Appendix List of Interviews* Name Date Personal Interview No. 1 29 August 2000 Personal Interview No. 2 12 September 2000 Personal Interview No. 3 18 September 2000 Personal Interview No. 4 6 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 5 16 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 6 17 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 7 18 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 8: Oonagh Marron (A) 17 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 9: Oonagh Marron (B) 23 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 10: Helena Schlindwein 28 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 11 30 October 2000 Personal Interview No. 12 1 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 13 1 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 14: Claire Hackett 7 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 15: Meta Auden 15 November 2000 Personal Interview No. 16 1 June 2000 Personal Interview Maggie Feeley 30 August 2005 Personal Interview No. 18 4 August 2009 Personal Interview No. 19: Marie Mulholland 27 August 2009 Personal Interview No. 20 3 February 2010 Personal Interview No. 21A (joint interview) 23 February 2010 Personal Interview No. 21B (joint interview) 23 February 2010 * Locations are omitted from this list so as to preserve the identity of the respondents. 203 Notes 1 Introduction: Rethinking Women and Nationalism 1 . I will return to this argument in a subsequent section dedicated to women’s victimisation as ‘women as reproducers’ of the nation. See also, Beverly Allen, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1996); Alexandra Stiglmayer, (ed.), Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia- Herzegovina (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1994); Carolyn Nordstrom, Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival (Berkeley: University of California, 1995); Jill Benderly, ‘Rape, feminism, and nationalism in the war in Yugoslav successor states’ in Lois West, ed., Feminist Nationalism (London and New Tork: Routledge, 1997); Cynthia Enloe, ‘When soldiers rape’ in Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives (Berkeley: University of California, 2000). 2 . See also: Miranda Alison, ‘Wartime sexual violence: women’s human rights and questions of masculinity’, Review of International Studies (2007), 33 : 75–90; Pankhurst D, ‘Sexual violence in war’ in L. Shepherd (ed.) Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 148–160. Wilson Njita, ‘Sexual violence against women and girls during situation of armed conflict’, Canadian Women’s Studies 19 (2010) (4); Ronit Lentin, Gender and Catastrophe . (London & New York: Zed Books, 1997). Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin eds, The Women and War Reader (New York: New York University, 1998); Tamar Mayer, ed., Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge, 2000). It is important to note that chapters in the listed edited collection are overwhelmingly dedicated to examining the ways in which women are victimised by conflict through sexual violence. 3 . For further examples of woman/mother as signifier of nationalism, see Julie Mostov, ‘Sexing the nation/de-sexing the body’ in Tamar Mayer, ed., Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge, 2000); Vesna Nikolić-Risanović, ‘War, nationalism, and mothers in the former Yugoslavia’ in Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin, eds, The Women and War Reader (New York: New York University, 1998); Anne McClintock, ‘Family Feuds: Gender, Nationalism and the Family’, Feminist Review 44, (Summer 1993); Zengie A. Mangaliso, ‘Gender and nation-building in South Africa’ in Lois West, ed., Feminist Nationalism (London and New York: Routledge, 1997); Deborah Gaistskell and Elaine Underhalter, ‘Mothers of the nation: A comparative analysis of nation, race and motherhood in Afrikaner nationalism and the African National Congress’ in Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, eds, Woman-Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1989). For examples of woman/mother as social reproducer of the nation, see Julie Mostov, ‘Sexing the nation/de-sexing the body’ in Tamar Mayer, ed. Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge, 204 Notes 205 2000); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaxhes and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics , 2nd Edn (Berkeley: University of California, 2000); Sarah A. Radcliffe, ‘Gendered nations: nostalgia, development and territory in Ecuador’, Gender, Place and Culture 3, no. 1 (1996): 5–21. For examples of woman/mother as biological reproducer of the nation, see Danielle Juteau, ‘From nation-church to nation-state: evolving sex-gender relations in Quebec society’ in Norma Alarcon and Minoo Moallem, eds, Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State (Durham, NC: Duke, 1999); Julie Mostov, ‘Sexing the nation/de-sexing the body’ in Tamar Mayer, ed. Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation (London and New York: Routledge, 2000); Lorraine Dowler, “‘And They Think I’m Just a Nice Old Lady” Women and War in Belfast, Northern Ireland’, Gender, Place and Culture 5, no. 2 (1998): pp. 159–176. 4 . See, for example, Zillah Eisenstein, who argues that ‘Nationalism speaks men, and applauds the fraternal order while imagining women to call forth notions of motherly love’, in ‘Writing bodies on the nation for the globe’ in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault, eds, Women, States and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation? (New York and London: Routledge, 2000), p. 41. 5 . Simona Sharoni reiterates these points quite well in her discussion on women in conflict in both the North of Ireland and Israel-Palestine. Simona Sharoni, ‘Women in Israel-Palestine and the North of Ireland’ in Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence, Caroline Mosher and Fiona Clark eds, (London and New York: Zed Books, 2001), p. 86. See, for example, Susan Leisure, ‘Exchanging participation for promises’ in Jill Bystydzienski and Joti Sekhom, eds, Democratization and Women’s Grassroots Movements (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1999); Linda L. Reif, ‘Women in Latin American guerrilla movements: a comparative perspec- tive’, Comparative Politics, 18, no. 2 (January, 1986); Mary Ann Tetreault, ed., Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 1994) or Miranda Alison, Women and Political Violence: Female Combatants in Ethno-National Conflicts (New York & London: Routledge, 2009). 6 . The term ‘not now, later’ is used by Cynthia Enloe in Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics , 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California, 2000), p. 62. 7 . See Margaret Ward, (1996–7:17) as cited in Tricia Cusack, ‘Janus and Gender: women and the nation’s backward look’, Nations and Nationalism 6 no. 4 (2000), p. 546. Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (London: Sage Publications, 1997); Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, eds, Woman-Nation- State (London: Macmillan, 1989); Susan Jacobs, ‘Zimbabwe: state, class, and gendered models of land resettlement’ in Jane Papart and Kathleen Staudt, eds, Women and the State in Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1989); Valentine Moghadam, ed., Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies (London: Zed Books, 1994); Mary Ann Tetreault, ‘Women and revolution’ in V. Spike Peterson, ed., Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992), p. 111; Robin Morgan, The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism (London: Methuen, 1989). 206 Notes 8 . Delia Aguilar, ‘On the Women’s Movement Today’ Midweek, Manila November 9 as cited in Enloe 2000: 64. See also Vickers (2008) on this point. 9 . Throughout Irish history there have been a number of organisations who have participated in the armed struggle, many of which claim the IRA brand, including the Provisional IRA or ‘Provos’ associated with Sinn Féin, and Official IRA. See Ed Moloney, The Secret History of the IRA (Toronto: Penguin, 2000); Hanley and Millar, The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers Party (Dublin: Penguin, 2009); McIntyre, 1998; Richard English , Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA (London: Pan Macmillan, 2003). 10 . The difficulties encountered by Boston College Oral History project and the ongoing legal battles involving the researchers to protect anonymous inter- view data heightens the power of the testimonies in this book, as it shows how difficult it is for these stories to be told. In order to preserve the identi- ties of those who wished to be concealed I destroyed their particular inter- view recordings. 11 . As the republican leadership ensures a hegemonic discourse on republican history is reiterated like a script by anyone who speaks about the movement, I felt it was imperative to move beyond the initial gatekeepers offered by the leadership. I was fortunate in that one of my initial gatekeepers is critical of the current republican leadership and this opened doors and exposed me to perspectives that I might not have otherwise had the opportunity to hear. I informed Sinn Féin of the project via written letter, though no formal acknowledgement was received the agreement of party members to partake in the study was read as tacit agreement though the party played no role in setting up interviews for me, as it has done for other researchers and under much stricter conditions. In striking comparison, the most difficulty I had obtaining an