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John F. Morrison Phd Thesis View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 'THE AFFIRMATION OF BEHAN?' AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE POLITICISATION PROCESS OF THE PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT THROUGH AN ORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPLITS FROM 1969 TO 1997 John F. Morrison A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2010 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3158 This item is protected by original copyright ‘The Affirmation of Behan?’ An Understanding of the Politicisation Process of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement Through an Organisational Analysis of Splits from 1969 to 1997. John F. Morrison School of International Relations Ph.D. 2010 SUBMISSION OF PHD AND MPHIL THESES REQUIRED DECLARATIONS 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, John F. Morrison, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 82,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2005 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in May, 2007; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2010. Date 25-Aug-10 Signature of candidate 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph.D. in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date 25-Aug-10 Signature of supervisor 3. Permission for electronic publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. We have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: (iii) Embargo on both all of printed copy and electronic copy for the same fixed period of 1 year on the following ground(s): Publication would be in breach of law or ethics Date 25-Aug-10 Signature of candidate Signature of supervisor Table of Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Abstract x Acknowledgements xi Introduction P.1 Chapter 1: Function of an Organisation 1.1 Introduction P.7 1.2 The Organisation p.8 1.3 The Terrorist Group as a Political Organisation: Public Goods and Externalities P.10 1.4 Survival and Maintenance P.14 1.5 Support P.19 1.6 Loyalty P.26 1.7 External Factors P.28 1.8 Chapter Summary P.29 Chapter 2: Intra-Organisational Conflict 2.1 Introduction P.30 2.2 Reasoning for Intra-Organisational Conflict P.31 2.3 Alternative Hypotheses p.33 2.3.2 March and Simon Model of Organisational Conflict P.33 2.3.2 The Pondy Model P.35 23.3 Weinberg and Richardson Model P.36 2.4 Intra-Organisational Conflict in Terrorist Organisations P. 38 2.5 Chapter Summary P.41 Chapter 3: Exit, Voice and Entry 3.1 Introduction P.42 3.2 Voice P.43 ii 3.3 Exit P.48 3.4 Entry P.53 3.5 Chapter Summary P.57 Chapter 4: Theory of Splits 4.1 Introduction P.58 4.2 Organisational Splits P.59 4.3 Process Model of Split P.63 4.3.1 Dyck and Starke Process Model of Breakaway Group Formation P.63 4.4 Splits in the Terrorism Literature P.67 4.4.1 Application of the Hirschman Model P.70 4.4.2 Application of the Irvin Model P.73 4.4.3 Application of the Miller Model P.74 4.5 Splits: How Terrorism Ends? P.75 4.4 Post-Split Competition P.79 4.5 Hypothesised Process Model P.83 4.6 Chapter Summary P.84 Chapter 5: Aims of the Present Study and Hypotheses 5.1 Introduction P.86 5.2 Organisational Aims and Hypotheses P.87 5.3 Individual Hypotheses and Aims P.92 5.4 The Functionality of Splits as a Process P.93 5.5 Chapter Summary P.94 Chapter 6: Methodology 6.1 Introduction to Methodology P.95 6.2 Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis P.96 6.3 Interviewing P.98 6.3.1 Sampling Procedure P.99 6.3.2 Participants P.101 6.3.3 Interview Methodology P.103 iii 5.4 Interpretative Data Analysis P.105 5.6 Validity P.106 5.7 Chapter Summary P.108 Chapter 7: Introduction to Interview Analysis: The Macro-Process of Irish Republican Involvement in the ‘Troubles’ 7.1 Introduction P.110 7.2 Splits in the Irish Republican Movement P.112 7.3 Splits as a Process P.115 7.4 Chapter Summary P.117 Chapter 8(a): 1969/70 The Origin of the Macro-Process 8a.1 Introduction P.118 8a.2 Stage 1: The Origins of 1969/70 P.120 8a.2.1 Public Support: Weakened P.121 8a.2.2 Membership: Exit, Weakening and Disillusionment P.123 8a.2.3 The Origins of Factionalism P.125 8a.3 Stage 2: Factional Development P.130 8a.3.1 Policy Changes: Too Much Too Soon? P.134 8a.3.1.1 Armed to Political P.136 8a.3.1.2 Politically Left-Wing P.138 8a.3.1.3 Abstentionism P.141 8a.3.1.4 National Leadership P.143 8a.4 Stage 3: Inevitability of and Preparation for Split P.145 8a.4.1Preparation for Split P.147 8a.4.2 Republican Expectations and Leadership Disconnect P.150 8a.4.2 External Influence: Fianna Fail P.157 8a.5 Stage 4: Organisational Exit and Breakaway Group Formation P.158 8a.5.1 The Split P.159 8a.5.2 Competition for Support P.161 8a.5.3 Personality Clashes and Trust P.164 8a.5.4 Overview of Split P.166 iv 8a.6 Stage 5 and Stage 1: Aftermath of Split: Competition and Re-Organisation P.167 8a.6.1 Competition P.169 8a.6.1.1 Competition for Membership and Support P.170 8a.6.1.2 New Enemy: Violent Feuds P.172 Chapter 8(b) 1986: The Beginning of the End 8b.1 Introduction P.176 8b.2 Stage 2: Factional Development P.178 8b.2.1 Voice: Questioning of Strategy P.183 8b.2.2 IRA Restructuring and Northern Prominence P.189 8b.3 Successful Application of Voice: Transition of Power: One Step at a Time P.192 8b.3.1 Strengthening in Alternative Support: Benefits of Circumstance P.194 8b.3.2 Control of Voice P.196 8b.3.3 Strategy Change: One Step at a Time: Armed to Armed and Political P.198 8b.3.4 Leadership Change P.203 8b.4 Stage 4: Organisational Exit and Breakaway Group Formation P.207 8b.4.1 Change in Political Strategy: Abstentionism P.211 8b.4.2 Preparation for Split P.215 8b.5 Stage 5 and Stage 1: Aftermath of Split P.219 Chapter 8(c) 1997: The Steps into Peace 8c.1 Introduction P.226 8c.2 Historical Analysis of 1997 Split P.229 8c.3 Change in Strategy: Armed and Political to Political P.238 8c.4 Factionalism P.240 8c.5 Gradualism: One Step at a Time P.244 8c.6: Preparation for Change: Support P.249 Chapter 9 Discussion and Conclusions 9.1 Introduction P.256 9.2 Present Study Findings P.257 v 9.2.1 Testing of Stage-Based Process Models P.258 9.2.1.1 1969/70 P.259 9.2.1.2 1974 P.260 9.2.1.3 1986 P.260 9.2.1.4 1997 P.261 9.2.2 Organisational Perspective P.261 9.2.3 Individual Perspective P.266 9.3 Contribution P.268 9.4 Future Research P.270 9.5 Conclusions P.272 Bibliography P.273 Appendix A Table of Interview P.287 Appendix B Complete Interview Schedule P.291 Appendix C Ethical Issues in the Research P.298 Appendix D Consent Form P.302 Appendix E The Stage-Based Data Analysis Process P.303 Appendix F 1974: The Officials Divide Again P.311 Appendix G Why Do People Become Dissidents? P.335 vi List of Tables Table 6.1: Participants involved at the time of the 1969/70 split P.102 Table 6.2: Participants involved at the time of the 1974 split P.102 Table 6.3: Participants involved at the time of the 1986 split P.102 Table 6.4: Participants involved at the time of the 1997 split.
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