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Impact of CO2 and Humidified Air on Micro Gas Turbine Performance for Carbon Capture

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Impact of CO2 and Humidified Air on Micro Gas Turbine Performance for Carbon Capture Impact of CO2 and humidified air on micro gas turbine performance for carbon capture Thom Munro Gray Best Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Doctoral Training Centre in Low Carbon Technology Energy Research Institute School of Chemical and Process Engineering September 2016 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own, except where work which has formed part of jointly authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. Parts of Chapters 3, and 4 in the thesis are based on work as follows which has either been published in academic journals or was presented as part of conference proceedings: Best, T., et al., Gas-CCS: Experimental impact of CO2 enhanced air on combustion characteristics and Microturbine performance, Oral presentation to the CCS International Forum in Athens, CO2QUEST, March 2015. Best, T., et al., Impact of CO2-enriched combustion air on micro-gas turbine performance for carbon capture. Energy, 2016. Tbc (Accepted Awaiting Publication date). [1] Best, T., et al., Exhaust gas recirculation and selective Exhaust gas recirculation on a micro-gas turbine for enhanced CO2 Capture performance. The Future of Gas Turbine Technology 8th International Gas Turbine Conference, 2016.[2] In each of the jointly authored publications the candidate was the lead author and responsible for all experimental data collection, processing, analysis and evaluation. Dr Karen Finney was also involved for data collection, other co-authors provided modelling processing, results and analysis. Or supervisory support. i As co-author the candidate also provided experimental data collection, processing, analysis and evaluation for the following papers: Agbonghae, E.O., et al., Experimental and Process Modelling Study of Integration of a Micro- turbine with an Amine Plant. Energy Procedia, 2014. 63: p. 1064-1073 [3] Ali, U., et al., Process Simulation and Thermodynamic Analysis of a Micro Turbine with Post- combustion CO2 Capture and Exhaust Gas Recirculation. Energy Procedia, 2014. 63: p. 986-996. [4] Akram, M., et al., Performance evaluation of PACT Pilot-plant for CO2 capture from gas turbines with Exhaust Gas Recycle. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2016. 47: p. 137- 150. [5] Ali, U., et al., Benchmarking of a micro gas turbine model integrated with post-combustion CO2 capture. Energy, 2016. Submitted In Review. [6] Finney, K.N., et al., CFD of Selective Exhaust Gas Recirculation On Micro-Gas Turbines For Enhanced CO2 Capture Performance ASME, 2016. Turbo Expo 2017 [7] This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement © 2016 The University of Leeds and Thom Munro Gray Best. The right of Thom Munro Gray Best to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out thanks to funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) via the Doctoral Training Centre in Low Carbon Technologies at the University of Leeds. Thanks to my supervisors, Dr. Karen Finney, Professor Mohamed Pourkashanian, and Professor Derek Ingham for their guidance and support. Karen, thanks for your enthusiasm, structure and guidance; Mohamed, for your in depth knowledge and opportunities you provided, and Derek for your patience. Thanks to Martin Murphy for all his technical support making the experiments possible. Thanks to my colleagues of the Doctoral Training Centre in Low Carbon Technologies – for support writing up Ray Edmonds, Zarashpe Kapadia, Ramzi Cherad, Katrina Adams, and Clare Linton, and to all my colleagues for making the DTC a memorable time. Thanks to a friend many of us will miss, for all the good memories. Thanks to the Management Committee of the Doctoral Training Centre, Professor Paul Williams, James McKay, Rachael Brown and Emily Bryan-Kinns. Most importantly thanks to all of my family whose ongoing support I will never be able to express how much I appreciate. iii ABSTRACT There is overwhelming evidence for anthropogenically driven climate change and as such it is critical to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. A large source of these is combustion for energy. Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power generation is going to be a significant part of the future of base power load generation in the UK and internationally. The CO2 emissions of gas turbines are significantly lower than coal, but must still be addressed. Gas exhaust emissions also present a challenge due to the low volume percentage of CO2 in the exhaust, as the current most mature technology for carbon capture is post combustion capture using solvents, which is significantly more efficient with higher CO2 partial pressures. This thesis looks at potential ways to increase CO2 partial pressure in the gas turbine exhaust for improved capture efficiency. To do this exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and humidified air (HAT) or a combination could be beneficial. There is a lack of bench and pilot scale experimental research into this area. A Turbec T100 Microturbine was used to investigate the impacts of EGR and HAT, through the addition of CO2 and Steam before the combustor. In addition the turbine particulate emissions were analysed. This is as gas combustion has high emissions of fine particulate matter. Particulates are of increasing consideration as an environmental pollutant, and may contribute to solvent degradation. The investigations found that the performance of the turbine is largely dependant upon ambient temperature. The results matched with the literature showing impact on the combustion process reducing peak temperatures, and an increase in unburned hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. This resulted in a slightly reduced generation efficiency. However this loss in turbine efficiency is potentially superseded by a gain in capture efficiency and net CCGT low carbon generation with carbon capture and storage. iv 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 21 1.1 Climate Change ........................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Emission Sources ......................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Emissions Reduction ................................................................................................... 25 1.4 Electrification .............................................................................................................. 26 1.5 Accumulated Emissions .............................................................................................. 28 1.6 Low Carbon Technologies ........................................................................................... 29 1.7 Capital Driven Fossil Fuel Consumption ...................................................................... 32 1.8 Research Objectives .................................................................................................... 33 1.9 Thesis Structure .......................................................................................................... 34 2 Carbon Capture and Storage ............................................................................................... 35 2.1 What is Carbon Capture and Storage ......................................................................... 35 2.1.1 Peterhead ............................................................................................................ 35 2.1.2 White Rose .......................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Capture Techniques .................................................................................................... 36 2.2.1 Pre Combustion Capture ..................................................................................... 36 2.2.2 Oxyfuel ................................................................................................................ 37 2.2.3 Post Combustion Capture ................................................................................... 37 2.2.4 Retrofitting .......................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Combustion ................................................................................................................. 43 2.3.1 Gas Power ........................................................................................................... 43 v 2.3.2 Combined Cycle Gas Turbines ............................................................................. 47 2.3.3 Gas Combustion .................................................................................................. 50 2.3.4 Microturbines ...................................................................................................... 60 2.3.5 Humidified Air Turbines ...................................................................................... 65 2.4 CO2 Transportation ....................................................................................................
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