DOCSLIB.ORG

Leading to Peace: Prisoner Resistance and Leadership Development in the IRA and Sinn Fein

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Leading to Peace: Prisoner Resistance and Leadership Development in the IRA and Sinn Fein Leading to Peace: Prisoner Resistance and Leadership Development in the IRA and Sinn Fein By Claire Delisle Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Ph.D. degree in Criminology Department of Criminology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa ©Claire Delisle, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 To the women in my family Dorothy, Rollande, Émilie, Phoebe and Avril Abstract The Irish peace process is heralded as a success among insurgencies that attempt transitions toward peaceful resolution of conflict. After thirty years of armed struggle, pitting Irish republicans against their loyalist counterparts and the British State, the North of Ireland has a reconfigured political landscape with a consociational governing body where power is shared among several parties that hold divergent political objectives. The Irish Republican Movement, whose main components are the Provisional Irish Republican Army, a covert guerilla armed organization, and Sinn Fein, the political party of Irish republicans, initiated peace that led to all-inclusive talks in the 1990s and that culminated in the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998, setting out the parameters for a non-violent way forward. Given the traditional intransigence of the IRA to consider any route other than armed conflict, how did the leadership of the Irish Republican Movement secure the support of a majority of republicans for a peace initiative that has held now for more than fifteen years? This dissertation explores the dynamics of leadership in this group, and in particular, focuses on the prisoner resistance waged by its incarcerated activists and volunteers. It is the contention here, that various prisoner resistance tactics enabled a wide-ranging group of captives to develop the skill set necessary to persuade their community to back the peace initiative, engage in electoral politics, mobilize their supporters to invest in attaining a united Ireland by peaceful negotiations, and put down their arms in a permanent and unequivocal manner. In this dissertation, the work of Paulo Freire is explored in order to capture the processes inherent the resistance-leadership continuum. ii Acknowledgements This work is the result of a collective thinking process and I am indebted to a number of people who helped it come to fruition. I reserve heartfelt thanks to the committee: to a stellar advisor, Bob Gaucher, for his perspicacity, the generous sharing of a broad knowledge and understanding of resistance and politics, for his unwavering support for this project and for his friendship; to Christine Bruckert who not only challenged me in all the right places, but who also had my back in terms of negotiating the labyrinth of university protocol and helping to secure financial assistance; to Fran Buntman of George Washington University who has stuck by this project, even at a distance, and who was also very helpful in challenging my thinking and helping to bring the necessary improvements to the writing. I also wish to thank the external reviewers, Denis O’Hearn of SUNY Binghamton and Maritza Felices-Luna of the University of Ottawa for their appreciation of the thesis and their helpful comments. I am most deeply indebted to the participants in this study, without whom this thesis would not have seen the light of day. It was inspiring to work with all of them. They were generous with their time and their thoughts, and set me back on the rails whenever I started to amble down the wrong path. I am honoured to have been given the opportunity to learn from them, and appreciate the trust they put in me with their words and their vision. I wish to thank Sinn Fein and especially Coiste for their willingness to let me probe into the matters herein, and for facilitating contact with a number of participants. As fellow travellers in the academy, I owe a debt of thanks to Deaglán Ó Mocháin and Laurence McKeown for their counsel and friendship. Melissa Munn was the first to graduate with a Ph.D. in the program. I thank her for forging the path for others and for her support and encouragement in the process. Thanks to Peggy Chrisovergis for her singular brand of humour, and her brilliance. She was there at a time when the contours of the project were still blurry, and finding my feet with her helped to make it a less daunting experience. In addition, I’ve been blessed with the camaraderie and insights of colleagues and friends, Justin Piché and Mike Larsen. To the staff and faculty (on the French and English sides) of the Criminology department, thank you for your support, your kindness and your counsel. I appreciated your interest in this project and your wisdom in our discussions. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff at the Circulation department and Interlibrary Loans at the University’s Morrisset Library. You have been professional, courteous, and diligent in obtaining much needed documents. Thanks also to my union CUPE-2626, for its financial assistance. In addition, I acknowledge all the people at my former place of work, the Canadian Criminal Justice Association, for their encouragement, especially to Pierrette L’Écuyer and Irving Kulik. Working with you has facilitated the completion of this project, and I appreciate it tremendously. I thank fellow republican and peace process supporters for sharing their knowledge, and for their camaraderie and interest. In particular, I tip my hat to Alan McConnell of Friends of Sinn Fein iii Canada Inc. who has graciously facilitated contact with some key actors, and who has dispensed sound advice on more than one occasion. I am also indebted to Kate in Belfast. Not only did she provide lodging for me while I was conducting interviews, but her input was invaluable in helping me come to grips with a number of historical and sociological issues pertaining to the conflict. Tremendous support has also come from my entourage. I’d like to express my gratefulness to two wonderful daughters, Émilie and Phoebe, just for being there and also for their patience and their faith in me; to Phil, for helping to keep me focused on the project, and for his listening skills; to my cherished friends Nancy, Janet and Hélène; and to my mother, Dorothy, Uncle Jay and cousin Avril. iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v Chapter 1 Introduction - Bringing About Peace 1 Chapter 2 On Some of the Writing Dealing with the Conflict 17 Irish History and Revisionism 19 Works On the Partitioned State 22 Works on British Policy vis-à-vis the Partitioned State 23 Works about the IRA 26 Literature on the Struggle and Imprisonment of Irish Republicans 30 Works by Republican “Insiders” 33 Writings about the Peace Process 39 Sources on Other Conflicts 41 Theoretical Works on Power, Resistance and Leadership 42 Chapter 3 Establishing Theoretical Considerations and a Framework 46 Social Interactionism 47 The Teachings of Paulo Freire 48 On State Security Response to the Conflict 51 On Resistance 52 On Leadership 60 v On the Notion of Power 71 Chapter 4 Approach and Method 73 Qualitative Approaches and Ethnography 75 Critical Research 77 Semi-Insider Research 80 Praxis and Dialogical Interaction 83 Method of Inquiry and Steps 83 Observation 85 Ethical Considerations 87 The Semi-Structured Interview 88 The Interview Guide 88 The Sample 90 The Interview Participants 91 Access 93 Interview Process 95 Coding 97 Analysis 99 Constraints of this Investigation 99 Allowing the Method to Lead to Theoretical Understanding 101 Chapter 5 Context - Legislation in the Partitioned North and its Effects 102 Democracy, the Rule of Law, and Political Crisis 103 “Northern Ireland”: A Special Place 105 Extraordinary Legislation and Extra-Judicial Measures 107 Giorgio Agamben and the ‘State of Exception’ 116 The Resistance of Irish Republicans 120 Analysis 121 Chapter 6 Context - The IRA and Sinn Fein 132 vi Historical Benchmarks 136 The 1798 Rebellion 137 In the 19th Century 139 The Easter Rising of 1916 140 The War of Independence, the Civil War and Partition 142 Prison and Resistance 144 In Frongoch 145 In Other Prisons 146 In Long Kesh 147 The Mindset of a Volunteer 149 Chapter 7 Struggle - The Genesis of Involvement and Taking Resistance Within the Walls 152 Section 1: The Genesis of Involvement 156 Historical Continuity 156 The Impetus to Get Involved 158 “So Then I Joined the IRA” 163 Section 2: Taking Resistance Inside the Walls 165 Incarceration and Prisoner Resistance 167 Organizing IRA Structures In Prison 171 Organizing and Operationalizing Escapes 177 The Campaign for Special Status 183 The Blanket Protest 185 The No-Wash Protest 188 The First Hunger Strike (October - December 1980) 190 The Second Hunger Strike (March - October 1981) 193 The Campaign for Segregation 200 A Republican-Driven Agenda for Education 206 Internment (1971-1975) 208 The Campaign for Special Status (1976-1981) 211 Post-Hunger Strike Period (1982-2000) 213 Summary 220 Chapter 8 Leading and Leadership in the Republican Movement 223 Tipping the Balance from Secret Military Organization to Political Party 226 vii Conceptualizing Leadership 229 On Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness 232 On Collective Leadership 236 On Flexibility or, ‘Bob and Weave’ 237 On Humility or, ‘Check Your Ego at the Door’ 240 On Solidarity 245 On Various Talents Put to Use 247 On Empowerment or, ‘Having Confidence’ 249 Irish Republican Social Identity 252 The Spirit of Community 253 Leadership in Prison 255 Chapter 9 Prisoner
Load more

Recommended publications
  • John F. Morrison Phd Thesis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 'THE AFFIRMATION OF BEHAN?' AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE POLITICISATION PROCESS OF THE PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT THROUGH AN ORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPLITS FROM 1969 TO 1997 John F. Morrison A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2010 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3158 This item is protected by original copyright ‘The Affirmation of Behan?’ An Understanding of the Politicisation Process of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement Through an Organisational Analysis of Splits from 1969 to 1997. John F. Morrison School of International Relations Ph.D. 2010 SUBMISSION OF PHD AND MPHIL THESES REQUIRED DECLARATIONS 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, John F. Morrison, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 82,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2005 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in May, 2007; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2010. Date 25-Aug-10 Signature of candidate 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Counter-Aesthetics of Republican Prison Writing
    Notes Chapter One Introduction: Taoibh Amuigh agus Faoi Ghlas: The Counter-aesthetics of Republican Prison Writing 1. Gerry Adams, “The Fire,” Cage Eleven (Dingle: Brandon, 1990) 37. 2. Ibid., 46. 3. Pat Magee, Gangsters or Guerillas? (Belfast: Beyond the Pale, 2001) v. 4. David Pierce, ed., Introduction, Irish Writing in the Twentieth Century: A Reader (Cork: Cork University Press, 2000) xl. 5. Ibid. 6. Shiela Roberts, “South African Prison Literature,” Ariel 16.2 (Apr. 1985): 61. 7. Michel Foucault, “Power and Strategies,” Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980) 141–2. 8. In “The Eye of Power,” for instance, Foucault argues, “The tendency of Bentham’s thought [in designing prisons such as the famed Panopticon] is archaic in the importance it gives to the gaze.” In Power/ Knowledge 160. 9. Breyten Breytenbach, The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983) 147. 10. Ioan Davies, Writers in Prison (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990) 4. 11. Ibid. 12. William Wordsworth, “Preface to Lyrical Ballads,” The Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 2A, 7th edition, ed. M. H. Abrams et al. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000) 250. 13. Gerry Adams, “Inside Story,” Republican News 16 Aug. 1975: 6. 14. Gerry Adams, “Cage Eleven,” Cage Eleven (Dingle: Brandon, 1990) 20. 15. Wordsworth, “Preface” 249. 16. Ibid., 250. 17. Ibid. 18. Terry Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990) 27. 19. W. B. Yeats, Essays and Introductions (New York: Macmillan, 1961) 521–2. 20. Bobby Sands, One Day in My Life (Dublin and Cork: Mercier, 1983) 98.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnership Panel Committee Report Submitted To: Council Meeting
    Title of Report: Partnership Panel Committee Council Meeting Report Submitted To: Date of Meeting: 6 October 2020 For Decision or For Decision For Information Linkage to Council Strategy (2019-23) Strategic Theme Leader and Champion Outcome We will establish key relationships with Government, agencies and potential strategic partners in Northern Ireland and external to it which helps us to deliver our vision for this Council area. Lead Officer Director of Corporate Services Budgetary Considerations Cost of Proposal N/A Included in Current Year Estimates N/A Capital/Revenue N/A Code N/A Staffing Costs N/A Screening Required for new or revised Policies, Plans, Strategies or Service Delivery Requirements Proposals. Section 75 Screening Completed: Yes/No Date: Screening EQIA Required and Yes/No Date: Completed: Rural Needs Screening Completed Yes/No Date: Assessment (RNA) RNA Required and Yes/No Date: Completed: Data Protection Screening Completed: Yes/ No Date: Impact Assessment DPIA Required and Yes/No Date: (DPIA) Completed: 201006 – Partnership Panel Key Outcomes Note – Version No. 1 Page 1 of 2 1.0 Purpose of Report 1.1 The Purpose of the Report is to present the Key Outcomes Note from the Partnership Panel. 2.0 Background 2.1 The Northern Ireland Partnership Panel convened for the first time in four years on 16 September 2020. This Outcomes Note is provided by NILGA, the Northern Ireland Local Government Association, to provide an immediate update to all 11 member councils. Full Minutes will follow. 3.0 Recommendation(s) 3.1 It is recommended that Council note the Partnership Panel Key Outcomes Note, dated 16 September 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • King's Research Portal
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by King's Research Portal King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2017.1283195 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Woodford, I., & Smith, M. L. R. (2017). The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision. STUDIES IN CONFLICT AND TERRORISM. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1283195 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity, Authority and Myth-Making: Politically-Motivated Prisoners and the Use of Music During the Northern Irish Conflict, 1962 - 2000
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Queen Mary Research Online Identity, authority and myth-making: Politically-motivated prisoners and the use of music during the Northern Irish conflict, 1962 - 2000 Claire Alexandra Green Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 I, Claire Alexandra Green, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Date: 29/04/19 Details of collaboration and publications: ‘It’s All Over: Romantic Relationships, Endurance and Loyalty in the Songs of Northern Irish Politically-Motivated Prisoners’, Estudios Irlandeses, 14, 70-82. 2 Abstract. In this study I examine the use of music by and in relation to politically-motivated prisoners in Northern Ireland, from the mid-1960s until 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1916 Easter Rising Transformed Ireland. the Proclamation of the Irish Republic Set the Agenda for Decades to Come and Led Di
    The 1916 Easter Rising transformed Ireland. The Proclamation of the Irish Republic set the agenda for decades to come and led directly to the establishment of an Chéad Dáil Éireann. The execution of 16 leaders, the internment without trial of hundreds of nationalists and British military rule ensured that the people turned to Sinn Féin. In 1917 republican by-election victories, the death on hunger strike of Thomas Ashe and the adoption of the Republic as the objective of a reorganised Sinn Féin changed the course of Irish history. 1916-1917 Pádraig Pearse Ruins of the GPO 1916 James Connolly Detainees are marched to prison after Easter Rising, Thomas Ashe lying in state in Mater Hospital, Dublin, Roger Casement on trial in London over 1800 were rounded up September 1917 Liberty Hall, May 1917, first anniversary of Connolly’s Crowds welcome republican prisoners home from Tipperary IRA Flying Column execution England 1917 Released prisoners welcomed in Dublin 1918 Funeral of Thomas Ashe, September 1917 The British government attempted to impose Conscription on Ireland in 1918. They were met with a united national campaign, culminating in a General Strike and the signing of the anti-Conscription pledge by hundreds of thousands of people. In the General Election of December 1918 Sinn Féin 1918 triumphed, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. The Anti-Conscription Pledge drawn up at the The Sinn Féin General Election Manifesto which was censored by Taking the Anti-Conscription Pledge on 21 April 1919 Mansion House conference on April 18 1919 the British government when it appeared in the newspapers Campaigning in the General Election, December 1918 Constance Markievicz TD and First Dáil Minister for Labour, the first woman elected in Ireland Sinn Féin postcard 1917 Sinn Féin by-election posters for East Cavan (1918) and Kilkenny City (1917) Count Plunkett, key figure in the building of Sinn Féin 1917/1918 Joseph McGuinness, political prisoner, TD for South Longford The First Dáil Éireann assembled in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 21 January 1919.
    [Show full text]
  • Thatcher, Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1979-1990
    From ‘as British as Finchley’ to ‘no selfish strategic interest’: Thatcher, Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1979-1990 Fiona Diane McKelvey, BA (Hons), MRes Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences of Ulster University A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Ulster University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2018 I confirm that the word count of this thesis is less than 100,000 words excluding the title page, contents, acknowledgements, summary or abstract, abbreviations, footnotes, diagrams, maps, illustrations, tables, appendices, and references or bibliography Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Abbreviations iii List of Tables v Introduction An Unrequited Love Affair? Unionism and Conservatism, 1885-1979 1 Research Questions, Contribution to Knowledge, Research Methods, Methodology and Structure of Thesis 1 Playing the Orange Card: Westminster and the Home Rule Crises, 1885-1921 10 The Realm of ‘old unhappy far-off things and battles long ago’: Ulster Unionists at Westminster after 1921 18 ‘For God's sake bring me a large Scotch. What a bloody awful country’: 1950-1974 22 Thatcher on the Road to Number Ten, 1975-1979 26 Conclusion 28 Chapter 1 Jack Lynch, Charles J. Haughey and Margaret Thatcher, 1979-1981 31 'Rise and Follow Charlie': Haughey's Journey from the Backbenches to the Taoiseach's Office 34 The Atkins Talks 40 Haughey’s Search for the ‘glittering prize’ 45 The Haughey-Thatcher Meetings 49 Conclusion 65 Chapter 2 Crisis in Ireland: The Hunger Strikes, 1980-1981
    [Show full text]
  • New Media, Free Expression, and the Offences Against the State Acts
    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2020 New Media, Free Expression, and the Offences Against the State Acts Laura K. Donohue Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2248 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3825722 Laura K. Donohue, New Media, Free Expression, and the Offences Against the State Acts, in The Offences Against the State Act 1939 at 80: A Model Counter-Terrorism Act? 163 (Mark Coen ed., Oxford: Hart Publishing 2021). This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, European Law Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, International Law Commons, Internet Law Commons, Legislation Commons, and the National Security Law Commons New Media, Free Expression, and the Offences Against the State Acts Laura K. Donohue1 Introduction Social media has become an integral part of modern human interaction: as of October 2019, Facebook reported 2.414 billion active users worldwide.2 YouTube, WhatsApp, and Instagram were not far behind, with 2 billion, 1.6 billion, and 1 billion users respectively.3 In Ireland, 3.2 million people (66% of the population) use social media for an average of nearly two hours per day.4 By 2022, the number of domestic Facebook users is expected to reach 2.92 million.5 Forty-one percent of the population uses Instagram (65% daily); 30% uses Twitter (40% daily), and another 30% uses LinkedIn.6 With social media most prevalent amongst the younger generations, these numbers will only rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Derry's Drug Vigilantes
    NEWS FEATURE DERRY’S DRUG VIGILANTES Ray Coyle was gunned down as he chatted to customers at his city centre shop in Derry. His crime? Selling legal highs. Max Daly reports on how dissident Republican groups are using the region’s historical distrust of drug dealers to drum up support in Northern Ireland’s still-fractured working class communities. IT WAS afternoon rush hour in the from within the local community”, had can buy legal highs over the internet, so centre of Derry, Northern Ireland’s claimed responsibility for the attack. are they going to start shooting postmen second city. Office workers hurried home The Red Star shooting, on January for delivering it?” through the bitter January cold. Inside 27 this year, marked an escalation in RAAD responded by saying Coyle and Red Star, a ‘head shop’ selling cannabis an already rising wave of attacks by other legal high sellers in the city had paraphernalia, hippy trinkets and dissident Republican paramilitary groups been warned, through leaflets handed exotically named legal highs, shopkeeper on drug dealers in Derry. out in pubs and personal visits to shops, Ray Coyle was chatting to customers But the attack on Coyle, which came to desist in “the hope moral thinking when a man wearing a motorcycle in the wake of a dramatic rise in reports would prevail”. Coyle denied he had been helmet barged through the door. of Derry teenagers being harmed by the warned by anyone. What is for certain is “Are you Raymond Coyle?” he now banned legal high mephedrone, was that RAAD published a statement in the demanded through his visor.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperation Programmes Under the European Territorial Cooperation Goal
    Cooperation programmes under the European territorial cooperation goal CCI 2014TC16RFPC001 Title Ireland-United Kingdom (PEACE) Version 1.2 First year 2014 Last year 2020 Eligible from 01-Jan-2014 Eligible until 31-Dec-2023 EC decision number EC decision date MS amending decision number MS amending decision date MS amending decision entry into force date NUTS regions covered by IE011 - Border the cooperation UKN01 - Belfast programme UKN02 - Outer Belfast UKN03 - East of Northern Ireland UKN04 - North of Northern Ireland UKN05 - West and South of Northern Ireland EN EN 1. STRATEGY FOR THE COOPERATION PROGRAMME’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNION STRATEGY FOR SMART, SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND TERRITORIAL COHESION 1.1 Strategy for the cooperation programme’s contribution to the Union strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and to the achievement of economic, social and territorial cohesion 1.1.1 Description of the cooperation programme’s strategy for contributing to the delivery of the Union strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and for achieving economic, social and territorial cohesion. Introduction The EU PEACE Programmes are distinctive initiatives of the European Union to support peace and reconciliation in the programme area. The first PEACE Programme was a direct result of the European Union's desire to make a positive response to the opportunities presented by developments in the Northern Ireland peace process during 1994, especially the announcements of the cessation of violence by the main republican and loyalist paramilitary organisations. The cessation came after 25 years of violent conflict during which over 3,500 were killed and 37,000 injured.
    [Show full text]
  • Belfast Telegraph
    SF denies forcing McCartney sister to close cancer unit - Politics - News - Belfast Telegraph Tuesday, November 20, 2007 Weather: Hi: 8°C / Lw: 6°C Loadzajobs | Propertynews | Sunday Life | Community Telegraph Belfast Telegraph - IPR Website of the Year Search Site Advanced Search ● Loadzajobs.co.uk Home > News > Politics ● Don't miss . Propertynews.com Politics ● Belfast Telegraph TV In Pictures: ● Family Notices Northern Ireland Beating the ● SF denies forcing McCartney sister to close cancer unit Ads For Free Danes gives our boys a chance l Belfast Telegraph ● Email ● Most ❍ Home Article Emailed ❍ News In Pictures and Video: ● Print ● Most Omagh blaze tragedy ■ Local & National Version Read Special report on Northern ■ World news ● Search Ireland's worst Tuesday, November 20, 2007 house fire ■ Politics By Margaret Canning and Claire Regan ■ Environment In Pictures and Video: ■ Education Sinn Fein last night refuted claims that a party member allegedly forced a sister of IRA murder victim Robert McCartney to close down a mobile cervical cancer screening unit she was operating Fast and furious ■ Letters Drivers off to a in the area he was killed. flying start for ■ Opinion Rally Ireland South Belfast MLA Alex Maskey was answering allegations made by DUP MP Sammy Wilson in Stormont ■ Technology yesterday that it was a Sinn Fein figure who confronted Gemma McCartney when she was working on the unit in the Markets area of the city last Monday. ❍ Breaking News In Pictures and Video: ❍ And last night the local health trust said it was investigating the matter. Northwest Edition Belfast Telegraph ❍ Business Ms McCartney, a community nurse with 18 years experience, was one of two health professionals Property Awards operating the mobile screening unit.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED Kingdompolitical Killings in Northern Ireland EUR 45/001/94 TABLE of CONTENTS
    UNITED KINGDOMPolitical Killings in Northern Ireland EUR 45/001/94 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Killings by members of the security forces ........................................................... 3 Investigative Procedures: practice and standards ...................................... 8 The Use of Lethal Force: Laws and Regulations/International Standards ..................................................................................... 12 Collusion between security forces and armed groups ........................................ 14 The Stevens Inquiry 1989-90 ..................................................................... 14 The Case of Brian Nelson .......................................................................... 16 The Killing of Patrick Finucane .................................................................. 20 The Stevens Inquiry 1993 .......................................................................... 23 Other Allegations of Collusion .................................................................... 25 Amnesty International's Concerns about Allegations of Collusion ............ 29 Killings by Armed Political Groups ...................................................................... 34 Introduction ................................................................................................. 34 Human Rights Abuses by Republican Armed Groups .............................. 35 IRA Bombings
    [Show full text]