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The Swedish Approach to Fairness

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The Swedish Approach to Fairness Facts about Sweden: Gender equality sweden.se The Swedish approach to fairness Gender equality is one of the cornerstones of Swedish society. The aim of Sweden’s gender equality policies is to ensure that women and men enjoy the same opportunities, rights and obligations in all areas of life. Equal rights In 2006, the World Economic Forum intro­ Sweden's overarching principle is that every­ duced its annual Global Gender Gap Report, one, regardless of gender, has the right to which measures equality in the areas of eco­ work and support themselves, to balance nomics, politics, education and health. Since career and family life, and to live without the the report’s inception, Sweden has never fear of abuse or violence. finished lower than fifth in the ranking. Gender equality implies not only equal distribution between men and women in Gender equality at school all domains of society. It is also about the Gender equality is strongly emphasised in qualitative aspects, ensuring that the the Education Act, the law that governs all knowledge and experience of both men education in Sweden. It states that gender In Sweden, fathers are as entitled and women are used to promote progress equality should reach and guide all levels of to paid parental leave as mothers. in all aspects of society. the Swedish educational system. Photo: Magnus Liam Karlsson/imagebank.sweden.se Liam Magnus Photo: Sı_FS_ENG_Gender-Equality_2020_FA.indd 1 2020-10-30 12:39 Facts about Sweden: Gender equality sweden.se Photo: Ann Photo: A few milestones ­ Sofi Rosenkvist/imagebank.sweden.seSofi 1250s King Birger Jarl passes a law on violence against women prohibiting rape and abduction. 1845 Equal inheritance rights for women and men are introduced. 1919 Universal suffrage is formally extended to women. 1965 Sweden passes a law against rape in marriage. 1972 Joint taxation of spouses is abolished in Sweden. The Education Act aims for gender equality in all of Sweden's schools. 1974 Sweden becomes the first coun­ try in the world to replace maternity The principles are increasingly being in­ Parental leave leave with parental leave. corporated into education from pre­school An extensive welfare system that promotes level onwards, with the aim of giving children a healthy work–life balance has been an 1975 New abortion law comes into the same opportunities in life, regardless of important factor in making Sweden a gender­ force. their gender, by using teaching methods that egalitarian leader. counteract traditional gender patterns and Parents are entitled to share 480 days 1989 Sweden’s last professional gender roles. of parental leave when a child is born or monopolies are broken as women are allowed to become fighter pilots and Today, girls generally have better grades adopted (a single parent is entitled to the submarine personnel in the military. in Swedish schools than boys. Girls also per­ full 480 days). This leave can be taken by form better in national tests, and a greater the month, week, day or even by the hour. 1998 The Act on Violence against proportion of girls complete upper secondary Women still use most of the days, with men Women is introduced. education. taking around 30 per cent of the parental Whereas a few decades ago, the university leave on average. 1999 Sweden makes it illegal to realm was dominated by men, today nearly For 390 days, parents are entitled to nearly buy sex. two­thirds of all university degrees in Sweden 80 per cent of their pay, with salaries capped are awarded to women. at approximately SEK 39,400. (EUR3,713, 2002 Parental leave is increased to These developments, similar to those of USD 4,022) The remaining 90 days are paid 480 days, with each parent entitled many other countries, have come to attention at a flat daily rate. to two months of non­transferable as a reverse gender problem. For children born 2016 or later, 90 days of benefits. However, while equal numbers of women leave are allocated specifically to each parent. and men in Sweden take part in postgraduate Should one of the parents decide not to take 2005 New legislation on sexual crimes and doctoral studies, only around 30 per cent them, the days cannot be transferred to further strengthens the absolute right of the country’s professors are women. the other parent. of every individual to sexual integrity and self­determination. 2009 The Discrimination Act replaces seven separate anti­discrimination A female archbishop laws. For centuries, the role of archbishop has been 3.0 BY Norden/Ikon/CC Jan Photo: 2014 Sweden, as the world’s first held by men. In 2013, Sweden became one of few country, launches a feminist foreign countries to break the trend when Antje Jackelén policy. A gender perspective is sys­ was elected by the Church of Sweden as its first tematically integrated into Sweden’s female archbishop. Jackelén formally became foreign policy agenda. Archbishop of Uppsala in June 2014 and therefore Primate of the Church of Sweden. German­born 2016 The number of days of non­ Jackelén was ordained priest in Sweden in 1980. transferable parental leave is She received her doctorate from Lund University increased, from 60 to 90 days. in 1999 and was bishop in Lund diocese before moving on to her current position. 2018 The Swedish Gender Equality Since 1960, women have been ordained Agency is established. A new legis­ as priests within the Church of Sweden. Its lation on sexual crimes, based on national decision body, the Church Assembly, consent, is adopted. has 121 women and 130 men on its 2018–2021 board. Archbishop Antje Jackelén. Sı_FS_ENG_Gender-Equality_2020_FA.indd 2 2020-10-30 12:39 Facts about Sweden: Gender equality sweden.se Women and men at work Legislation Sweden has come a long way in making sure that women and men are The Abortion Act treated equally in the workplace. But pay diff erences remain, and in Since 1975, women in Sweden have the Swedish private sector the proportion of women in top positions the legal right to an abortion during the fi rst 18 weeks of pregnancy. remains weak. This means that a woman can decide for herself whether to have an Photo: Anders Löwdin/Sveriges riksdag abortion through the 18th week of pregnancy without having to give a reason. After week 18, an abortion may be performed if there are special reasons for doing so, up to week 22. In such cases, an investigation is conducted before the National Board of Health and Welfare decides whether to allow the abortion. The Act on Violence against Women The Act on Violence against Women came into force in 1998. The law states that each blow and/or instance of sexual and psychological degradation against a woman is taken into account. The maximum sentence for a gross violation of a woman’s integrity is six years’ imprison ment. Targeting the sex buyer In 1999, Sweden introduced its Act Women are highly represented in Swedish politics, but Sweden has yet to see a woman prime minister. Prohibiting the Purchase of Sexual Services, the fi rst of its kind. The act made it illegal to buy sexual services in Sweden – along with pimping, Prohibiting discrimination as women. They have traditionally had which was already forbidden – without Two main sections of the Discrimination Act stronger representation in the public sector. punishing persons in prostitution. deal with gender equality at work. First, there Among public agencies whose director is In 2005, the off ence was incorporated is the requirement that all employers must appointed by the government, 104 were into the general criminal code. actively pursue specifi c goals to promote headed by women and 95 by men. Similarly, Sweden’s legal approach of targeting equality between men and women. 54 per cent of chairpersons of wholly or par­ the purchasers rather than those in Second, the law prohibits discrimination tially state­owned companies were women. prostitution has since been adopted and obliges employers to investigate and In the private sphere, only 10 per cent of by Iceland, Norway, Ireland, Northern take measures against any harassment. the companies listed on the Stockholm Ireland, France and Canada. Also, employers must not unfairly treat any Stock Exchange had women chairpersons, employee or job applicant who is, has been with 35 per cent of board members being or will be taking parental leave. women. The Swedish government strives to ensure Political power that power and resources are distributed Sweden has a high representation of women fairly between the sexes, and to create in politics, but has yet to see a woman prime the conditions that give women and men minister. After the 2018 election, 161 of the the same power and opportunities. 349 seats in the Riksdag – the Swedish parlia­ Economic power ment – were taken by women, 188 by men. For the last couple of decades the govern­ Pay diff erentials between men and women ment has followed an unwritten principle of can largely be explained by diff erences in aiming for a 50/50 distribution between men Johnér Photo: profession, sector, position, work experience and women. In October 2020, there were and age. Some, however, cannot be explained 12 women and 11 men in Sweden’s sitting this way and may be attributable to gender. government. In Statistics Sweden’s bi­annual report on gender equality from 2020, women’s monthly Gender mainstreaming salaries in Sweden were around 89 per cent Gender mainstreaming refers to the gender of men’s, or around 95 per cent when diff er­ equality perspective being incorporated into ences in choice of profession and sector the work of government agencies at all levels.
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