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Wprowadzenie UNIWERSYTET RZESZOWSKI Wydział Filologiczny JACEK LECH W KRĘGU AUTOBIOGRAFIZMU I ESEIZOWANEJ PROZY Twórczość prozatorska Andrzeja Stasiuka w latach 1992-2010 Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. dra hab. Zbigniewa Andresa Rzeszów 2017 Spis treści Literatura po przełomie. Wprowadzenie ......................................................................... 4 1 Dyskurs nad istotą literackiego przełomu po 1989 roku ...................................... 7 2 Idee wpływające na kształt „nowej prozy” ..........................................................14 3 Wiodące problemy związane z rozwojem prozy w latach dziewięćdziesiątych ...17 4 Poetyka „nowej prozy” .......................................................................................23 ROZDZIAŁ 1 Nie można żyć w pustce… Zarys wczesnej prozy oraz pisarstwa fabularnego Andrzeja Stasiuka ...................................................................................................33 1 „Szkicowanie” – wprowadzenie do twórczości ...................................................33 2 „Zagęszczanie” – strategia pisania jednej książki...............................................39 3 Zdezorientowani trzydziestoletni ........................................................................42 4 Pomiędzy inicjacją a apokalipsą ........................................................................49 5 Męskość w prozie Stasiuka z lat dziewięćdziesiątych ........................................56 ROZDZIAŁ 2 W kierunku metafizyki, czyli Stasiukowa transcendencja w późnej nowoczesności .70 1 Poszukiwanie transcendencji .............................................................................70 2 Pisarz-metafizyk ................................................................................................73 3 Galicyjski los ......................................................................................................78 4 Znaczenie światła ..............................................................................................85 ROZDZIAŁ 3 Andrzeja Stasiuka sposoby mówienia o sobie. Jak zostałem pisarzem (próba autobiografii intelektualnej) ....................................................................................90 1 Literatura naznaczona autobiografizmem ..........................................................90 2 Generacyjny portret? .........................................................................................98 3 Sprawozdanie z młodości ................................................................................ 100 4 To były czasy – temporalny wymiar powieści autobiograficznej ....................... 104 5 Historyczność contra prywatność ..................................................................... 106 6 Autokreacja, autotematyzm, status tekstu autobiograficznego ......................... 108 7 Fikcja-autentyk ................................................................................................ 115 ROZDZIAŁ 4 Ze spojrzeń przez samochodową szybę. Proza podróżnicza ..................................... 120 1 Uwagi wstępne ................................................................................................ 120 2 Flaneur czy turysta? ........................................................................................ 123 3 Zbudować swoje „ja” i zanurzyć się w minionym .............................................. 131 4 Stamtąd sączy się negatywność… .................................................................. 136 5 Wziąć w posiadanie przestrzeń ........................................................................ 144 6 Dwie prozatorskie odmienności na tle „tekstów drogi” ...................................... 150 ROZDZIAŁ 5 Patrząc na mapę, spoglądam w nicość… Melancholia i nuda .................................. 155 1 Filozofia spod znaku Saturna ........................................................................... 155 2 „Jestem zbyt stary, by pogodzić się ze stratą”: Stasiukowa fenomenologia pamięci ........................................................................................................................ 160 3 Bezruch, nuda i cykliczność ............................................................................. 174 ROZDZIAŁ 6 Mój kraj przywykły do łomotu… Andrzeja Stasiuka dialog z tradycją i polemika z paradygmatem postromantycznym ................................................................... 182 2 1 Ciągłość tematyczna prozy i novum ................................................................. 182 2 O tożsamości raz jeszcze: w wymiarze narodowym ......................................... 187 3 Wiwisekcja polskości. Dekonstrukcja postromantycznej i neosarmackiej mitologii „spajającej” tożsamość narodową ..................................................... 197 4 Polityczność Dziennika pisanego później ........................................................ 214 Podsumowanie zamiast zakończenia .......................................................................... 218 Wykaz skrótów .............................................................................................................. 225 Bibliografia…… ..........................……………………………………………………………..226 3 Literatura po przełomie. Wprowadzenie W niniejszej pracy uwaga skoncentrowana zostanie na dwóch centralnych formach wypowiedzi literackiej uwidaczniających się w twórczości prozatorskiej Andrzeja Stasiuka: na autobiografizmie oraz eseistyce. W tych organizujących pisarstwo autora Fado literackich rejestrach, pisarz wypowiada się najczęściej i najpełniej. Od jego debiutanckich Murów Hebronu obcujemy w utworach literackich Stasiuka z nasyceniem autobiografizmem. Oba te wskazane powyżej centralne problemy, które w niniejszej pracy stały się przedmiotem rozważań, występują w całej twórczości prozatorskiej Andrzeja Stasiuka i stanowią jej fundamentalną płaszczyznę; przez ich pryzmat można także całościowo czytać jego literaturę. Co również bardzo istotne, rejestry te, pomimo przemian formalno-tematycznych jego twórczości, stanowią niezmienne ogniwa wyróżniające pisarstwo Andrzeja Stasiuka na tle twórców literatury z jego pokolenia, pomimo iż inni twórcy, nie tylko urodzeni w latach sześćdziesiątych, także sięgali po ten kod. Ponadto proza autora Zimy stanowi symptomatyczny wyraz przemian polskiej prozy po 1989 roku. Na tle, które poniżej zostało nakreślone, sytuuje się twórczość jednego z najważniejszych polskich pisarzy współczesnych, który z powodzeniem sięga po tematy z rezerwuaru przypisanego pisarzom klasycznym. Przyjrzyjmy się zatem na początek, jaki jest jego status w literaturze najnowszej. Około roku 1989, w momencie kiedy w przeszłość odchodził system PRL-u, także i literatura polska znalazła się w zupełnie nowym położeniu, w zmienionej rzeczywistości społeczno-politycznej. Stanęła przed innymi niż dotychczas wyzwaniami, biorąc na siebie przede wszystkim obowiązek bycia medium społecznej komunikacji w rodzącym się społeczeństwie obywatelskim, bowiem takim powoli stawała się Polska. Przeobrażenie politycznego ustroju, zniesienie cenzury prewencyjnej, a także coraz bardziej aktywne po transformacji ustrojowej uczestnictwo zbiorowości w życiu politycznym, na nowych, demokratycznych zasadach, stały się czynnikami, które 4 zdeterminowały dalszy rozwój literatury. Pierwotne złudzenia pisarzy oraz czytelników po roku 1989, dotyczące jej wycofania się z orbity zainteresowań kwestiami narodowymi, i politycznymi, a łączące się ze zmianą jej powinności i optyki podejmowanych problemów, zostały szybko rozwiane. Możemy zatem postawić tezę, że przeobrażenia natury politycznej przyspieszyły proces diametralnych zmian w literaturze. Podobnie jak w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego, na bardzo krótko zrzuciła ona symboliczny „płaszcz Konrada”. Problematyka, z którą musiała się zmierzyć, dotyczyła między innymi przebudowy tożsamości zarówno zbiorowej, jak i indywidualnej w nowych warunkach społeczno-ekonomicznych, destruktywnego (jak uważało wielu pisarzy podejmujących problematykę społeczną) wpływu kapitalizmu na społeczeństwo oraz określenia się wobec przeszłości powojennej, a na płaszczyźnie kultury – recepcji idei postmodernistycznych. Moim założeniem nie jest bynajmniej charakterystyka polskiej prozy lat dziewięćdziesiątych ubiegłego stulecia, lecz wskazanie na pewne istotne węzłowe czynniki, na płaszczyźnie jej poetyki oraz idei ją kształtujących, które znacząco łączą się z twórczością prozatorską Andrzeja Stasiuka, bo ona właśnie stanowi główny przedmiot rozważań. Wyczerpujący opis prozy najnowszej w różnorodnych ujęciach i kontekstach można znaleźć między innymi w publikacjach Przemysława Czaplińskiego poświęconych temu zagadnieniu1. Aby wyeksponować wyznaczniki charakteryzujące „nową prozę” – bo takiego określenia będziemy często tutaj używać – należy wspomnieć o jej kondycji pomiędzy rokiem 1976 a 1989, przy czym zarówno jedna, jak i druga data zostały umownie przyjęte2. W drugiej połowie lat osiemdziesiątych literatura polska znalazła się w kryzysie. Wyczerpaniu ulegała bowiem zużyta już konwencja prozy afabularnej, programowo antyfikcyjnej, nastawionej na 1 Charakterystykę oraz stan polskiej prozy po roku 1989 krytyk literacki oraz badacz literatury współczesnej wyczerpująco przedstawia w następujących publikacjach: Ślady przełomu. O prozie polskiej 1976 – 1996, Kraków 1997, Literatura polska 1976-1998. Przewodnik po prozie i poezji, Kraków 1999, Wzniosłe tęsknoty. Nostalgie w prozie lat dziewięćdziesiątych, Kraków 2001, Ruchome marginesy: szkice o literaturze lat
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