men, and applauds the fraternal order while imagining women to call forth notions of motherly love’, in ‘Writing bodies on the nation for the globe’ in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault, eds, Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? (New York and London: Routledge, 2000), p. 41. 5 . Simona Sharoni reiterates these points quite well in her discussion on women in conflict in both the North of Ireland and Israel-Palestine. Simona Sharoni, ‘Women in Israel-Palestine and the North of Ireland’ in Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence, Caroline Mosher and Fiona Clark eds, (London and New York: Zed Books, 2001), p. 86. See, for example, Susan Leisure, ‘Exchanging participation for promises’ in Jill Bystydzienski and Joti Sekhom, eds, Democratization and Women’s Grassroots Movements (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1999); Linda L. Reif, ‘Women in Latin American guerrilla movements: a comparative perspec- tive’, Comparative Politics, 18, no. 2 (January, 1986); Mary Ann Tetreault, ed., Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 1994) or Miranda Alison, Women and Political Violence: Female Combatants in Ethno-National Conflicts (New York & London: Routledge, 2009). 6 . The term ‘not now, later’ is used by Cynthia Enloe in Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics , 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California, 2000), p. 62. 7 . See Margaret Ward, (1996–7:17) as cited in Tricia Cusack, ‘Janus and Gender: women and the nation’s backward look’, Nations and Nationalism 6 no. 4 (2000), p. 546. Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (London: Sage Publications, 1997); Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, eds, Woman-Nation- State (London: Macmillan, 1989); Susan Jacobs, ‘Zimbabwe: state, class, and gendered models of land resettlement’ in Jane Papart and Kathleen Staudt, eds, Women and the State in Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1989); Valentine Moghadam, ed., Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies (London: Zed Books, 1994); Mary Ann Tetreault, ‘Women and revolution’ in V. Spike Peterson, ed., Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992), p. 111; Robin Morgan, The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism (London: Methuen, 1989). 206 Notes

8 . Delia Aguilar, ‘On the Women’s Movement Today’ Midweek, Manila November 9 as cited in Enloe 2000: 64. See also Vickers (2008) on this point. 9 . Throughout Irish history there have been a number of organisations who have participated in the armed struggle, many of which claim the IRA brand, including the Provisional IRA or ‘Provos’ associated with Sinn Féin, and Official IRA. See , The Secret History of the IRA (Toronto: Penguin, 2000); Hanley and Millar, The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers Party (: Penguin, 2009); McIntyre, 1998; , Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA (London: Pan Macmillan, 2003). 10 . The difficulties encountered by Boston College Oral History project and the ongoing legal battles involving the researchers to protect anonymous inter- view data heightens the power of the testimonies in this book, as it shows how difficult it is for these stories to be told. In order to preserve the identi- ties of those who wished to be concealed I destroyed their particular inter- view recordings. 11 . As the republican leadership ensures a hegemonic discourse on republican history is reiterated like a script by anyone who speaks about the movement, I felt it was imperative to move beyond the initial gatekeepers offered by the leadership. I was fortunate in that one of my initial gatekeepers is critical of the current republican leadership and this opened doors and exposed me to perspectives that I might not have otherwise had the opportunity to hear. I informed Sinn Féin of the project via written letter, though no formal acknowledgement was received the agreement of party members to partake in the study was read as tacit agreement though the party played no role in setting up interviews for me, as it has done for other researchers and under much stricter conditions. In striking comparison, the most difficulty I had obtaining an interview was with Monica McWilliams, head of the Women’s Coalition. I felt that a personal interview with her was vital for this project. However, because of ‘time constraints’ the administrative assistant for the Coalition said this was impossible and instead set up inter- views with two other members of the party. 12 . I use the terms ‘North of Ireland’ and ‘six counties’ to refer to that part of the island which is under British authority. I use these references instead of ‘Northern Ireland’ as that is how the republican women I interviewed refer to this province. ‘Northern Ireland’ is a creation of the British state and therefore, I felt it inappropriate to refer to it as such when I was interviewing republican women. ‘The North of Ireland’ or ‘the six counties’ are more appropriate terms because they remove the imagined boundary imposed by the British state.

2 Women’s Troubles: Gender, Violence and the State

1 . Though the state was not the only source of violence inflicted upon women during , my research and interviews suggest that state violence largely accounts for how women were politicised, and experiences with gendered state violence contributed to the development of a feminist poli- tics. The chapter does not take into account loyalist paramilitary violence Notes 207

or even republican paramilitary violence against republican women as these were not identified as significant motivational factors by the women inter- viewed. Very little research has been done on this to date and it leaves much scope for further work in this area. 2 . Unionist is a label used to refer to those in the North who believe in main- taining the political union of the North of Ireland with Great Britain. Unionists are almost always of the Protestant faith. Nationalists are those, primarily Catholics, who desire an Ireland reunited by non-violent means. A republican is one who believes in the armed struggle or use of political violence to reverse the partitioning of Ireland, uniting North with South. 3 . As cited by Coulter (1999), p. 134. 4 . Semtex is a powerful plastic, yet malleable, form of explosive. It is relatively stable and easy to handle, as a detonator is needed to set it off. It is a tool commonly used by the armed republican movement in many of its bombs. 5 . See also the report of the Stevens Inquiry (2003), which highlights this rela- tionship between security forces and loyalist paramilitaries. 6 . See Allen 1996; Stiglmayer 1994; Copelon 1998; Enloe 2000b. 7 . This is the phrase commonly used by republicans to refer to the Falls Road Curfew and replicates the gendering and sexualisation of wartime battles elsewhere; see Cohen 1993. The curfew was a response to the unearthing of arms in the area that were allegedly linked to the IRA. See Coogan 1995, pp.108–109 for an account of the events that preceded the curfew. 8 . The Black and Tans are remembered in Irish history as having committed many atrocities during their existence between 1918 and 1921. Mainly ex-service members, they were sent over by the British as reinforcements for the Royal Irish Constabulary during the War of Independence. The name, Black and Tans, was derived from their uniforms of khaki and black (Irish News 1970; Pickering 2002:74–79). 9 . Women were also interned, though not until 1972; the first six months alone saw the internment of close to 250 women. See Aretxaga 1997, p. 76. 10 . Story of Janet Donnelly of Turf Lodge in Belfast, quoted in McAuley 1989, p. 64. 11 . Rose, former POW, in reference to the governor’s (head of Armagh) attempt to break the will of republican women on the . Cited in Fairweather et al. 1984, p. 222. 12 . See Women’s Group n.d.; Corcoran 2006, p.112, where it is also claimed that such threats were palpable. 13 . It is important to note that this is a subject many are reluctant to speak on, despite the eagerness to paint the British as cold and ruthless. One woman explained in a personal interview that it was too intimate and personal, alluding to the shame felt by victims of such abuse. 14 . In one case a woman lost her virginity through the interrogation she under- went and was awarded an out-of-court settlement (Women’s Group n.d.). See also Harris and Healy 2001; Friel 1998; Murray 1998. 15 . This woman goes on to explain how, while the overwhelming majority of the victims were women, some men experienced sexual violence too but because of the taboo, she claims, regarding male-on-male sexual violence it was never discussed. This taboo is a product of the homophobic societal norms preva- lent in the North. See McKeown 2001. 208 Notes

16 . This was also mentioned in many of the interviews I conducted. See O’Keefe 2006, p.540. 17 . Prison location and names withheld for the sake of anonymity. 18 . For a detailed history of republicanism and the armed struggle, see English 2003;. 19 . This violence informed a broader cycle of violence and retaliation outside the prison whereby prison officials were targeted and in some cases killed by the IRA for their mistreatment of republican prisoners. This worsened relation- ships between prisoners and ‘the screws’, as wardens are commonly referred to, and increased the level of punishment directed at republican prisoners housed in Long Kesh. 20 . Quote by Liz Lagrua, a member of Women Against Imperialism who volun- tarily entered Armagh to join the no-wash protest in support of the repub- lican prisoners as cited in McCafferty 1981, p.13. 21 . Prisoners’ Statement, ‘Women republican prisoners of war, Maghaberry Prison’,Women’s News 1987, p.17. 22 . Prison officers were mainly unionist or loyalist and many were members of the , an organisation that bars Catholics from membership. 23 . Prisoners’ Statement, ‘Women republican prisoners of war, Maghaberry Prison, Strip-Searching. ... Violence against Women’, dated September 1986,Women’s News 1986. 24 . Rosemary Callaghan’s account of the mass strip searching incident in Armagh on 7 February 1980, which sparked the no-wash protest, as cited in Aretxaga 1997, p. 24. 25 . Statement by dated April 22, 1987, as cited in McAuley 1989, p.75. 26 . ‘Testimony of Mairéad Farrell’, Women’s News 1987, p.13. 27 . See Allen 1996; Stiglmayer 1994; Copelon 1998; Enloe 2000b. 28 . Ulsterisation and normalisation were strategies adopted by the British government to manage the conflict in the Northwith the aim of framing it as particular to the province, the result of ‘warring tribes’ and therefore less of an issue that concerned Britain, thereby removing any culpability of the British state for the conflict, its genesis and continuance. See McKittrick and McVea 2002:123,171; Curtis 1984:68–69.

3 A Woman’s Place Is in the Armed Struggle?

1 . See Peter Landesman, ‘The Minister of Rape’, Toronto Star, 21 September 2002, sec. K, p. 1. 2 . See Leisure 1999; Sheldon 1994. 3 . ‘In fighting to survive at the grass-roots level, women have justified their political action as a struggle to feed, house, and clothe their children. In joining revolutionary or racial struggles, some groups of women have also used the maternalism theme as a way of rationalising the expansion of their nurturing roles into the public sphere.’ (West and Blummberg 1990:22) 4 . Sita Ranchod-Nilsson provides a good overview of this literature, and accu- rately classifies the literature into pre-post modern work and work that has come after the acceptance of post-modern analysis and is directly influenced Notes 209

by such analysis. Sita Ranchod-Nilsson, ‘(Gender) struggles for the nation: Power, agency, and representation in Zimbabwe’, in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault, eds, Women, States and Nationalism: At home in the nation? (New York and London: Routledge, 2000). 5 . See Coogan 1993; Smith 1995; White 1993; Toolis 2000; Dillon 1999; Burton 1978. 6 . Seamus Duffy, a 15-year-old from Belfast, was shot dead on 9 August 1989 by a plastic bullet fired from a passing RUC patrol vehicle. 7 . This was corroborated by a number of the republican women I interviewed. 8 . This created much difficulty for those planning 20th-anniversary commemo- rations of the 1981 and for ceremonies celebrating the contri- butions of former members and ex-prisoners. 9 . The discussion that I had with volunteers on their activity was limited and often was restricted to crimes that they had served time for. This was neces- sary to avoid further prosecution under the Prevention of Terrorism Act – a strictly enforced law which makes even association with Cumann na mBan or the IRA illegal. The Boston College Oral History Project legal issue high- lights the care needed when documenting such activities. 10 . See Fairweather et al. 1984, p. 258; Personal Interview No. 12, 1 November 2000; 1974. 11 . See 1975; 1975; 1975. See also Fairweather et al. 1984: Chap. 5 passim. 12 . Daily Mail 1976b. 13 . It must be noted that a charge often used to brand IRA soldiers as bombers was ‘conspiracy to cause explosions’. This is a contentious charge, however, that can easily be used to trump up more serious charges as opposed to lesser crimes like possession of weapons. In fact, this charge does not hold up in other countries. 14 . See Coogan 1993:312; McDonald 2011. For further discussion on the Price sisters’ hunger strikes see following section. 15 . The Price sisters are again in the limelight for their roles in high-profile legal battles. An interview with the late as part of Boston College’s Belfast Project conducted between 2001 and 2006 is at the centre of an inter- national struggle to protect the integrity of oral history research. In the midst of this ongoing legal wrangling Dolours passed away suddenly on 24, January 2013 with friends and supporters blaming police inquiries for hastening her death. was recently interned in Maghaberry Prison, held until May 2013 on the order of Owen Patterson, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. She was imprisoned for over a year without trial, despite being gravely ill. Numerous judicial challenges to Patterson’s order were successful yet the state continued to override these decisions and deny her a trial or release. 16 . See the following section for further discussion of Farrell’s role in prison, including hunger strikes and feminist organising. Also see Chapter 5 for more information on the Women’s Department. 17 . Source: Sharrock 1991. 18 . Personal Interviews Nos 1 (29 August 2000) and 11 (30 October 2000) are clear examples of this. 19 . Reilly 2012; NIO clippings, ‘Women and IRA’ 1971–1975, available at Linen Hall Library, Northern Ireland Political Collection. 210 Notes

20 . Daly 2012; NIO clippings, ‘Women and IRA’, 1971–5. Available at Linen Hall Library, Northern Ireland Political Collection; Daily Express 1975. 21 . See BBC News 1975; Bernard 1989:173. 22 . Sinn Féin Women’s Department 1994Women In Struggle1 . 23 . The terms ‘civil’ and ‘political’ crime are used by Andrew Silke to distin- guish between acts that affect the community on the whole, like theft and vandalism, and crimes that affect paramilitaries, such as ‘colluding with the enemy’ (Silke 1999:89). 24 . When I asked female volunteers about the nature of ‘women’s work’ within the organisation I was told that women were involved in all types of duties, including the execution of informers. 25 . Personal Interview No. 10 with Dr Helena Schlindwein, Founding member of the Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition and the Women’s Aid Group, Derry, 28 October 2000. 26 . A post- example of tarring and feathering that surfaced in Belfast was directed against a 15-year-old boy for ‘anti-social’ behaviour (McKernon 2003). 27 . See McAuley1989:27; Personal Interview No. 11, 30 October 2000. 28 . Unidentified female volunteer as cited in Fairweather, et al. 1984, p. 242. 29 . Eithne is an alias I have used so as not to reveal the identity of the female volunteer quoted. 30 . For a diagram of the command structure of the IRA see Moloney 2002, p. 573. 31 . See Moloney 2002, pp. 377–389; Boyne 1996; O’Brien 1995, p. 110; Feldman 1991. 32 . Perhaps the best-known female republicans who achieved high status within the republican movement have been the late Maíre Drumm, Vice President of Sinn Féin, and , former member of the Irish National Liberation Army and chair for two years of its political equivalent, the Irish Republican Socialist Party. Bernadette Devlin McAlisky is also a leading member of the IRSP. 33 . When Sinn Féin entered the peace talks leading up to the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Sands-McKevitt left the Provisionals with her partner Mickey McKevitt, alleged former quarter-master general of PIRA. It has been reported that they established the Real IRA in response to the directional shift taken by their former republican leadership. Mickey McKevitt is in prison for the direction of terrorism while for a period of time Bernadette Sands-McKevitt chaired the 32 Country Sovereignty Association, a political organisation which advocates the British withdrawal from the North and the unification of all 32 counties of Ireland. The Association is regarded as the political wing of the dissident group the Real IRA, despite assertions by Sands-McKevitt to the contrary. Harnden 1999, pp. 310–311. 34 . / 1982. 35 . It is interesting to note the exclusionary language in this excerpt from the Green Book. This manual, written in the mid-1970s was a product of its time in that the pronoun he/him was used without considering its exclusivity. An updated version correcting this erroneous assumption that all volunteers are male has yet to surface. Ed Moloney (2002) notes that the language was edited at a later date to remove sexist content. Notes 211

36 . The impact of women’s roles as care-givers on their participation in the armed republican movement is a topic that needs further exploration. Research needs to be completed on how women’s involvement in the armed struggle altered the gendered division of labour in the home as well. 37 . Joseph O’Connor, a member of RIRA, was murdered, and Marion and Dolores Price received death threats for voicing anti-agreement sentiments. See McDonald 2000; Twomey 2002. 38 . For a discussion of the peace process see Cox et al. 2000; Capital & Class 1999. 39 . See Kate Fearon 2000.

4 The Mini-Skirt Brigade: Distorting Women’s Participation in Armed Conflict

1 . This is further evidenced by the Boston College case, in which archival inter- views are at the centre of international legal wrangling because they poten- tially mention the murder of McConville. 2 . Taken from the back cover of Eileen MacDonald, Shoot the Women First (London: Arrow Press, 1991). 3 . Interview with Her Christain Lochte as cited in MacDonald 1991, p. 4. 4 . From Daily Express 1975; News Letter 1973; Daily Telegraph 1973, respectively. 5 . See Herald 1973; Daily Express 1975; Fairweather et al. 1984: Chapter 5. 6 . Belfast Telegraph 1981; Daily Mail 1976a; Sunday Mirror 1975. 7 . Shannon 1989, p. 248. This book is based on Elizabeth Shannon’s encounters with women in her role as the wife of the American Ambassador to Ireland. 8 . For a more in-depth, historical account of women’s involvement in the early struggle for Irish independence, see Ward 1983. 9 . Eileen Brady, former member of Cumann na mBan. Taken from What Did You Do in the War Mammy? a film produced by the Falls Women’s Centre Belfast in 1995. 10 . Unnamed republican activist as cited in Fairweather et al., 1984, pp. 236–238. 11 . Unnamed republican activist as cited in Fairweather et al. , 1984, p. 240. 12 . An Phoblacht/Republican News (January/February 1971) as cited in Kelley 1982, p. 134. 13 . This sentiment was echoed by almost every woman I interviewed – that men in the movement have become more cognisant of when that type of behav- iour is appropriate and, furthermore, are even more supportive to women and women’s issues than they were when women initially filled the ranks of the armed republican movement. 14 . This was commonplace and families of prisoners were also given financial support by the Green Cross. 15 . The Sinn Féin leader makes a brief mention of this in his intro- duction to a book written by a former female political prisoner Sile Darragh, who took part in the no-wash protest. See Darragh 2011. 16 . It is important to note that republican collective memory is not homoge- neous and because of splits within the movement there is a struggle over 212 Notes

history. Narrations of the history by Provisionals, for example, would differ from those by dissidents. 17 . This is based on my examination of Dr Jonathan McCormick’s Mural Directory, an index of over 500 murals across the North of Ireland that he based on photographs he took of the all the murals beginning in 1996. I conducted this examination in 2001, just after I returned to Canada from fieldwork in Belfast. The time of the analysis is historically significant as it marks the beginning of the transition process resulting from the Good Friday Agreement and therefore rests at the delicate juncture between war and tran- sition. (It is important to note that McCormick’s Directory is constantly updated and my analysis does not include any murals added after October 2001.) See also Rolston 1994, 1995; Woods 1995. All the above are accessible on the Conflict Archive on the Internment (CAIN) website produced by the University of , http://cain.ulst.ac.uk. 18 . It is interesting to note that one of the few successful hunger strikes was that embarked on by Marian and Dolours Price, who had as their goal their transfer to an Irish prison in order to serve their time. 19 . Some of these murals feature men who died at the hands of state violence, such as the late , a criminal lawyer in Belfast who was murdered, allegedly at the order of the British government. Such murals also include a memorial to the late Rosemary Nelson, a criminal lawyer who met the same fate as Finucane. What is interesting to note of such murals is not the pres- ence of men, but the number dedicated to women, given traditional notions associated with the victimisation of women. Similarly, murals dedicated to those who lost their lives because of plastic bullets primarily have as their main subject 12-year-old Carol Ann Kelly, as opposed to male victims of plastic bullets, such as 15-year-old Seamus Duffy. 20 . See McCormick’s directory http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/mccormick/index.html. 21 . See Drumm 2011. 22 . For images, see CAIN’s catalogue of memorials at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ victims/memorials/static/monuments/589.html. 23 . The Price sisters’ hunger strike was one of the few, if not the only, successful republican hunger strike. 24 . The name for this section is taken from a video produced by Friends of the Falls Road Women’s Centre in 1995 to record the experiences of women ex-prisoners.

5 The Rousing of Republican Feminism

1 . See also Barrig 1998; Vickers 2002. 2 . Women’s political participation in Irish politics pre-dates 1916. Women were active in the 1798 rebellion and in the Ladies’ Land League of 1881. See Keogh and Furlong 1998; Ward 1983. 3 . Home Rule refers to the campaign to return the governance of Ireland from Westminster to Ireland. 4 . For an in-depth examination of the life of Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, see Ward 1997. 5 . Lily Fitzsimmons as cited in Gillespie 1994, p. 12. Notes 213

6 . See Belfast Women’s Collective June 1980, p. 4. 7 . Interview with member of a Relatives Action Committee as cited in Fairweather 1984, p. 51. 8 . Rita O’Hare as quoted by D’Arcy 1981, p. 12. 9 . Anne Marie Loughran as cited in McCafferty 1981, p. 62. 10 . Mairead Keane cited in Lyons 1992, p. 271. 11 . Mairead Keane cited in Lyons 1992, p. 278. 12 . Mairead Keane cited in Lyons 1992, p. 278. 13 . See, for example, Chinchilla 1990; Geiger 1987; Abdulhadi 1998; Nash 1996. 14 . See, for example, Women in Struggle/Revolutionary Struggle Women’s Bulletin ca. 1976; An Phoblacht/Republican News 1998. 15 . What Did You Do in the War Mammy? 1995, produced by the Falls Women’s Centre; A Woman’s Voice 1988; Women in Struggle/Revolutionary Struggle Women’s Bulletin ca. 1985. 16 . Mairead Keane cited in Lyons 1992, p. 264. 17 . Irish Republican Socialist Party Press Release ‘Unveiling of Memorial for INLA Volunteers Brendan Mc Namee and Miriam Daly’, 22 June 2003. 18 . See Republican Sinn Féin, Éire Nua: A New Democracy , 2000; 32 County Sovereignty Movement, The Sovereign Nation (various issues); 32 County Sovereignty Movement, Constitution ; Personal Interview No. 4, 6 October 2000; Personal Interview No. 7, 18 October 2000; Personal Interview No. 11, 30 October 2000. 19 . It is for this reason that the effects of republican feminism are best deter- mined through an examination of its effects on Sinn Féin. 20 . Women in Struggle is but one example of some of the various publications in which such articles can be found. 21 . Cannavan 1999. 22 . Mairéad Keane cited in Lyons 1992, p. 278. 23 . The Forum, initiated by the Irish Republic’s government in 1994, was a mechanism used to bring the two sides involved in the conflict together with the aim of setting the stage for peace in the North. 24 . Examples of this are particularly found in An Phoblacht/Republican News , specifically around the May 2002 Irish elections and previously around the elections of 2001 in the North. See An Phoblacht/Republican News 2002a, 2002b, among other examples. 25 . Interview with Daisy Mules, a member of Sinn Féin’s Executive Council (Irish Interest Group 1996). 26 . See also Sinn Féin Women’s Department 1986. 27 . Mairéad Keane cited in Lyons 1992, p. 267. 28 . SF Manifesto , May 1999, p. 11. 29 . This by no means should be read as an endorsement of Sinn Féin and its policies. Indeed the concluding chapter illustrates that as the party chases power through electoral and institutional means it moves further away from its founding revolutionary socialist ideals. This has clear implications for women and women’s rights. That chapter also raises this question in relation to the broader issue of the confines of institutional politics for achieving widespread radical social change. 30 . This term was coined by Cathy Harkin, who worked at Women’s Aid in Derry (Evason 1982:73). 214 Notes

31 . For example, McClelland 1992:3; A Woman’s Voice 1988; de Rossa 1998; McGinley 1999; Petruschansky 1999; Kelly 1999; Sinn Féin 2002b. 32 . Due to pressure from republican feminists, Sinn Féin has engaged in an educational process for its members on the divisive nature of domestic violence. See A Woman’s Voice 1988. At a Sinn Féin Youth Spring School in March 1998, a workshop on domestic violence was held in order to educate republican youth on the matter. See An Phoblacht/Republican News 1998a. 33 . A Woman’s Voice 1988. 34 . A Woman’s Voice 1988. 35 . An Phoblacht/Republican News 1998a. 36 . There had been a number of changes at the time of writing and there will likely be more as this book goes to press. Abortion is only technically legal in both jurisdictions when there is a clear and immediate threat to the life of the pregnant woman, though in the case of the Republic the government has failed to legislate on the issue and no medical abortions are being performed due to lack of legal clarity. A similar situation existed in the North until the Marie Stopes Clinic opened in October 2012 under the auspices of former Progressive Unionist Party leader Dawn Purvis. Currently, pressure is being put on the Irish government to legislate on medical abortions, both by the European Court of Human Rights and by wider public campaigns, particu- larly in the wake of the death of Savita Halappanavar in October 2012. See Holland and Cullen 2012. 37 . Mitchell McLaughlin, Sinn Féin. Northern Ireland Assembly Debates, held 20 June 2002. Debate on motion to oppose the extension of the Abortion Act 1967 to Northern Ireland. 38 . Mairéad Keane cited in Lyons 1992, p. 265. 39 . This is with the exception of the loyalist Progressive Unionist Party, which has been linked to the , a loyalist paramilitary organi- sation. The PUP is the only party that supports women’s right to choose. Even the Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition has been ambiguous on this issue. See Fearon 1996:3. 40 . Interview with Daisy Mules, a member of SF’s Executive Council (Irish Interest Group 1996). 41 . For a further discussion on Belfast’s Women’s Centres, see Taillon 2001.

6 Reformation versus Revolution? Feminist Genealogies in Conflict

1 . Providing a history of the ‘women’s movement’ in the North is no easy task. Splits and splinter groups have made tracking the origins of groups a diffi- cult task. In order to do this I rely on personal interviews with members of the feminist community who were active in the movement at the time, and on primary documents released by the various organisations, newspaper cuttings, pamphlets and articles written in various feminist magazines at the time. The history I will present is slightly different from the histories which have been presented by other scholars such as Roulston (1997b) and Cockburn (1998), particularly in terms of the dates and membership of the various organisations. Notes 215

2 . See, for example, Devaney 1989; Evason 1991; Sales 1997. 3 . I use the labels ‘mainstream feminists’ and ‘mainstream women’s movement’ to refer to the broader and/or more dominant women’s organisations in the North, which could be considered part of the autonomous women’s move- ment, as opposed to republican feminism, which tended to operate at the perimeterof the North’s autonomous women’s movement, particularly in comparison to dominant, high profile groups. 4 . This expression was used by Claire Hackett, a republican, lesbian feminist activist, in describing the state of women’s organising in the North (Personal Interview No. 14 with Claire Hackett, 7 November 2000). 5 . It is noteworthy that Protestant working-class women’s groups also remained on the margins of the broader women’s movement in the North and were very much tied to the women’s centre model of organising, much like Catholic working-class women’s groups. Women in such centres, in both loyalist and republican areas, tended to look with suspicion on mainstream, middle-class feminism as it was often incongruous with their lived experiences. Women who identified as nationalist and not republican were commonly found in more elite-driven politics, like the Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition. The same is true of women from non-working-class, Protestant backgrounds. 6 . On this point see also Porter 1999, p. 6. She places the blame for a bifurcated movement squarely on the head of nationalism: ‘the clash of nationalisms yield political priorities that serve as an obstacle to the effectiveness of a politically astute feminism.’ 7 . The NIWRM suffered from these internal struggles almost from its inception in 1975 and as a result adopted a politics of avoidance almost immediately. See Loughran 1985c; Roulston 1997b. 8 . Socialist Women’s Group Manifesto , reprinted in Loughran 1985c. 9 . Socialist Women’s Group Manifesto , reprinted in Loughran 1985c. 10 . Loughran 1985c. 11 . Scarlet Women II Belfast Women’s Collective June 1980. 12 . Scarlet Women II Belfast Women’s Collective June 1980, 7. 13 . This report described the lack of medical attention provided to all pris- oners in Armagh, as the jail had only one doctor. The attention women did receive was often complacent and dismissive, the doctor being more prone to prescribe treatment for the ‘woman problem’ than for any other conditions. The food situation was also studied; meals were anything but nutritious – were always served cold and half-cooked – and were insufficient in terms of quantity. The report also mentions the harsh verbal abuse many prisoners faced during interrogations, abuse that entailed sexually harassing language like ‘whore’. See Women Against Imperialism 1980. 14 . Women Against Imperialism 1980. 15 . Nell McCafferty, , Friday, August 22, 1980. 16 . Loughran 1985c. 17 . Although this policy is not the focus of this study, it is fair to say that it affected loyalist women as well – given that their identity is also bound up in their Protestantism and loyalist politics. 18 . Scarlet Women II Belfast Women’s Collective June 1980, 10. 19 . Marron 1994, p. 9. 20 . See also Rooney 1995:52; Hackett 1995. 216 Notes

21 . ‘New Voices, New Choices – Women For Change’, Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition Manifesto, 1 May 1997. 22 . In February 1996, both the British and Irish governments proposed an elec- tion of delegates to the peace talks. 23 . ‘Constitution’ is a Women’s Coalition euphemism for the Troubles and government policies that relate to the conflict. 24 . The Coalition’s position on the Parades issue was to call for an independent commission to facilitate discussion between and unionist communities affected by Orange Order marches (Fearon and McWilliams 2000:125). 25 . A plethora of examples can be found to reiterate this point – see Ruddick 1998; Sales 1997; Cockburn 1998; Gilligan 1982; Reardon 1993:Chapter 1. 26 . Address by Bernadette Devlin (now McAliskey) to the IWD picket at Maghaberry, 5 March 1989, reprinted in Women’s News 42 (11) (May/June 1989). 27 . McWilliams 1995:27; see also McWilliams 1991:94. 28 . This is the description provided on the inside cover of every edition of Women’s News. 29 . Scarlet Women II, June 1980, 7. 30 . In fact, the class divide between community-based politics and profession- alisation became so pronounced that two rape crisis centres were opened in Belfast, one rooted in ideas around professionalism and NGO-isation and the other in community activism. 31 . This perception was relayed to me in many informal conversations with both Protestant and Catholic men and women in Belfast. 32 . The Brook Clinic offers reproductive and sexual health services in Belfast. It was seen as controversial because it was pro-choice and offered advice to young adults. It thus became the centre of public controversy and a site of regular pickets by anti-choice protesters. 33 . ‘New Voices, New Choices – Women for Change’, NIWC Manifesto, April/ May 1997. 34 . Personal Interview No. 14 with Claire Hackett, 7 November 2000. 35 . Mairéad Farrell Cumann, 1996: 2.‘Sinn Féin Policy Document. 36 . See Interview with Daisy Mules, a member of SF’s Executive Council, Irish Interest Group 1996. 37 . Mitchell McLaughlin, the Sinn Féin National Chairperson, also wrote a piece on sexuality. See McLaughlin, 1999See also An Phoblacht/Republican News 2000a; McClelland, 1997; O’Broin, 1997. 38 . Mairead Farrell Cumann, 1996. 39 . See Sinn Féin Women’s Department 1994: 5;Women’s News 1988, 11;Women’s News Issue 36 (May 1988), p. 11; Fitzsimmons,1989, 11; Whelan, 2006; Ray, 1995). 40 . See also address delivered by Sinn Féin Vice President and Assembly member for West Tyrone at the annual commemoration on Sunday June 18 in Sallins, County Kildare reprinted in An Phoblacht/Republican News 2000b); An Phoblacht/Republican News 2002d; An Phoblacht/Republican News 2000c; Gallagher, 1997; An Phoblacht/Republican News 2002e. 41 . One that caught my attention repeatedly was on the Lower Ormeau Road in Belfast, which challenged people to smash bigotry – in this instance, anti- Semitism. Notes 217

42 . Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition 2000, p. 7. 43 . Joe Hendron, Chair of the Health, Social Services and Public Safety Committee, NI Assembly. Debates in NI Assembly, 20 June 2002. 44 . It must be noted that republicanism in its current manifestation is inherently flawed. The direction taken by the republican leadership whereby republican socialism became sidelined in favour of electoral gain has meant a move away from questioning institutional legitimacy in the direction of institu- tional collusion and, in fact, membership. This has affected, to a certain extent, the trajectory of republican feminism, which will be addressed in the subsequent chapter.

7 Conclusion: The Unfinished Revolution?

1 . See, for example, Yuval-Davis and Anthias 1989; Enloe 2000a; Mies 1986. 2 . See Sinn Féin’s campaign material against the 2012 Stability Treaty, http:// irishelectionliterature.wordpress.com/2012/05/07/austerity-isnt-working- vote-no-leaflet-from-sinn-fein/ as well as http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-northern-ireland-19862303. 3 . When this failed, Sinn Féin introduced its own private members’ bill calling for legislation on X; yet the Janus-face of the party is evident here as well as in relation to austerity. When the first Marie Stopes clinic opened in the North in 2012, Sinn Féin’s Martin McGuinness registered the party’s concern over this development and insisted that the party remained opposed to any ‘liberalisation’ of abortion law, though he stopped short of joining the attempt to get a cross-party ban in the Assembly on all legal abortions; see www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-19930422. 4 . Peace I was allocated €500 million by the EU for the period 1995–1999, while Peace II had a total financial allocation of €994,566,437, of which €609,000,000 was the EU contribution, and Peace III is worth €225 million in EU contribu- tions with further national contributions of €108 million through its Structural Funds programme. See www.seupb.eu/programmes2007–2013/peaceii- iprogramme/overview.aspx and http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/ regional_policy/provisions_and_instruments/g24201_En.htm. 5 . It is important to acknowledge that while these are dominant forms of organising, not all groups fit this loose categorisation and some do exist autonomously and without funding from the state, such as the North’s Alliance for Choice. In the South a number of autonomous groups, including RAG, exist but are outside the network of higher-profile, funded groups like those mentioned above, though they do work in solidarity across campaigns like reproductive choice. 6 . Smyth was a participant in a conference organised by Sinn Féin in 2005 on the subject of the EU constitution (www.sinnfein.ie/contents/4464). The NIWC’s Equality Budgeting Campaign event, ‘Embedding Equality in Policy Making’ (http://equalitybudgeting.ie/index.php/seminar-embedding- equality-in-policy-making) also included Mary Lou MacDonald. The 5050 group’s event dedicated to electing more women into politics can be found at http://5050-group.com/blog/?p=516. 7 . This is not to say, however, that a gendered division of labour no longer exists. Work needs to be completed on the impact of participation in the 218 Notes

Troubles on the ‘domestic’ life of republican women which is outside the confines of this study. 8 . See, for example, Cockburn 1998; Yuval-Davis 1997. 9 . The abundance of literature dedicated to resolving the conflict in the North of Ireland in comparison with the miniscule amount written about ‘other’ communities, including migrant groups in the North is a clear expression of this bias. Sources Consulted

Abdulhadi, R. (1998) ‘The Palestinian Women’s Autonomous Movement: Emergence, Dynamics and Challenges’. Gender and Society, 12 (6): 649–673. Ackerly, B. and Jacqui True, J. (2010) Doing Feminist Research in Political & Social Science . Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Agathangelou, A. M. (2000) ‘Nationalist Narratives and (Dis)Appearing Women: State Sanctioned Sexual Violence’. Canadian Women’s Studies , 19 (4 Winter): 12–21. Aguilar-San Juan. D. (1982) ‘Feminism and the National Liberation Struggle in the Philippines’. Women’s Studies International Forum , 5 (3/4): 253–261. Alison, M. (2009) Women and Political Violence: Female Combatants in Ethno- national Conflict . New York: Routledge. Alison, M. (2007) ‘Wartime Sexual Violence: Women’s Human Rights and Questions of Masculinity’. Review of International Studies, 33: 75–9. Allen, B. (1996) Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Amnesty International ‘Amnesty International Report’ United Kingdom, 1 January 1996. Amnesty International (1986) Women: Victims and Fighters AI Index 71/02/86. Amnesty International (1977) Report of an Amnesty International Mission to Northern Ireland. London. Anderson, M. (2001) ‘Lessons of Irish Hunger Strikes’. Speech delivered to a Weekend Meeting. Bloody Sunday Weekend Centre (27 January). Derry. Anon. (1989) ‘68 Women’s Debate’. Women’s News , 40 (December/January): 3. An Phoblacht/Republican News (1980) ‘Armagh Prisoners’ Decision Final. Women Join Hunger Strike’, 22 November. Available at www.anphoblacht. com/contents/6959) [last accessed 12 December 2012]. ——— (1982) ‘Women in Struggle, an Interview with a Female Volunteer’, 20 May. ——— (1995) ‘IRA – The People’s Army’. Available at www.anphoblacht.com/ contents/13890 [last accessed 15 November 2012]. ——— (1998) ‘SFY Spring School’, 12 March. Available at http://republican-news. org/archive/1998/March12/12sfy.html ——— (2000a) ‘Sinn Féin Consults Lesbian and Gay Groups’, 20 September. Available at http://republican-news.org/archive/2000/September21/20nort. html ——— (2000b) ‘We are the party of change’, 22 June. ——— (2000c) ‘Challenging Racism’, 24 August. ——— (2002) ‘Sinn Féin Manifesto 2002’, 2 May. ——— (2002b) ‘Women in an Ireland of Equals’, 25 April. ——— (2002c) ‘What Sinn Féin is Doing’, 12 December. Available at http:// republican-news.org/archive/2002/December12/12what.html [last accessed 15 November 2012].

219 220 Sources Consulted

——— (2002d)‘Ahern Urged to Enforce Government Pledge on Racism’, 7 February. ——— (2002e) ‘Sinn Féin Signs Anti-racism Pledge’, 14 March. ——— (2000b) ‘ We Are the Party of Change’, 22 June. ——— (2006) ‘Interview with Eibhlin Glenholmes, Sinn Féin’s Co-ordinator for Gender Equality’, 2 March. Available at www.anphoblacht.com/ contents/14906 [last accessed 15 November 2012]. ——— (2012) ‘Republican Roll of Honour/Liosta Laochra na Poblachta 1969– 2012’. Available at www.anphoblacht.com/roll-of-honour. [last accessed 12 December 2012]. Aretxaga, B. (1997) Shattering Silence: Women, Nationalism, and Political Subjectivity in Northern Ireland . Princeton: Princeton University. Aretxaga, B. (2001) ‘The Sexual Games of the Body Politic: Fantasy and State Violence in Northern Ireland’. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 25 (1): 1–27. ——— (1995 ‘Ruffling a Few Patriarchal Feathers: Women’s Experiences of War in Northern Ireland’. CSQ , 19 (1 Spring). Ashe, F. (2006) ‘The Virgin Mary Connection: Reflecting on Feminism and Northern Irish Politics’. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 9 (4): 573–588. ——— (2007) ‘Gendering Ethno-nationalist Conflict in Northern Ireland: A Comparative Analysis of Nationalist Women’s Political Protests’. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 30 (5): 766–786. Associated Press (1984) ‘Police Say Glenholmes May Be “Blonde Bomber” Sought in 1981 Attack’. Associated Press , 13 November . Augustin, E. (ed.) (1993) Palestinian Women: Identity and Experience . London: Zed Books. A Woman’s Voice (1988) ‘Domestic Violence: Stop it Now’, 2 (September). Bairner, A. (1999) ‘Masculinity, Violence and the Irish Peace Process’. Capital and Class , 69 (Autumn): 125–159. Balasingham, A. (1983) Women in Revolution. The Role of Women in Tamil Eelam National Liberation Struggle. Political Committee of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Barrig, M. (1998) ‘Female Leadership, Violence, and Citizenship in Peru’. In: Jaquette, J. S.and Wolchick, S. (eds) Women and Democracy: Latin American and Central and Eastern Europe. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University: 151–175. Barton A., Corteen K., Scott D. and Whyte D. (eds) (2006) In Expanding the Criminological Imagination: Critical Readings in Criminology . Portland: Willan. Bayard de Volvo, L. (1998) ‘“Drafting Motherhood”: Maternal Imagery and Organizations in the United States and Nicaragua’. In: Lorentzen, L. A. and Turpin, J. (eds) The Women and War Reader . New York: New York University: 240–253. BBC News (1975) ‘“IRA Kidnappers Release Industrialist”. On This Day: 1950– 1975’, 7 November. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/ stories/november/7/newsid_2539000/2539461.stm. ——— (2012a) ‘Ford Urged to End Strip Searches in NI Prisons’, 29 January. Avail able at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-16779714#story_continues_1. ——— (2012b) ‘Martin McGuinness Says Sinn Féin Remains Opposed to Abortion Liberalisation’, 12 October. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern- ireland-19930422. Sources Consulted 221

——— (2012c) ‘Northern Ireland’, 12 October. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-northern-ireland-19930422 [last accessed 15 November 2012]. ——— (2012d) ‘Protest Rally Against RAAD is Held in Londonderry’, 28 April. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-17877436. ——— (2012e) ‘Stormont to Debate Sinn Féin Anti-austerity Motion’, 8 October. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-19862303 [last accessed 15 November 2012]. Bean, K. (2008) New Politics of Sinn Féin . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Belfast Telegraph (1975) ‘Pregnant Girl Gets Three Years for IRA Raid’, 17 February. ——— (1981) ‘Bomb Gang Beauty on Wanted List’, 30 October. Belfast Women’s Collective (1980) ‘Scarlet Women’ Issue 11, June 10. Benderly, J. (1997) ‘Rape, Feminism, and Nationalism in the War in Yugoslav Successor States’. In: West, L. (ed.) Feminist Nationalism. London and New York: Routledge: 59–72. Bennett, R. (1992) ‘The Bomber Next Door’, , 23 November, p. 2. Beresford, D. (1987) Ten Men Dead: The Story of the . New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. Bernard, M. (1989) Daughter of Derry: The Story of Brigid Sheils Makowski . London: Pluto Press. Bew, P. and Gillespie, G. (1999) Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1999 . Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. Bew, P., Gibbon, P. and Patterson, H. (1980) The State in Northern Ireland, 1921– 1972: Political Forces and Social Classes . Belfast: St Martin’s Press. Bishop, P. and Mallie, E. (1988) The Provisional IRA . London: Corgi Books. Trust. ‘ History: Background to the Hunger Strikes’. Available at www. bobbysandstrust.com/hungerstrikers/history [ last accessed 15 November 2012]. Boric, R. (1997) ‘Against the War: Women Organizing across the National Divide in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia’. In: Lentin, R. (ed.) Gender and Catastrophe . London and New York: Zed Books: 36–49. Boyne, S. (1996) ‘Uncovering the ’, Jane’s Intelligence Review , 1 August, transcript of a report aired on CBS. Aavailable at www.PBS.org/wgbh/ pages/frontline/shows/ira/inside/org.html. Bracewell, W. (1996) ‘Women, Motherhood, and Contemporary Serbian Nationalism’. Women’s Studies International Forum , 19 (1/2): 25–33. Brady, E., Hamill, R., Jackson, P., McKinney, K. and Patterson, E. (eds) (2011) In the Footsteps of Anne: Stories of Republican Women Ex-prisoners. Belfast: Shannaway Press. Breitenback, E. and Galligan, Y. (2004) ‘Measuring Gender Equality: Reflecting on Experiences and Challenges in the UK and Ireland’. Policy and Politics, 34 (4): 597–614. Breton, M. J. (1998) Women Pioneers for the Environment. Boston: Northeastern University. Brock-Utne, B. (1985) Educating for Peace: A Feminist Perspective . New York: Pergamon. Brown, D. (2008) ‘IRA Glamour Girl who Gave up Terror and Turned Herself into a Loyal Tory’. , 6 December. Brown P. and Ferguson, F. (1995) ‘“Making a Big Stink”: Women’s Work, Women’s Relationships, and Toxic Waste Activism’. Gender and Society, 9 (2 April): 145–172. 222 Sources Consulted

Burton, F. (1978) The Politics of Legitimacy: Struggles in a Belfast Community . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Byrne, A. and Lentin, R. (eds) (2000) (Re)Searching Women: Feminist Research Methodologies in the Social Sciences in Ireland. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. CAIN Catalogue of memorials. Available at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/victims/memo- rials/static/monuments/589.html. [last accessed 15 November 2012]. Canadian Women’s Studies (2000) 19 (4 Winter). Cannavan, J. (1999) ‘Women’s Struggle Liberates Ireland/Ireland’s Struggle Liberates Women: Feminism and ’. Brooklyn: US Office of the Irish Women’s History Group, Pamphlet. Available at Linen Hall Library’s Northern Ireland Political Collection. Celia (1985) ‘Armagh – Different Views’. Women’s News , 11 (Summer): 12. Clár na mBan (1994) ‘Clár na mBan/Women’s Agenda for Peace Conference Report’. Belfast: Clár na mBan. Cobain, I. (2010) ‘Inside Castlereagh’. The Guardian, 11 October. Available at www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/oct/11/inside-castlereagh-confessions-torture. Cockburn, C. (1998) The Space Between Us. Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict . London: Zed Books. ——— (2001) ‘The Gendered Dynamics of Armed Conflict and Political Violence’. In: Mosher, C. and Clark, F (eds) Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence . London and New York: Zed Books. ——— (2007) From Where We Stand: War, Women’s Activism and Feminist Analysis . London: Zed Books. ——— (2013) ‘A Movement Stalled: Outcomes of Women’s Campaign for Equalities and Inclusion in the Northern Ireland Peace Process’. Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements , 5 (1): 151–182. Cohen, C. (1993) ‘Wars, Wimps, and Women: Talking Gender and Thinking War’. In: Cooke, M. and Woollacott, A. (eds) Gendering War Talk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 227–246. Cohen, C. J., Jones, K. B., and Tronto, J. C. (eds) (1997) Women Transforming Politics . New York: New York University. Coogan, T. P. (1980) On The Blanket: The H-Block Story . Dublin: Ward River. ——— (1993) The IRA: A History . Niwat, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart. ——— (1995) The Troubles . London: Hutchinson. ——— (2002) The Troubles: Ireland’s Ordeal and the Search for Peace . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Cooke, M. and Woollacott, A. (eds) (1993) Gendering War Talk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Copelon, R. (1998) ‘Surfacing Gender: Reconceptualizing Crimes Against Women in Times of War’. In: Lorentzen, L. A. and Turpin, J. (eds) The Women and War Reader . New York: New York University: 63–79. Corcoran, M.S. ( 2006) ‘“ Talking about Resistance ” : Women Political Prisoners and the Dynamics of Prison Conflict, Northern Ireland ’. In: Barton, A. Corteen, K., Scott, D. and Whyte, D. (eds) Expanding the Criminological Imagination: Critical Readings in Criminology. Portland: Willan: 94–115. Coulter, C. (1993) The Hidden Tradition: Feminism, Women and Nationalism in Ireland . : Cork University. Sources Consulted 223

——— (1999) Contemporary Northern Irish Society: An Introduction . London: Pluto Press. Coulter, C. and Murray, M. (2008) Northern Ireland After the Troubles? A Society in Transition . Manchester: Manchester University Press. Cowan, R. (2002) ‘Adams Denies IRA Links as Book Calls Him a Genius ’. The Guardian, 1 October. Available at www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/oct/01/ northernireland.northernireland. Cox, M., Guelke, A. and Stephen, F. (eds) (2000) A Farewell to Arms? From ‘Long War’ to Long Peace in Northern Ireland . Manchester: Manchester University. Crenshaw, K. (1989) ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color’. Stanford Law Review , 43 (6): 1241–1299. Curtis, L. (1984) Ireland: The Propaganda War, The British Media and the Battle for the Hearts and Minds . London: Pluto Press. Cusack, J. (2005) ‘ Northern Bank Raid was the Result of Long-term Plan to Handicap Police’. Sunday Independent , 9 January. Cusack, T. (2000) ‘Janus and Gender: Women and the Nation’s Backward Look’. Nations and Nationalism , 6 (4): 541–561. Daily Express (1975) ‘The Seven Deadly Sisters’, 6 September. Daily Mail (1975) ‘Why the Yard Pinpointed this “Dangerous Terrorist” ’, 9 September. ——— (1976a) ‘The Sexy Steps to Terror’, 23 June. ——— (1976b) ‘IRA Send in the Girl Bombers’, 2 September. Daily Mirror (1973) ‘Provos Recruiting Girls as Snipers’, 17 December. Daily News (1974) ‘10 Women Held in Dawn Raids on IRA’, 13 April. Daily Telegraph (1973) ‘Bomber May Have Been a Girl’, 25 September. Daly, S. (2012) ‘English Heiress Turned IRA Bomber Rose Dugdale Gives Rare Interview’, The Journal, 5 January. Available at www.thejournal.ie/rose-dugdale- english-heiress-turned-ira-bomber-gives-rare-interview-320007-Jan2012. D’Arcy, M. (1981) Tell Them Everything . London: Pluto Press. Darragh, S. (2011) John Lennon’s Dead: Stories of Protest, Hunger Strikes and Resistance . Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications. Davis, A. (1983) Women, Race and Class . New York: Vintage. Davis, K. (1997) ‘My Body is My Art: Cosmetic Surgery as Feminist Utopia?’ The European Journal of Women’s Studies , 4 (1): 23–38. Deming, A. (1971) ‘The Fighting Women of Northern Ireland.’ Reading Eagle , 17 December, p. 14. de Rossa, R. (1998) ‘Violence Against Women – Taking on the Ideology’. An Phoblacht/Republican News , 7 January. Devaney, F., Mulholland, M., and Willoughby, J. (eds) (1989) Unfinished Revolution: Essays on the Irish Women’s Movement . Belfast: Meadbh. Devlin, B. (1969) The Price of My Soul . New York: Knopf. Dickson, B. (2010) The European Convention on Human Rights and Conflict in Northern Ireland . Oxford: Oxford University. Dillon, M. (1999) God and the Gun . New York: Routledge. Doggett, A. and Hickman, M. (1981) ‘Women and Nationalism’. Ireland Socialist Review , 6 (8 Winter). Dowler, L. (1998) ‘“And They Think I’m Just a Nice Old Lady”: Women and War in Belfast, Northern Ireland’. Gender, Place and Culture , 5 (2): 159–176. 224 Sources Consulted

Drumm, M. (2011) ‘We Should Always Remember our Dead’. News , 12 September. Eber, C. E. and Kovac, C. (2003) Women of Chiapas: Making History in Times of Struggle and Hope . London and New York: Routledge. Edgerton, L. (1986) ‘Public Protest, Domestic Acquiescence: Women in Northern Ireland’. In: Ridd, R. and Calloway, H. (eds) Caught Up in the Conflict: Women’s Responses to Political Strife. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education in association with the Oxford University Women’s Studies Committee: 61–79. Eisenstein, Z. (1994) The Color of Gender: Reimaging Democracy . California: University of California Press. ——— (2000) ‘Writing Bodies on the Nation for the Globe’. In: Ranchod-Nilsson, S. and Tétreault, M. (eds) Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? New York and London: Routledge. Elshtain, J. (1995) Women and War . Chicago: University of Chicago. English, R. (2003) Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. London: Pan Macmillan. Enloe, C. (1987) ‘Feminist Thinking About War, Militarism, and Peace’. In: Hess, B. and Feree, M. (eds) Analyzing Gender . Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ——— (2000a) Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics , 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California. ——— (2000b) Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California. Eschle, C. and Maiguashca, B. (2010) Making Feminist Sense of the Global Justice Movement . Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield. Evans, M. and Morgan, R. (1998) Preventing Torture: A Study of the European Convention for the Prevention of Terrorism and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment . New York: Oxford. Evason, E. (1982) Hidden Violence . Belfast: Farset Co-op Press. ——— (1991) Against the Grain: The Contemporary Women’s Movement in Northern Ireland . Cork: Attic. Fairweather, E., McDonough, R. and McFaydean, M. (1984) Only the Rivers Run Free. Northern Ireland: The Women’s War . London: Pluto Press. Falls Women’s Centre (1995) What Did You Do in the War Mammy? [video recording]. ——— (2001) Supporting Women in the Year 2001 – Development Plan . Belfast: Falls Women’s Centre. Farrell, C., McAvoy, H. and Wilde, J. (2008). Tackling Health Inequalities: An All-Ireland Approach to Social Determinants . Dublin: Combat Poverty Agency. Faul, D. and Murray, R. (1974) Long Kesh: The Iniquity of Internment, August 9th 1971 – August 9th 1974 . Dungannon: The Authors. Faul, D and Murray R. (1975) The RUC: The Black and Blue Book. Publisher: Authors, Dungannon. Fearon, K. (1996) ‘Painting the Picture’. In: Power , Politics, Positionings – Women in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Democratic Dialogue.Available at http://cain.ulst. ac.uk/dd/report4/report4.htm ——— (2000) ‘Whatever Happened to the Women? Gender and Peace in Northern Ireland’. In: Cox, M., Guelke, A. and Stephen, F. (eds) A Farewell to Arms? From ‘Long War’ to Long Peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University: 153–164. Fearon, K. and McWilliams, M. (2000) ‘Swimming Against the Mainstream: The Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition’. In: Roulston, C. and Davies, C. (eds) Sources Consulted 225

Gender, Democracy and Inclusion in Northern Ireland . Basingstoke, UK and New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 117–137. Feldman, A. (1991) Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland . Chicago: University of Chicago. Feldman, R., Stall, S. and Wright, P. (1998) ‘The Community Needs to Be Built by Us: Women Organizing in Chicago Public Housing’. In: Naples, N. (ed.) Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class and Gender . New York and London: Routledge: 257–274. Fitzsimmons, L. (1989) ‘Women’s Role in the Struggle’, Women’ s News Issue 42 (May/June). Flood, A. (1998) ‘Peace Deal Offers Sectarian War or Sectarian Peace’. WSM, 54 (June). Available at www.wsm.ie/c/peace-deal-offers-sectarian-war-or-sectarian-peace. Foucault, M. (1986) ‘Of Other Spaces ’. Diacritics , 16 (1): 22 –27. Friel, L. (2000) ‘One Reason Why the RUC Should be Disbanded’. An Phoblacht/ Republican News , 25 May. ——— (1998) ‘The Shameful Record of British Torture’ An Phoblacht/Republican News , 17 December 1998. Gaistskell, D. and Underhalter, E. (1989) ‘Mothers of the Nation: A Comparative Analysis of Nation, Race and Motherhood in Afrikaner Nationalism and the African National Congress’. In: Yuval-Davis, N. and Anthias, F (eds) Woman- Nation-State . London: Macmillan: 58–79. Gallagher, M. (1997) ‘Céad mile fáilte?’, An Phoblacht/Republican News , 6 June. Gallagher, P. (1997) ‘Women Imprisoned as a Result of the Struggle’. Canadian Women’s Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme, 17 (3): 52–56. Galligan, Y. (1998) Women and Politics in Contemporary Ireland . London: Pinter. Garcia-Gorena, V. (1999) Mothers and the Mexican Antinuclear Power Movement . Tucson: University of Arizona. Geiger, S. (1987) ‘Women in Nationalist Struggle: TANU Activists in Dar es Salaam’. International Journal of Historical Studies , 20: 1–26. Gibbings, S. (2011) ‘No Angry Women at the UN: Political Dreams and the Cultural Politics of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325’. International Journal of Feminist Politics , 13 (4 December): 532–548. Gillespie, U. (1994) ‘Women in Struggle, 1969–1994’.Women in Struggle Sinn Féin Women’s Department , Autumn, 2. Gilligan, C.(1982) In A Different Voice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gilmartin, N. (2013) ‘Negotiating New Roles: Irish Republican Women and the Politics of Conflict Transformation.’ International Feminist Journal of Politics . Available at www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616742.2013.806060#. Uf5ZyKyzKSo Glasgow Herald (1973) ‘Two Soldiers Lured to their Death by IRA Girls’, 24 March, p. 1 Goldring, M. (1991) Belfast, From Loyalty to Rebellion . London: Lawrence and Wishart. Goldstein, J. S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grimaldi, F. (1997) Blood in the Street , 2nd edn. Derry: Guildhall Press. Guelke, A. (2012) Politics in Deeply Divided Societies . Cambridge: Polity Press. Hackett, C. (1995) ‘Self-Determination: The Republican Feminist Agenda’. Feminist Review , 50 (Summer): 111–116. 226 Sources Consulted

Hague, E. (1997) ‘Rape, Power and Masculinity: The Construction of Gender and National Identities in the War in Bosnia-Herzegovina’. In: Lentin, R. (ed.) Gender and Catastrophe . London and New York: Zed Books. Hanley, B. and Millar, S. (2009) The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers’ Party . Dublin: Penguin. Hansard (2007) Northern Ireland Assembly Report. 14 May. Available at http:// archive.niassembly.gov.uk/record/reports2007/070514.htm [last accessed on 15 November 2012]. Harnden, T. (1999) Bandit Country: The IRA and South Armagh. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Harris, H. and Healy, E. (eds) (2001) Strong About it All: Rural and Urban Women’s Experiences of the Security Forces in Northern Ireland. Derry City: Northwest Women’s/Human Rights Project. Hayward, K. and O’Donnell, C. (eds) (2011) Political Discourse and Conflict Resolution: Debating Peace in Northern Ireland . New York and Oxford: Routledge. Helliker, K. (2010) ‘The State of Emancipation – With, Within, Without?’. Interface , 2 (1):118–143. Herald Sun (1991) ‘Female the Dealier of the Species’, 12 October . Hinds, B. (2011) The Northern Ireland Economy: Women on the Edge? Belfast: Women’s Resource and Development Agency. Hofricher, R. (ed.) (1993) Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice . Philadelphia: New Society Publishers. Holland, K. and Cullen, P. (2012) ‘Woman “Denied a Termination” Dies in Hospital’, Irish Times, 12 November. Available at www.irishtimes.com/news- paper/frontpage/2012/1114/1224326575203.html [last accessed 10 Dececember 2012]. Holloway, J. (2002) Change the World Without Taking Power: The Meaning of Revolution Today . London: Pluto Press. hooks, b. (1984) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center . Boston: South End. ——— (2000) Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics . Cambridge, MA: South End. Ibáñez, A. C. (2001) ‘El Salvador: War and Untold Stories. Women Guerrillas’. In: Moser, C. and Clark, F. (eds) Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence . London and New York: Zed Books: 117–130. Incite! Women of Color Against Violence (ed.) (2007) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded . Cambridge, MA: South End. Irish Election Literature (2012) ‘Austerity Isn’t Working – Vote No. Leaflet from Sinn Féin’. Available at http://irishelectionliterature.wordpress. com/2012/05/07/austerity-isnt-working-vote-no-leaflet-from-sinn-fein/ [last accessed 12 November 2012]. Irish Interest Group (1996) ‘Sinn Féin and the Educative Process’. Interview with Daisy Mules, Sinn Féin Executive Member. University of Texas at Austin, 11 April. Available at http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/wyrick/test/mule/right.html. Irish News (1970) ‘3,000 Strong Army of Women to Feed the Lower Falls’, 6 July, p. 1. Irish Republican Socialist Party (2003) ‘Unveiling of Memorial for INLA Volunteers Brendan McNamee and Miriam Daly’. Press Release , 22 June. Jacobs, S. (1989) ‘Zimbabwe: State, Class, and Gendered Models of Land Resettlement’. In: Papart, J. and Staudt, K. (eds) Women and the State in Africa . Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner: 161–184. Sources Consulted 227

Jacobs, S., Jacobson, R. and Marchbank, J. (2000) ‘Introduction’. In: Jacobs, S., Jacobson, R. and Marchbank, J. (eds) States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance . London: Zed Books: 1–17. Jacoby, T. A. (1999) ‘Feminism, Nationalism and Difference: Reflections on the Palestinian Women’s Movement’. Women’s Studies International Forum , 22 (5): 511–523. Jarman, N. (1997) Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland . Oxford: Berg. ——— (1998) ‘Painting Landscapes: The Place of Murals in the Symbolic Construction of Urban Space’. In: Buckley, A. (ed.) Symbols in Northern Ireland . Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies. Jayawardena, K. (1994) Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World . Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. Juteau, D. (1999) ‘From Nation-Church to Nation-State: Evolving Sex-Gender Relations in Quebec Society’. In: Kaplan, C., Alarcon, N. and Moallem, M. (eds) Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State . Durham, NC: Duke. Kampwirth, K. (2004) Feminism and the Legacy of Revolution: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas . Ohio: Centre for International Studies Ohio University. Kaplan, T. (1997) Crazy for Democracy: Women in Grassroots Movements. New York and London: Routledge. Kearney, V. (2012) ‘Inside the Torture Chamber’. BBC News, 6 October. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-19857088. Kelley, K. (1982) The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA . Dingle, Co. Kerry: Brandon Book Publishers. Kelly, N. (1999) ‘Violence Against Women a Major Issue’. An Phoblacht/Republican News , 4 March. Available at www.anphoblacht.com/contents/4630 Keogh, D. and Furlong, N. (eds) (1998) The Women of 1798. Dublin: Four Courts Press. Kim, H.-K. (2009) ‘Should Feminism Transend Nationalism: A Defense of Feminist Nationalism in South Korea’. Women’s Studies International Forum , 32 (2): 108–119. Krauss, C. (1998) ‘Challenging Power: Toxic Waste Protests and the Politicisation of White, Working-Class Women’. In: Naples, N. A. (ed.) Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class and Gender . New York: Routledge. Landsberg, M. (2002) ‘Men Behind Most Atrocities, but Women are Singled Out’. Toronto Star , 21 September, sec. K, p. 1. Landesman, P. (2002) ‘The Minister of Rape’, Toronto Star , 21 September, sec. K, p. 1. Lane, F. (1998) ‘Abortion Policy Unchanged’. An Phoblacht/Republican News, 23 April.Available at http://republican-news.org/archive/1998/April23/23abor. html Leatherman, J. (2011) Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict . Polity: Cambridge. Leisure, S. (1999) ‘Exchanging Participation for Promises’. In: Bystydzienski, J. and Sekhon, J. (eds) Democratization and Women’s Grassroots Movements . Bloomington: Indiana University: 95–110. Lentin, R. (1997) ‘Introduction: (En)gendering Genocides’. In: Lentin, R. (ed.) Gender and Catastrophe . London and New York: Zed Books: 2–18. 228 Sources Consulted

Lines, L. (2011) Milicianas: Women in Combat in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Lanham, MD: Lexington Little, M. (2003) ‘Hammering their Way through the Barriers: Low-income Women Retrain to be Carpenters’. In: Cohen, M. (ed.) Training the Excluded for Work . Vancouver: UBC Press, 108–123. Lorentzen, L. A. and Turpin, J. (eds) (1998) The Women and War Reader. New York: New York University. Loughran, C. (1985a) ‘Strip Searches Continue’, Women’s News , 11 (Summer). ——— (1985b) ‘The Women’s Movement in Northern Ireland: Between Republicanism and Feminism’. Fortnight , 220 (27 May): 4–6. ——— (1985c) ‘10 Years of Feminism in Northern Ireland’, Women’s News , 10 (May): 4. Luciak, A. (2001) After the Revolution: Gender and Democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Lyons, L. (1992) ‘“At the End of the Day”: An Interview with Mairead Keane, National Head of Sinn Féin Women’s Department’. Boundary , 2 (19): 2. MacDonald, E. (1991) Shoot the Women First . London: Arrow Press. Maguire, M. (1973) To Take Arms: A Year in the Provisional IRA . London: Macmillan. Mairéad Farrell Cumann (1996) Moving On: A Policy for Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Equality. Pamphlet . Sinn Féin Policy Document. Malcolm, E. and Roulston, C. (1980) ‘The Belfast Women’s Collective’. Scarlet Women Issue 11, June: 10. Mangaliso, Z. A. (1997) ‘Gender and Nation-Building in South Africa’. In: West, L. (ed.) Feminist Nationalism . London and New York: Routledge. Marie-Helene (1985) ‘International Women’s Day Events: Armagh – A Personal View’. Women’s News , 10 (May): 7. Marron, O. (1989) ‘The Cost of Silencing Voices Like Mine’. In: Devaney, F., Mulholland, M. and Nellis, M. (eds) Unfinished Revolution: Essays on the Irish Women’s Movement. Belfast: Meadbh. Martin, M. (ed.) (1998) Hard-hatted Women: Stories of Struggle and Success in the Trades . Seattle: Seal Press. Matthews, S. (2012) ‘Stormont rubber stamps Welfare Reform Bill’, Workers Solidarity Movement, 10 October. Available at http://www.wsm.ie/c/stormont- rubber-stamps-welfare-reform-bill-oct2012 Mayer, T. (ed.) (1994) Woman and the Israeli Occupation: The Politics of Change . London: Routledge. ——— (ed.) (2000) Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation. London and New York: Routledge. McAliskey, Bernadette Devlin (2001) ‘Testimony to the Saville Inquiry’. Transcript, 15 May. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov. uk/20101103103930/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/transcripts/ Archive/Ts112.htm McArdle, M. (1997) ‘Remembering Women in Struggle’. Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, Special Issue on Republican Prisoners of War , 17 (1): 23–24. McArdle, M. and Carrol, A. (1992) ‘POWs in Maghaberry Jail -Arrest, Detention and Interrogation’. Women in Struggle , 3 (October). McAuley, C. (ed.) (1989) Women in a War Zone: Twenty Years of Resistance . Dublin: Sinn Féin Women’s Department/An Phoblacht/Republican News. Sources Consulted 229

McCafferty, N. (1980) ‘It Is My Belief That Armagh Is a Feminist Issue’, Irish Times , 22 August. ——— (1981) The Armagh Women . Dublin: Co-op Books. McCann, E. (1993) War in an Irish Town . London: Pluto Press. ——— (2012) ‘Rage at Stormont Over Workfare (Or Not)’, , 29 March. McClean, R. (1997) The Road to Bloody Sunday, Revised edn. Derry: Guildhall Press. McClelland, M. (1992) ‘A Voice for the Voiceless’, Women in Struggle , 3 (October). McClenaghan, B. (1997) ‘Invisible Comrades: Gays and Lesbians in the Struggle’. Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, Special Issue on Republican Prisoners of War , 7 (1): 47–49. McClintock, A. (1993) ‘Family Feuds: Gender, Nationalism and the Family’. Feminist Review , 44 (Summer): 61–80. ——— (1995) Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest . New York and London: Routledge. ——— (1997) Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation and Post-Colonial Perspectives . Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. McCoy, G. (2000) ‘Women, Community and Politics in Northern Ireland’. In: Rouslton, C. and Davis, C. (eds) Gender, Democracy and Inclusion in Northern Ireland . Basingstoke, UK and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. McDonald, H. (2000) ‘Killing Sparks Fear of Terror Feud’. The Observer , 25 October, 1. ——— (2011) ‘Old Bailey Bomber Marian Price on New Charge’, The Guardian , 22 July, 21. McDowell, S. (2008) ‘Commemorating Dead “Men”: Gendering the Past and Present in Post-conflict Northern Ireland’, Gender, Place and Culture, 15 (4): 335–354. McGarry, J. and O’Leary, B. (1995) Explaining Northern Ireland . Oxford: Blackwell. McGinley, F. (1999) ‘Once is Too Much’, Exhibition Highlights Anti-women Violence’. An Phoblacht/Republican News , 11 March Available at: http://republi- can-news.org/archive/1999/March11/11wome.html McGovern, M. (2010) ‘“The IRA are not Al Qaeda”: “New Terrorism” Discourse and Irish Republicanism’. In: Hayward, K. and O’Donnell, C. (eds) Political Discourse and Conflict Resolution: Debating Peace in Northern Ireland . New York and Oxford: Routledge: 192–208. McGrattan, C. and Meehan, E. (eds) (2012) Everyday Life After the Conflict . Manchester: Manchester University Press. McInnes, C. (2000) ‘A Farewell to Arms? Decommissioning and the Peace Process’. In: Cox, M., Guelke, A. and Fiona, S. (eds) A Farewell to Arms? From ‘Long War’ to Long Peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press: 78–92. McIntyre, A. (1995) ‘Republicanism Disfigured’. Irish Republican Writers Group, September. Available at: http://thepensivequill.am/p/archive-1995–2000.html ——— (1998) ‘Real IRA – Really No Excuses’. Irish Republican Writers Group, 22 August. Available at http://rwg.phoblacht.net/mackersarchive5.html. ——— (2003) ‘The Needle Has Entered’. The Blanket: A Journal of Protest and Dissent , 25 (April). Available at http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu:81/needle. html ——— (2008) The Death of Irish Republicanism . New York: Ausubo Press. 230 Sources Consulted

McKay, S. (1998) ‘The Psychology of Societal Reconstruction and Peace: A Gendered Perspective’. In: Lorentzen, L. A.and Turpin, J. (eds) The Women and War Reader . New York: New York University: 348–361. McKeown, L. (1999) ‘Gender and the Social Construction of an Irish Republican Prisoner Community’. Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Washington, D.C., February. ——— (2001) Out of Time: Irish Republican Prisoners. Long Kesh 1972–2000 . Belfast: Beyond the Pale. McKernon, A. (2003) ‘Mother Enters Bitter War of Words after INLA Punishment’. North , 28 April. McKittrick, D. and McVea, D. (2002) Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of the Conflict in Northern Ireland . Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. McLaughlin M. (1999) ‘Respecting all Sexual Identities’, An Phoblacht/Republican News , 13 January 13. McClelland, M. (1997)‘Respecting Differences’, An Phoblacht/Republican News , 20 February. McVeigh, S. (2012) ‘Sinn Féin in Government’, Irish Marxist Review , 1(1): 34–40. McWilliams, M. (1991) ‘Women in Northern Ireland: An Overview’. In: Hughes, E. (ed.) Culture and Politics in NI: 1960–1990 . Buckingham: Open University Press: 81–100. ——— (1995) ‘Struggle for Peace and Justice: Reflections on Women’s Activism in Northern Ireland’. Journal of Women’s History , 6 (Winter/Spring): 13–39. Meaney, G. (1991) Sex and Nation: Women in Irish Culture and Politics. Dublin: Attic Press. Meyer, M. K. (2000) ‘Ulster’s Red Hand: Gender, Identity, and Sectarian Conflict in Northern Ireland’. In: Ranchod-Nilsson, S. and Tétrault, M. (eds) Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? New York and London: Routledge: 119–142. Mies, M. (1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour . London: Zed Books. Miller, D. (ed.) (1998) Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism . Edinburgh Gate: Addison Wesley Longman. Moane, G. (1999) Gender and Colonialism: a Psychological Analysis of Oppression and Liberation . London: Macmillan. Moghadam, V. (ed.) (1994) Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies . London: Zed Books. Mohanty, C. (1988) ‘Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses’. Feminist Review , 30 (Autumn): 61–88. Mohanty, C., Russo, A. and Torres, L. (eds) (1991) Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism . Bloomington: Indiana University. Moloney, E. (2002) The Secret History of the I.R.A . Toronto: Penguin. Molyneux, M. (1985), ‘Mobilization without Emancipation? Women’s Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua’. Feminist Studies , 11 (2), 227–254. Moore, T., Barry, R., Betts, J. and Thompson, P (2002) ‘Gender Equality in Northern Ireland’. Northern Ireland Assembly Research Paper, 28 February. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office Research and Library Services. Morgan, R. (ed.) (1986) Sisterhood is Global: The International Women’s Movement Anthology . New York: The Feminist Press at the City University of New York. Morgan, R. (1989) The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism. London: Methuen. Sources Consulted 231

Morgan, V. (1996) ‘Peacemakers? Peacekeepers? – Women in Northern Ireland 1969–1995’. Derry: INCORE. Available at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/women/ paper3.htm [last accessed 15 November 2012]. Morrissey, M. and Smyth, M. (2002) Northern Ireland after the Good Friday Agreement: Victims, Grievance and Blame . London: Pluto Press. Morrison, D. (2006) Hunger Strike: Reflections on the 1981 Republican Hunger Strike . Dingle: Brandon Books. Mostov, J. (2000) ‘Sexing/Desexing the Nation’. In: Mayer, T. (ed.) Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation . London and New York: Routledge: 89–110. Mukta, P. (2000) ‘Gender, Community, Nation: The Myth of Innocence’. In: Jacobs, S., Jacobson, R., and Marchbank, J. (eds) States of Conflict: Gender Violence and Resistance . London: Zed Books: 163–178. Mulcahy, A. (2006) Policing Northern Ireland . Portland: Willan. Mulholland, M. (1989) ‘Between a Rock and a Hard Place’. In: Devaney, F., Mulholland, M. and Nellis, M. (eds) Unfinished Revolution: Essays on the Irish Women’s Movement . Belfast: Meadbh: 42–48. Murray, R. (1998) State Violence. Northern Ireland, 1969–1997 . Cork: Mercier Press. Myers, K. (2002) ‘The Terrible Sight of a Female Terrorist’, The Telegraph, 27 October. Nagel, J. (1998) ‘Nation’. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 21 (2): 242–269. Naples, N. (1998) Grassroots Warriors: Activist Mothering, Community Work and the War on Poverty . New York: Routledge. Nash, M. (1996) ‘Political Culture, Catalan Nationalism, and the Women’s Movement in Early 20th Century Spain’. Women’s Studies International Forum , 19 (1–2): 45–54. National Council for Civil Liberties (1986) An Inquiry into the Strip Searching of Women Remand Prisoners at Armagh Prison between 1982 and 1985, NCCL: London. Nelson, B. J. and Chowdhury, N. (1994) Women and Politics Worldwide . New Haven and London: Yale University. Neuhouser, K. (1998) ‘“If I Had Abandoned My Children”: Community Mobilization and Commitment to the Identity of Mother in Northeast Brazil’. Social Forces , 77 (1 September): 331–358. News Letter (1973) ‘Woman on Bomb Charge’, 25 October. Njita, W. (2010) Sexual Violence against Women and Girls During Situation of Armed Conflict . Cape Town: Lambert. Nikolić-Risanović, V. (1998) ‘War, Nationalism, and Mothers in the Former Yugoslavia’. In: Lorentzen, L. A. and Turpin, Je (eds) The Women and War Reader . New York: New York University: 234–239. NIO clippings ‘Women and IRA’ 1971–1975, available at Linen Hall Library, Northern Ireland Political Collection. Nordstrom, C. (1995) Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival. Berkeley: University of California. Northern Ireland Assembly (2002) ‘Debate on Motion to Oppose the Extension of the Abortion Act 1967 to Northern Ireland’, 20 June. Available at www.niassembly. gov.uk/Assembly-Business/Official-Report/Reports-12–13/12-March-2013/ Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition (1997) ‘New Voices, New Choices – Women for Change’. Election Platform, Westminster General Election, 1 May. 232 Sources Consulted

——— (1998) Common Cause: The Story of the Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition . Belfast. ——— (1999) ‘A New Beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland’. The Report of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, 1 December. ——— (2000) ‘Reproductive and Sexual Health Policy’, 18 November. ——— (2001) ‘Northern Ireland Local Government Election Manifesto 2001. Oakley, A. (1981) ‘Interviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms’. In: Roberts, H. (ed.) Doing Feminist Research. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ——— (2000) Experiments in Knowing: Gender and Method in the Social Sciences . Cambridge: Polity Press. O’Brien, B. (1995) The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin. Syracuse: Syracuse University. O’Broin, E.(1997) ‘Pride ’97 is Biggest Yet’, An Phoblacht/Republican News , 19 June. O’Dochartaigh, N. (1997) From Civil Rights to Armalites: Derry and the Birth of the Irish Troubles . Cork: Cork University. O’Dowd, L., McCall, C. and Damkat, I. (2006) ‘Sustaining Cross-border Cooperation: A Cross-sectoral Case Study’. Working paper series. Institute for British-Irish Studies. O’Keefe, T. (2004) ‘Trading Aprons for Arms: Feminist Resistance in the North of Ireland’. Resource for Feminist Research , 30 (3/4): 39–64. ——— (2006) ‘Menstrual Blood as a Weapon of Resistance: Armagh Women and the Dirty Protest’. International Feminist Journal of Politics , 8 (4): 535–556. ——— (2012). ‘“Sometimes it Would be Nice to be a Man”: Negotiating Gender Identities after the Good Friday Agreement’. In: McGrattan, C. and Meehan, E. (eds) Everyday Life After the Conflict. Manchester: Manchester University Press: 83–97. O’Leary, B. and McGarry, J. (1996) The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland , 2nd edn. London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Athlone. O’Rawe, R. (2005) Blanketmen: An Untold Story of the H-Block Hunger Strike . Dublin: New Island. O’Ruairc, L. (2000) ‘Lasting Revisionism: Rewriting the “Politics of Irish Freedom”’. Fourthwrite , 3 (Autumn). Pankhurst, D. (2009) ‘Sexual Violence in War ’. In: L. Shepherd (ed.) Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations . London: Routledge: 152–156. Peteet, J. (1991) Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement . New York: Columbia University. Peterson, V. S. (1994) ‘Gendered Nationalism’. Peace Review , 6 (1): 77–83. ——— (1995) ‘The Politics of Identity and Gendered Nationalism’. In: Neack, L., Haney, P.J., and J.A.K. Heye (eds) Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in Its Second Generation . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prenctice Hall: 167–186. ——— (1998) ‘Gendered Nationalism: Reproducing “Us” versus “Them”’. In: Lorentzen, L. A. and Turpin, J. (eds) The Women and War Reader . New York: New York University. ——— (2000) ‘Sexing Political Identities/Nationalism as Heterosexism’. In: Ranchod-Nilsson, S. and Tétrault, M. (eds) Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? New York and London: Routledge: 54–80. Sources Consulted 233

Petruschansky, Y. (1999) ‘Realities for the Young Single Mother’. An Phoblacht/ Republican News, 18 March: 18.Available at http://republican-news.org/ archive/1999/March18/18wome.html Pettman, J. (1996) Worlding Women: A Feminist International Politics. New York and Sydney: Routledge. Pickering, S. J. (2001) ‘Engendering Resistance: Women and Policing in Northern Ireland’. Policing & Society , 11 (3/4): 337–358. ——— (2002) Women, Policing and Resistance in Northern Ireland . Belfast: Beyond the Pale. Piven, F. and Cloward, R. (1977) Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Police Service of Northern Ireland (2010) ‘Annual Statistical Report. Domestic Abuse Incidents and Crime’. Available at www.psni.police.uk/2._08_09_ domestic_incidents_and_crimes.pdf. [last accessed 15 November 2012]. Porta, D. and Diani, M. (2006) Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. Porter, E. (1998) ‘Women, Nationalism and Northern Ireland’. In: Wilford, R. and Miller, R. (eds) Women, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Politics of Transition . Routledge: New York and London: 36–61. ——— (1999) ‘Risks and Responsibilities: Dialogue Across Difference in Northern Ireland’. European Consortium of Political Research , University of Mannheim, 26–31 March. POWs Maghaberry Prison (1987) ‘Prisoners’ Statement. Women Republican Prisoners of War, Maghaberry Prison’. Women’s News , 25 (April), 17. ——— (1991) ‘Women and the National Struggle’. Women in Struggle , 1 (Spring). Pratt, N. and Richter-Devroe, S. (eds) (2011) ‘Critically Examining UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security’. International Feminist Journal of Politics, Special Issue, 13 (4): 489–503. Punch, M. (2012) State Violence, Collusion and the Troubles: Counter Insurgency, Government Deviance and Northern Ireland . London: Pluto Press. Purdie, B. (1990) Politics in the Streets: The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland . London: Blackstaff. Racioppi, L. and O’Sullivan See, K. (2000) ‘Engendering Nation and National Identity’. In: Ranchod-Nilsson, S. and Tétrault, M. (eds) Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? New York and London: Routledge:18–34. Radcliffe, S. A. (1996) ‘Gendered Nations: Nostalgia, Development and Territory in Ecuador’. Gender, Place and Culture , 3 (1): 5–22. Radhakrishan, R. (1992) ‘Nationalism, Gender, and Narratives of Identity’. In: Parker, A. Russo, M, Sommer, D, Yaeger, P. (eds) Nationalisms and Sexualities . New York and London: Routledge: 77–96. Ranchod-Nilsson, S. (2000) ‘(Gender) Struggles for the Nation: Power, Agency, and Representation in Zimbabwe’. In: Ranchod-Nilsson, S. and Tétrault, M. (eds) Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? New York and London: Routledge: 168–185. Ranchod-Nilsson, S. and Tétreault, M. (2000) ‘Gender and Nationalism: Moving beyond Fragmented Conversations’. In: Ranchod-Nilsson, S. and Tétrault, M. (eds) Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? New York and London: Routledge: 1–19. Randall, V. (1987) Women and Politics: An International Perspective . Chicago: University of Chicago. 234 Sources Consulted

Ray, K. (1995) ‘Sinn Fein President On U.S Tour Says, “Ireland Belongs To All Who Live In It’’ The Militant , 59 (21) (May 29). Reardon, B. (1993) Women and Peace . Albany, NY: SUNY. ——— (1998) ‘Women or Weapons?’ In: Lorentzen, L. A. and Turpin, J. (eds) The Women and War Reader . New York: New York University: 289–295. Reif, L. (1986) ‘Women in Latin American Guerilla Movements: A Comparative Persective’. Comparative Politics , 18 (2): 147–169. Reilly, J. (2012) ‘IRA Seriously Stains TG4’. , 8 January. Available at www.independent.ie/national-news/ira-series-seriously-stains-tg4–2982583. html. Republican Sinn Féin Poblachtach (2000) Éire Nua: A New Democracy. Dublin: Republican Sinn Féin. Republican Sinn Féin Poblachtach (1997) ‘A Permanent Peace. Presidential address by Ruarí Ó Brádaigh to the 93rd Ard Fheis of Republican Sinn Féin’, 9 November. Dublin: Irish Freedom Press. Ridd, R. (1986) ‘Powers of the Powerless’. In: Ridd, R. and Callaway, H. (eds) Caught Up in the Conflict: Women’s Responses to Political Strife . Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Education in association with the Oxford University Women’s Studies Committee. Ridd, R. and Callaway, H. (eds) (1986) Caught Up in the Conflict: Women’s Responses to Political Strife. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Education in assoc. with the Oxford University Women’s Studies Committee. Robinson, N. and Henderson, D. (1988) ‘ Terrorists who Died on the Rock ’. PA News . 9 March. Rolston, B. (1989) ‘ Mothers, Whores and Villains: Images of Women in Novels of the Northern Ireland Conflict ’. Race and Class, 31(1): 41 –57. ——— (1994) Drawing Support: Murals in the North of Ireland, Volume 1. Belfast: Beyond the Pale. ——— (1995) Drawing Support: Murals in the North of Ireland, Volume 2. Belfast: Beyond the Pale. Rooney, E. (1995) ‘Women in Political Conflict’. Race and Class , 37 (1): 51–56. ——— (2000) ‘Women in Northern Irish Politics: Difference Matters’. In: Roulston, C. and Davis, C. (eds) Gender, Democracy and Inclusion in Northern Ireland . Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 164–186. Roulston, C. (1997a) ‘Gender, Nation, Class: The Politics of Difference in Northern Ireland’. Scottish Affairs , 18 (Winter): 54–68. ——— (1997b) ‘Women on the Margin: The Women’s Movements in Northern Ireland, 1973–1995’. In: West, L. (ed.) Feminist Nationalism . New York: Routledge: 41–58. Roulston, C. and Davies, C. (2001) Gender, Democracy and Inclusion in Northern Ireland . Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ruane, J. and Todd, J. (1996) The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland . Cambridge: Cambridge University. Ruddick, S. (1998) ‘“Woman of Peace”: A Feminist Construction’. In: Lorentzen, L. and Turpin, J. (eds) The Women and War Reader. New York: New York University: 213–226. Rupp, L. (1998) ‘Solidarity and Wartime Violence Against Women’. In: Lorentzen, L. and Turpin, J (eds) The Women and War Reader. New York: New York University: 303–307. Sources Consulted 235

Ryan, L. (1995) ‘Traditions and Double Moral Standards: The Irish Suffragists’ Critique of Nationalism’. Women’s History Review , 4 (4): 487–503. Sachs, C. E. (1997) Women Working in the Environment . Washington: Taylor and Francis. Sales, R. (1997) Women Divided: Gender, Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland . London and New York: Routledge. Sands-McKevitt, B. (2003) ‘Fair Trial, Not a Farcical Travesty’, The Blanket: A Journal of Protest and Dissent, 18 January.Available at http://indiamond6.ulib. iupui.edu:81/sandsmck.html Sawyer, R. (1993) We are But Women: Women in Ireland’s History. London: Routledge. Seifert, R. (1994) ‘War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis’. In: Stiglmayer, A. (ed.) The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press: 54–72. Shannon, E. (1989) I Am of Ireland: Women of the North Speak Out . Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Sharoni, S. (2000) ‘Gendering Resistance within an Irish Republican Prisoner Community: A Conversation with Laurence McKeown’. International Feminist Joural of Politics , 1 (2 Spring): 104–123. ——— (2001) ‘Women in Israel-Palestine and the North of Ireland’. In: Mosher, C.and Clark, F. (eds) Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence . London and New York: Zed Books: 85–98. Sharrock, D. (1991) ‘Bomber’s Family Resists Joint IRA Funeral’. The Guardian, 23 November, p. 2. ——— (1993) ‘Shattering Day that Brought the Ulster Troubles Home’. The Guardian , 6 March, p. 4. Sheehy, G. (1972) ‘The Fighting Women of Ireland’. New York Conference Source , 1972 WIO Clippings on IRA Women, 1975–1983, Linen Hall Library, Belfast. Sheldon, K. (1994) ‘Women and Revolution in Mozambique’. In: Tétreault, M. A. (ed.) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World . Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina: 33–61. Shirlow, P. and Murtagh, B. (2006) Belfast: Segregation, Violence and the City . London: Pluto. Shiva, V. (ed.) (1994) Close to Home: Women Reconnect Ecology, Health, and Development Worldwide . Philadelphia: New Society Publishers. Side, K. (2007) ‘Women’s Civil and Political Citizenship in the Post-Good Friday Agreement Period in Northern Ireland’. Occasional Paper 14. Belfast: Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics, School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy, Queen’s University. Silke, A. (1999) ‘Rebel’s Dilemma: The Changing Relationship between the IRA, Sinn Féin and Paramilitary Vigilantism in Northern Ireland’. Terrorism and Political Violence , 11 (1): 55–93. Sinn Féin Prisoner of War Department (ca 1984) ‘Stop Strip-Searching in Armagh Jail’. Pamphlet. Belfast, Sinn Féin (1999) ‘European Manifesto’, May. ——— (2002a) ‘Building an Ireland of Equals’, May. ——— (2002b) ‘MacManus Backs North West Coalition Against Violence Against Women Campaign’. Press Release , 10 May. ——— (2007) ‘Sinn Féin Support Assembly Debate on Abortion’, October. Available at http://web.archive.org/web/20071025033401/http://www.sinnfein.ie/news/ detail/21360 [last accessed 12 January 2012]. 236 Sources Consulted

——— (2009) ‘Women in an Ireland of Equals’. Available at www.sinnfein.ie/ files/2009/WomensDocument20041.pdf, p. 7. Sinn Féin Women’s Department (ca. 1976) ‘Controlling Our Bodies’, Women in Struggle/Revolutionary Struggle Women’s Bulletin Series 2 Sinn Féin Women’s Department (1985) Women in Struggle/Revolutionary Struggle Women’s Bulletin, Series 2. ——— (1985) ‘A Woman’s Place is in the Struggle, An Interview with Mairéad Farrell’, Women in Struggle/Revolutionary Struggle Women’s Bulletin, Series 2, p. 3. ——— (1986) ‘Sinn Fein Ard Fheis 1986’, Women’s News , 23 (4 February) np. ——— (1988) A Woman’s Voice, 2 (September). ——— (1991) Women in Struggle/Mna I Streachailt, (Spring). ——— (1994) Women in Struggle /Mna I Streachailt, (Autumn). Sjoberg, L. and Gentry, C. E. (2007) Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women’s Violence in Global Politics . New York and London: Zed Books. Skeggs, B. (2001) ‘Feminist Ethnography’. In: Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. and Lofland, L. (eds) Handbook of Ethnography. London. Sage: 426–442. Smith, M. L. R. (1995) Fighting for Ireland: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Army . London: Routledge. Smyth, A. (1995) ‘Paying Our Disrespects to the Bloody State We’re in: Women, Violence, Culture and the State’, Journal of Women’s History, 6(4)/7(1): 190–215. Soh, C. S. (2009) The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Spare Rib (1980) no. 99 (November). Special EU Programmes Body (2007) Corporate Plan 2008–2010. Belfast. Spivak, G. C. (1999) A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present . Harvard: University Press. Steel, J. (2007) Demons, Hamlets and Femmes Fatales. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Steitz, M. D. (2000) ‘“Women as Mother in a Headscarf”: The Woman War Refugee and the North American Media’. Canadian Woman Studies, 19 (4 Winter): 66–70. Stevens, J. (2003) Stevens Inquiry: Overview and Recommendations. Metropolitan Police Service, London. 17 April. Stewart, P. and Shirlow, P. (eds) (1999) ‘Northern Ireland between Peace and War’ Capital & Class, 69 (Autumn). Stiglmayer, A. (ed.) (1994) Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina . Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska. Stoltz Chinchilla, N. (1983) ‘Women in Revolutionary Movements: The Case of Nicaragua’. In: Stanford Central America Action Network (ed.) Revolution in Central America . Boulder: Westview: 422–435. ——— (1990) ‘Revolutionary Popular Feminism in Nicaragua: Articulating Class, Gender, and National Sovereignty’. Gender and Society , 4 (September): 370–397. Strange, C. (1990) ‘Mothers on the March: Maternalism in Women’s Protest for Peace in North America and Western Europe, 1900–1985’. In: West, G. and Blumberg, R. (eds) Women and Social Protest . New York: Oxford University: 209–224. Sources Consulted 237

Stratigaki, M. (2005) ‘Gender Mainstreaming vs Positive Action: An Ongoing Conflict in EU Gender Equality Policy’. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 12 (2): 165–186. Strobl, I. and Acklesberg, M. (2008) The Partisanas: Women in Armed Resistance to Fascism and German Occupation (1936–1945) . Oakland: AK Press. Sullivan M. (1999) Women in Northern Ireland: Cultural Studies and Material Conditions . Gainesville: University of Florida. (1974) ‘Where Women’s Lib Means Guns’, 3 March. Found at NIO clippings, “Women and IRA” 1971–1975 Linen Hall Library. Taillon, R. (2001) ‘The Social and Economic Impact of Women’s Centres in Greater Belfast’. City at Work Conference , 25 October. Available from the Belfast Women’s Support Network. Tétreault, M. A. (1992) ‘Women and Revolution’. In: Peterson, V. S. (ed.) Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner: 99–121. ——— (ed.) (1994) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina. Thapar-Björkert, S. and Ryan, L. (2002) ‘Mother India/Mother Ireland: Comparative Gendered Dialogues of Colonialism and Nationalism in the Early 20th Century’. Women’s Studies International Forum , 25 (3): 301–313. Thompson, C. B. (1982) ‘Women in the National Liberation Struggle in Zimbabwe: An Interview with Naoimi Nhiwatiwa’. Women’s Studies International Forum, 5 (3–4): 247–252. Tonge, J. (2002) ‘Towards a Lasting Peace in Northern Ireland’. Politics Review, 11 (4): 2–5. ——— (2006) Northern Ireland: Global Political Hot Spots . Cambridge: Polity Press. Toolis, K. (2000) Rebel Hearts: Journeys within the IRA’s Soul . London: Picador Press. Turshen, M. (2001) ‘The Political Economy of Rape: An Analysis of Systematic Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women during Armed Conflict in Africa’. In: C. Moser and F. Clarke (eds) Victors, Perpetrators or Actors: Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence . London: Zed Books: 55–68. Twomey, C. (2002) ‘Interview with Marian Price’, The Blanket: A Journal of Protest and Dissent , Winter. Available at www.phoblacht.net/mpinterview.html. UNHCR (2012) ‘Conflict-Related Sexual Violence’. New York, 13 January. Available at www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4f27a19c2.html [last accessed 25 October 2012]. Veltman, L. (1988). ‘IRA Kills Again as UK Hunts “ Angel of Death” ’. Sun Herald, 4 August . Vickers, J. (1997) Reinventing Political Science: A Feminist Approach . Black Point, NS Fernwood Publishing. ——— (2002) ‘Feminists and Nationalism’. In: Dhruvarajan, V. and Vickers, J. (eds) Gender, Race, and Nation: A Global Perspective . Toronto: University of Toronto: 247–272. ——— (2008) ‘Gendering the Hyphen: Gender Dimensions of Modern Nation-State Formation in Euro-American and Anti- and Post-Colonial Contests ’. In: Yasmeen Abu-Laban (ed.) Gendering the Nation-State. New York: UBC Press: 21–45. Walsh, L. (2002) ‘Women at War Driven by Passion not Politics’. In: Bourke, A. (ed.) Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing . Cork University: 446–448. 238 Sources Consulted

Walshok, M. (1981) Blue Collar Women: Pioneers on the Male Frontier . Garden City, NY: Anchor Books. Ward, M. (1977) ‘Women’s Participation in the Irish National Struggle – An Historical Account’. Irish Women At War: Feminism and Ireland Workshop, 26 June. Belfast. ——— (1983) Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and . London: Pluto. ——— (1997) Hanna Sheehy Skeffington . Cork: Attic Press. ——— (2000) ‘The Northern Ireland Assembly and Women: Assessing the Gender Deficit’. Democratic Dialogue . Belfast: Regency Press. ——— (2001) ‘Marginality and Militancy: Cumann na mBan, 1914–1936’. In: Hayes, A. and Urquhart, D. (eds) The Irish Women’s History Reader. London: Routledge: 58–63. Ward, M. and McGivern, M. (1982) ‘Images of Women in Northern Ireland’. Crane Bag , 4: 66–72 Ward, M. and McMinn, J. (eds) (1987) ‘A Difficult, Dangerous Honesty: 10 Years of Feminism in Northern Ireland’. Women’s News , 10 (May): 4. West, G. and Blummberg, R. L. (eds) (1990) Women and Social Protest . New York: Oxford University. West, L. (ed.) (1997) Feminist Nationalism . London and New York: Routledge. Whelan, P. (2006) ‘Palestinian and Basque Speakers Address Republican Women’, An Phoblacht (9 March). White, R. W. (1993) Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Whyte, J. (1990) Interpreting Northern Ireland . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wilson, A. (1991) The Challenge Road: Women and the Eritrean Revolution . Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press. Women Against Imperialism (1980) Women Protest for Political Status in Armagh Gaol . Belfast: WAI. Women into Politics (2012) ‘Where do Women in Northern Ireland and Equality Fit In?’ Consultation on European Territorial Co-operation 2012–2020: Preparing a new EU programme for Cross-Border co-operation (INTERREG V) and a new EU Programme for Peace and Reconciliation (PEACE IV) 2014–2020. Belfast. Women’s Group (n.d., ca. mid-1980s) Women in Ireland. New Zealand H-Block/ Armagh Committee pamphlet. Available at Linen Hall Library, Northern Ireland Political Collection. Women’s News (1984) Issue 7 (December). ——— (1986) Issue 21. ——— (1987) Issue 25. Women’s News (1988) ‘IWD-Women Prisoners’, Issue 36 (May). Women’s News (1989) ‘68 Women’s Debate’, Issue 40 (December/January). ——— (1991) Issue 55. Women’s Support Network (2004) A Response to SEUPB consultation document ‘EU Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland and the Border Regions of Ireland’. Belfast. Available at www.wsn.org.uk/sites/default/ files/consultations/s_sep_04.pdf, p. 7. Woods, O. (1995) Seeing is Believing? Murals in Derry . Derry: Guildhall Press. Workers Solidarity Movement (2012) ‘Derry and the War on Drugs: An Anarchist Perspective’. Available at www.wsm.ie/c/derry-war-drugs-anarchist. Sources Consulted 239

Yuval-Davis, N. (1997) Gender and Nation . London: Sage. Yuval-Davis, N. and Anthias, F. (eds) (1989) Woman-Nation-State . London: Macmillan. Zur, J. (1997) ‘Reconstructing the Self through Memories of Violence among Mayan Indian War Widows’. In: Lentin, R. (ed.) Gender and Catastrophe. London and New York: Zed Books: 64–76.

Index

abortion, 95, 136, 140–4, 153, 168, Brock-Utne, Birgit, 6 181–2 Browne, Ivor, 48 abuse, 22 B Specials, 25 active service units (ASUs), 66 BWC, see Belfast Women’s Collective Adams, Gerry, 76, 80, 99, 136, 190 (BWC) African-American feminists, 188 agency, 3–8, 16, 21, 89, 96 Callaway, Helen, 117 aggression, 12, 15 capitalism, 10, 184 Aguilar, Delia, 13 care-givers, 4–6, 54, 97, 100 Anderson, Martina, 113–14, 191 Catholic communities, state violence An Glór Gafa/The Captive Voice, 112 in, 22–40, 56–8 Anthias, Flora, 4 Charter for Women, 152 anti-imperialist feminists, 153, 156, Chechnya, 85 158 child-care, 135, 137–8 Aretxaga, Begoña, 97 children, protection of, 64 Armagh Women’s Prison, 41–4, 65, Chulainn, Carol Ni, 112 68–9, 97–9, 103, 124, 128–30, civil rights movement, 90, 121 154–5, 157 Clár na mBan, 158–9 armed conflicts, women’s class issues, 13, 21, 168, 169–72 participation in, 14, 15, 20, cleanliness, 43, 44 53–83, 85–100, 187 Cockburn, Cynthia, 3, 6, 11, 167 armed robberies, 69 collective memory, 100–10 armistice, 80–3 combat, 65–70 Army Council, 76, 90 community-based feminism, 169 arrests, 33–40 competition, 11 austerity, 190 Connolly, James, 90, 119 consciousness-raising, 123–6 ballads, 107 contraception, 135–6 Baltic Exchange bomb, 66 Coogan, Tim Pat, 44–5, 56 Belfast Agreement, see Good Friday co-operation, 166–8 Agreement Coulter, Carol, 23, 118 Belfast Women’s Collective (BWC), counterinsurgency, 39, 40 123, 153–4, 157, 162–3, 170 counter-state movements, 8 Black Feminism, 13 Coyle, Marion, 69, 94 blame, politics of, 161–6 Crenshaw, Kimberle, 13, 16 , 41, 98 critical pedagogy, 126–33 Bloody Sunday, 23, 56, 121 cultural diversity, 180 bomb attacks, 66–8, 88 Cumann na mBan, 58, 77, 78, 90–3, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 26 95–6, 118–19, 135 bridge-builders, 160, 161, 188 Cusack, Jim, 89 British Army, 25–33, 121 British imperialism, 14 Daley, Clare, 141 British security forces, 25–33 Daley, Miriam, 134

241 242 Index

Davis, Angela, 13, 125 feminism Deming, Angus, 86–7 community-based, 169 Derry Women’s Aid, 73 future of, 200–2 detentions, 33–40 after Good Friday Agreement, Devlin, Bernadette, 159 189–200 Dillon, Martin, 56–7 mainstream, 156–7, 163, 170, dirty protest, 40–5 173–7, 180–5, 187–8 domestic violence, 73, 138–40, 158 middle-class, 13, 149, 152, 156–7 domination, 12 nationalism and, 116–17, 119–20, Dowler, Lorraine, 107 162–3, 186 Downtown Women’s Centre, 159, republican, 15, 20–1, 83, 116–48, 170–1, 173–4 177–8, 187, 189–200 Doyle, Mary, 98 in republican communities, 145–7 Drumm, Máire, 86, 107 Second Wave, 123, 126 duck patrols, 32 violence and, 11 Dugdale, Rose, 69 feminist identities, 2–3, 13–14 feminist literature, 3–4, 22 , 90, 119 feminist nationalism, 2, 8–10, 186 Edgerton, Lynda, 7 early manifestations of, 118–20 Eileen Hickey Irish Republican History women’s movements and, 13–14, 15 Museum, 113 Feminist Open Forum, 194–5 Éirigi, 134–5 feminist solidarity, 123–6 Eisenstein, Zillah, 4 feminist theory, 201–2 Elizabeth, Queen, 81, 190 femmes fatales, 87–8 Elshtain, Jean Bethke, 85, 87, Ferrity, Geraldine, 68–9 100–1, 114 Fitzsimmons, Lily, 121 employment, 1 front lines, 101 Enloe, Cynthia, 8–9 fund-raising activities, 32–3 Enniskillen, 23 funerals, 24 ethnicity, 13, 21, 168, 178–80 ethnography, 16–19 GAC, see General Army Convention ethno-national conflicts, 1 (GAC) ethno-nationalism, 23, 150, 173 Gallagher, Eddie, 69 ex-prisoners clubs, 108–9 gCailni na hÉireann, 90 gender awareness, 14, 20, 83, 117–18, Falls Festival, 180 120–3 Falls Road Curfew, 26–7, 121 gender-based violence, 1, 146–7 Falls Women’s Centre, 146, 159, 166–7 domestic violence, 73, 138–40, 158 families in prisons, 34 impact of violence on, 24 security forces and, 25–33 involved in republican movement, by state, 22–52 61–3 gender consciousness, 55 Farrell, Mairéad, 68, 77, 86, 98 gender differentiation, 20 Fearon, Kate, 137 gender inequality, 14, 20–1, 83, Feely, Maggie, 170, 172–5, 177, 193 110, 121 Felons Club, 108 gender norms, 84, 93, 109, 121, female bonding, 10 129–30 female sexuality, 22, 87–8, 173–6 gender reductionism, 21 femininity, 5, 44, 85 gender roles, 90, 91–2 Index 243

General Army Convention (GAC), 76 gender discrimination in, 94–5, 109 General Headquarters Staff (GHQ), 76 leadership, 76–80, 89–90, 92–3, 109 gerrymandering, 23 military training, 74–6, 91 GHQ, see General Headquarters Staff patriarchical nature of, 70 (GHQ) policing by, 70–4, 146–7 Glenholmes, Evelyn, 88 reasons for joining, 56–65 Good Friday Agreement, 25, 69, 80–2, role of women in, 65–80, 93–100 85, 133, 145, 189–200 women in, 55–83, 86–7, 88–100 Greysteel, 23 Irish republican movement, 15 see also republican nationalism Hackett, Claire, 132, 147, 151, 158, hero making and, 89–90, 96–110 163, 173, 175, 177, 184 memorialisation of, 110–15 Harkin, Cathy, 138–9 Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRS), H-Blocks, 40–5, 97–8, 99, 128 134 hen patrols, 32 , 90–1 hero making, 89–90, 96–110 heterosexism, 4, 184 Jacony, Tami, 11 Hickey, Eileen, 113 Jarman, Neil, 101 hierarchy, 11, 101, 110–11 Jayawardena, Kumari, 116–17 history, 100–10 Holloway, John, 196 Keane, Mairead, 126 Home Rule campaign, 118 kidnappings, 69 homosexuality, 177–8 Kim, Hee-Kang, 117 hooks, bell, 13, 16, 202 kneecappings, 71, 72, 111 human rights abuses, 39–40 Hume, John, 80 labels, 166, 178 hunger strikes, 23, 25, 51, 56, 59, Landsberg, Michelle, 53 98–100, 103, 106–7, 113, 127 leadership, in IRA, 76–80, 89–90, 92–3, 109 iconography, 84–5, 96–110 Leatherman, Janie, 4 identity formation, 16 Lentin, Ronit, 3 imperialism, 12, 14, 120, 166, 184 lesbians, 173–8 informers, 71, 72 Lisbon Treaty, 195 International Women’s Day, 177, 180 Long Kesh prison, 40–2, 98, 99, Internment, 24, 27–33, 34, 56, 77, 103, 128 92–3 Loughran, Anne Marie, 109 interrogations, 33–40 lowest common denominator politics, intersectionality, 10, 15, 16, 21, 151–5, 169–85 131–3, 151, 169–83, 184 loyalism, 119 invisibility, 109 loyalist communities, 23–4, 51–2 IRA, see Irish Republican Army (IRA) Irish Citizen Army, 119 MacDonald, Eileen, 86 Irish nationalism, 7, 14, 22, 55 magazines, 112, 133 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 14, 20, 27 mainstream women’s movement, activities of, 65–6 156–7, 163, 170, 173–5, 176–7, armistice and, 80–3 180–5, 187–8 bombings by, 66–8 male hierarchy, 101, 110–11 challenges to leadership of, 110–11 marginalisation, 83, 109–11, 115, 144, combat duties, 65–70 158, 169 244 Index

Markievicz, Constance, 90, 112, 119 Morrice, Jane, 160, 171–2 Marron, Oonagh, 123–4, 138, 139, Mostov, Julie, 3 146, 149, 153, 156, 157, 158, 167, Mother Ireland, 4 183–4 mothers/motherhood, 1, 4–6, 7, 54, Martin, Veronica, 48–9 64, 84–5, 97, 121 martyrdom, 96, 98–100, 102 Mulholland, Marie, 119–20, 130, masculinity, 5 132–3, 164, 165, 167, 171, 173–6, Mayer, Tamar, 5 178, 180, 184–5 McAliskey, Bernadette Devlin, 121, murals, 101–10, 179–80 134, 163 murders, 111 McCafferty, Nell, 108, 155 Myers, Kevin, 85 McCann, Jennifer, 137, 191 McCartney, Raymond, 103 nakedness taboo, 47–8 McClenaghan, Brendi, 178 nationalism McClintock, Anne, 9, 10–11, 186 ethno-nationalism, 23 McConville, Jean, 71, 85 feminism and, 1, 2, 8–10, 116–29, McCorley, Rosaleen, 112, 144–5, 191 162–3, 186 McCormick, Jonathan, 102, 104 Irish, 7, 22, 55 McDonald, Mary Lou, 195 patriarchy and, 116 McDonnell, Joe, 107 republican. see republican McDowell, Sarah, 101, 106–7 nationalism McGahan, Bronwyn, 68 women’s movement and, 119–20 McGuinness, Martin, 76, 81, 141, 190 nationalist movements, 1 McGuire, Maria, 89 feminism and, 117 McIntyre, Anthony, 74 feminist analyses of, 1–3 McKay, Susan, 11 manifestations of, 12 McKeown, Laurence, 99, 129–30 vs. women’s movements, 10–13 McMinn, Joanna, 170 women’s participation in, 1–3, 5–7, McWilliams, Monica, 160, 164–5, 12, 14–15 171–2 Ní Chuilín, Carál, 191 Meaney, Geraldine, 11 1981 Committee, 112 media images, 84, 86–9 NIWC, see Northern Ireland Women’s memorabilia, 107–8 Coalition memorials, 100–10 NIWRM, see Northern Ireland memory work, by women, 110–15 Women’s Rights Movement men (NIWRM) hero making and, 96–101 Northern Ireland Abortion Campaign, in power, 12 168 prison struggles and, 33–4, 98 Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition social clubs of, 108–9 (NIWC), 159–61, 163–6, 171–2, war and, 11–12, 100–1 175, 180–3 menstruation, 36–8, 42–5 Northern Ireland Women’s Rights mental illness, 25 Movement (NIWRM), 152–5, 163, middle-class women, 13, 149, 152, 170 156–7, 170, 172 North of Ireland Mies, Maria, 9 fieldwork in, 16–19 military training, 74–6, 91 politics in, 18–19 mobilising identity, 13 security forces in, 25–33 Molyneaux, Maxine, 116, 117 Troubles in, 22–52 Index 245

women’s movement in, 149–50 education programmes in, 128–9 no-wash protest, 40–5, 51, 97–8, escapes from, 69 102, 127 gendering of, 97–100, 127–8 Nugent, Ciarán, 40–1 hunger strikes, 59, 98–100, 103, Nugent, Mairéad, 98 106–7, 113, 127 Nyiramasuhuko, Pauline, 53 no-wash protest, 40–5, 51, 97–8, 102, 127 Oakley, Ann, 18 republican feminism and, 126–33 O’Hare, Rita, 94 strip searches in, 45–51 , 23, 84–5 struggles in, 97–100, 154–5 O’Neill, Maureen, 48 visits to, 33–4 O’Rawe, Richard, 98 Protestants, 23 Provisional IRA (PIRA), 65, 80–2, 91–3, Palestinians, 130 189 paramilitaries, 24 psychological warfare, 33–4 party politics, 134–8 public housing, 23 patriarchy, 1, 4–7, 9, 10, 12, 84, 116, pubs, 108–9 138–9, 186, 197 peace, 5, 6, 11, 12, 53–4 race, 13 peacemakers, 93 racism, 10, 178–80, 184 peace process, 5, 82, 144–5, 158–61, Radhakrishnan, R., 11 191–3 raids, 29–31 see also Good Friday Agreement Ranchod-Nilsson, Sita, 4 Peterson, V. Spike, 4, 6–7 rape, 1, 3, 22, 26, 32, 35–7, 39, 45 PIRA, see Provisional IRA (PIRA) Reardon, Betty, 11 policing, by IRA, 70–4, 146–7 Relatives Action Committee (RAC), political prisoners, 40–1, 65 33, 121 see also prisons reproductive rights, 1, 140–4, 150, politicisation, 6, 7, 8, 13–14, 20, 22–3, 181–2 51, 58–9, 117–18, 120–3, 126, Republican Action Against Drugs 147–8, 187 (RAAD), 74 politics, 11, 12 republican activists, 20 of avoidance, 156–61, 183–5 republican communities, 23–4, 51–2, of blame, 161–6 145–7 class issues, 169–72 republican feminism, 15, 20–1, 83, of gender reductionism, 21 116–48, 156, 158, 187 lowest common denominator, agenda, 150 151–5, 169–85 after Good Friday Agreement, in North of Ireland, 18–19 189–200 party, 134–8 inclusiveness of, 177–80 transversal, 167 influence of, 133–47 Porter, Elisabeth, 6 party politics and, 134–8 post-conflict societies, 200–2 politicisation and, 120–3 poverty, 25 Sinn Féin and, 190–1 power dynamics, 18 republican heroes, 96–100 power hierarchy, 101 republican nationalism, 14, 55 pregnant women, 39, 69, 84–5 consciousness-raising and, 120–3 Price sisters, 68 criticism of, 110–15 prisons, 24, 33–40, 59 gendered nature of, 100–15 246 Index republican nationalism – continued Socialist Women’s Group (SWG), hero making and, 96–100 152–3 male hierarchy and, 101, 110–11 social justice, 55 murals of, 101–7 social taboos, 44, 47–8 prisons and, 126–33 Soh, C. Sarah, 4 resistance, 15, 32, 54 solidarity, 169–83 Richards, Mike, 88–9 songs, 107 Ridd, Rosemary, 117 South Africa, 186 Robinson, Mary, 167 spies, 93 Rooney, Eilish, 136, 151 state-building, 12 Roulston, Carmel, 152 state violence, 14, 20, 22–52, 55–8, Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 25 157, 158 Ruddick, Sara, 5–6, 11 interrogation, arrest, and detention, Rwanda, 26, 53 34–40 Ryan, Louise, 118, 120 legacy of, 51–2 no-wash protest and, 40–5 Sager, Pearl, 160 raids, 25–33 Sandinistas, 130, 179 as reason for armed resistance, Sands, Bobby, 59, 77, 98 56–65 Sands-McKevitt, Bernadette, 77 strip searches, 45–51 Schlindwein, Helena, 160, 164, 180 Steel, Jayne, 87, 89 Second Wave feminism, 123, 126 Steitz, Margaret, 84 security forces Strange, Carolyn, 5 encounters with, 56 street harassment, 34–40, 121 interrogation and arrest by, 33–40 strip searches, 33, 45–51 raids by, 25–33 structural oppression, 181 self-determination, 129, 132, 134, suicide, 25 159, 162–3, 186 suicide bombers, 85 Semtex, 25 Sullivan, Megan, 51 sex education, 136 surveillance, 36 sexism, 78 sexual freedom, 1 tarring and feathering, 71, 72–3, sexual harassment, 31, 35, 36 146–7 sexuality, 4, 21, 22, 87–8, 173–6 terrorists, women as, 85–6 sexual orientation, 168, 173–8 Tétreault, Mary Ann, 4 sexual violence, 26, 31, 32, 35–7, 39, Thapar-Björkert, Suruchi, 120 45, 48–50 torture, 27 shared victimisation, 10 transversal politics, 167 Sharoni, Simona, 11 Troubles Sinn Féin, 65, 76, 80, 81, 99, casualties of, 23 112, 133–44, 175–6, 178, deprivations during, 23–5 189–90, 195 patterns of state violence during, Sinn Féin Women’s Department, 22–52 135–6, 170, 190–1 women during, 24–5, 90–6 sisterhood, 4 T-shirts, 107–8 situated knowledge, 126–33 Skeffington, Sheehy, 119 (UD), 69 Smyth, Ailbhe, 194–5 unemployment, 23, 24, 25 social clubs, 108–9 universal victimhood, 169–83 Index 247

UN Security Council Resolution 1325, as mothers, 1, 4–6, 7, 54, 64, 84–5, 193–4 97, 121 as peacemakers, 53–4, 93 verbal abuse, 36 politicisation of, 6, 7, 8, 13–14, 20, Vickers, Jill, 11, 12, 117 23, 51, 58–9, 117–18, 120–3, 126, victimhood, 3–8, 84, 93 147–8, 187 shared, 10 pregnant, 39, 69, 84–5 universal, 169–83 prisoners, 33–45, 97–100, 112, 114, vigilantes, 25 126–33, 145–6 violence, 11 relationship to nation of, 84 domestic, 73, 138–40, 158 role of, in Troubles, 24 gender-based, 1, 22–52, 146–7 sexualisation of, 87–9 as masculine, 54 in supportive roles, 96–7 patriarchy and, 12 as victims, 3–8, 93 prison, 39–40 violence by, 6, 15, 53, sexual, 26, 31, 32, 35–7, 39, 45, 85–6, 87 48–50 working-class, 169–72, state. see state violence 192–3 against women, 3–8 Women Against Imperialism by women, 6, 15, 53, 85–6, 87 (WAI), 123–5, 147, 154, 155, 170 WAI, see Women Against Imperialism Women in Struggle, 133 (WAI) women’s agency, 3–8, 16, 21 war, 11, 12 women’s bodies, 1, 26, 34, 35, 42–3, front lines, 101 87, 187 gender and, 163 women’s centres, 146, 166–7, 170–1 prisoners, 124 Women’s Coalition, see Northern Ward, Margaret, 7, 94, 162, 170, 193 Ireland Women’s Coalition war iconography, 100–10 Women’s Department, 135–6 welcome home celebrations, for women’s groups, 150–1, 159 prisoners, 108 Women’s Information Group, 168 West, Lois, 117 women’s liberation, 2, 9 West Belfast Women’s Network, 146 women’s movement, 126, 187–8 What Did You Do in the War Mammy?, co-operation in, 166–8 111–12 debate within, 52 White, Robert, 56 divisions within, 21, 156–66 ‘whores’, 31, 36, 39, 87 feminist nationalism and, 13–14, women 15, 119–20 as care-givers, 4–6, 54, 97, 100 after Good Friday Agreement, collective memorialisation of, 191–200 100–10 lowest common denominator of color, 13 politics and, 151–5 as combatants, 5, 6, 9, 14 mainstream, 170, 173–7, 180–5, in Cumann na mBan, 90–2 187–8 depicted in murals, 101–7 vs. nationalist movements, during Internment, 92–3 10–13 in IRA, 55–83, 86–100 in North of Ireland, 149–50 memorialisation of, 110–15 Women’s News, 112, 125, 133, middle-class, 13, 149, 152, 170, 172 167–8, 180 248 Index

Women’s Resource and Development working-class communities, 20, 23, Agency, 168, 170 24, 55, 145–7 women’s rights, 1 working-class women, 169–72, women’s sexuality, 22, 87–8, 173–6 192–3 women’s suffrage movement, 118–19 Women’s Support Network, 167, 192 Yuval-Davis, Nira, 4