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K43: Field Development Report Technical: Storage February 2016 K43: Field Development Report Technical: Storage K43: Field Development Report IMPORTANT NOTICE The information provided further to UK CCS Commercialisation Programme (the Competition) set out herein (the Information) has been prepared by Capture Power Limited and its sub-contractors (the Consortium) solely for the Department of Energy and Climate Change in connection with the Competition. The Information does not amount to advice on CCS technology or any CCS engineering, commercial, financial, regulatory, legal or other solutions on which any reliance should be placed. Accordingly, no member of the Consortium makes (and the UK Government does not make) any representation, warranty or undertaking, express or implied, as to the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any of the Information and no reliance may be placed on the Information. In so far as permitted by law, no member of the Consortium or any company in the same group as any member of the Consortium or their respective officers, employees or agents accepts (and the UK Government does not accept) any responsibility or liability of any kind, whether for negligence or any other reason, for any damage or loss arising from any use of or any reliance placed on the Information or any subsequent communication of the Information. Each person to whom the Information is made available must make their own independent assessment of the Information after making such investigation and taking professional technical, engineering, commercial, regulatory, financial, legal or other advice, as they deem necessary. K43: Field Development Report Contents Chapter Title Page Executive Summary i 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General ___________________________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Reservoir Geology __________________________________________________________________ 1 1.3 Description of the Offshore Facilities ____________________________________________________ 2 1.3.1 Platform __________________________________________________________________________ 2 1.3.2 Pipeline ___________________________________________________________________________ 3 1.4 Purpose of this Report _______________________________________________________________ 4 2 Project Overview 6 3 Geological Characterisation of the Endurance Storage Site and Storage Complex 8 3.1 Geological and Structural Setting _______________________________________________________ 8 3.1.1 Endurance Storage Site _____________________________________________________________ 13 3.1.2 Endurance Storage Complex _________________________________________________________ 16 3.1.3 Endurance Monitoring Area __________________________________________________________ 16 3.2 Geological Horizon Mapping _________________________________________________________ 17 3.2.1 Depth Conversion and Uncertainties ___________________________________________________ 28 3.2.1.1 Gross Rock Volume Uncertainty Workflow _______________________________________________ 31 3.2.2 Structural Configuration and Faulting ___________________________________________________ 39 3.3 Depositional Setting and Sedimentological Framework _____________________________________ 43 3.3.1 Petrographic and Chemostratigraphic Input ______________________________________________ 45 3.3.1.1 Chemostratigraphic Input ____________________________________________________________ 45 3.3.1.2 Petrographic Input _________________________________________________________________ 48 3.3.2 Reservoir Quality and Correlation _____________________________________________________ 48 3.4 Stratigraphic and Structural Framework _________________________________________________ 53 3.5 Primary and Secondary Seals ________________________________________________________ 56 3.5.1 Characterisation ___________________________________________________________________ 59 3.5.2 Core & Cuttings Analysis ____________________________________________________________ 63 3.6 Reservoir Facies Modelling __________________________________________________________ 63 3.7 Reservoir Properties ________________________________________________________________ 70 3.7.1 Porosity _________________________________________________________________________ 70 3.7.2 Permeability ______________________________________________________________________ 71 3.7.3 Net to Gross ______________________________________________________________________ 73 3.7.4 Temperature ______________________________________________________________________ 73 3.7.5 Pressure _________________________________________________________________________ 74 3.8 Volumetric Ranges and Uncertainties __________________________________________________ 75 3.8.1 Net Pore Volume Range _____________________________________________________________ 75 3.8.2 Net Pore Volumetric Uncertainty ______________________________________________________ 77 3.8.3 Geological Models _________________________________________________________________ 78 3.8.4 Regional Structural Framework Model __________________________________________________ 79 3.8.5 Static (Geological) Model ____________________________________________________________ 79 3.8.6 Simulation Models _________________________________________________________________ 80 3.8.7 Geomechanical Models _____________________________________________________________ 81 3.9 Geochemistry _____________________________________________________________________ 81 K43: Field Development Report 3.9.1 Laboratory Testing _________________________________________________________________ 82 3.9.1.1 Permeability as a function of throughput ________________________________________________ 82 3.9.1.2 Impact of CO2 exposure on rock mechanical properties _____________________________________ 82 3.9.2 Geochemical modelling and simulation _________________________________________________ 84 3.9.2.1 Mineralogy and Fluid Chemistry _______________________________________________________ 84 3.9.3 Geochemical composition of Bunter Formation ___________________________________________ 84 3.9.3.1 Formation water composition _________________________________________________________ 86 3.9.3.2 CO2 composition ___________________________________________________________________ 86 3.9.3.3 Thermodynamic data _______________________________________________________________ 87 3.9.3.4 Porosity-permeability relationship in dynamic simulation ____________________________________ 88 3.9.3.5 Interaction among CO2, formation water, reservoir and seal facies ____________________________ 88 3.9.3.6 Equilibrium batch 0D modelling (PHREEQC) _____________________________________________ 89 3.9.3.7 Kinetic batch 0D modelling (PHREEQC) ________________________________________________ 93 3.9.3.8 Summary of Kinetic batch 0D modelling (PHREEQC) ______________________________________ 96 3.9.3.9 Fluid Flow and Geochemical Reaction Coupled Modelling (GEM) _____________________________ 96 3.9.4 Summary of Fluid Flow and Geochemical Reaction Coupled Modelling _______________________ 100 3.9.4.1 CO2 Exposure in Analogous Reservoirs: Literature survey _________________________________ 100 4 Reservoir Engineering 103 4.1 Core Analysis ____________________________________________________________________ 103 4.1.1 Conventional Core Analysis _________________________________________________________ 104 4.1.1.1 Core Preparation _________________________________________________________________ 104 4.1.1.2 Permeability _____________________________________________________________________ 104 4.1.1.3 Helium Porosity and Grain Density ____________________________________________________ 104 4.1.1.4 Klinkenberg Permeability ___________________________________________________________ 106 4.1.1.5 Slabbing ________________________________________________________________________ 107 4.1.1.6 Core Photography ________________________________________________________________ 107 4.1.1.7 Resination ______________________________________________________________________ 107 4.1.1.8 Particle Size Analysis ______________________________________________________________ 107 4.1.1.9 Unconventional RCA Studies ________________________________________________________ 108 4.1.2 Special Core Analysis______________________________________________________________ 113 4.1.2.1 Programme 1 – Plug selection _______________________________________________________ 115 4.1.2.2 Programme 2 - Fluid Preparation _____________________________________________________ 115 4.1.2.3 Programme 3 - Pre-Study ___________________________________________________________ 116 4.1.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) _________________________________________________ 116 4.1.2.5 Programme 4 – Ambient Temperature Tests ____________________________________________ 116 4.1.2.6 Programme 5 - Reservoir Condition Gas-Water Kr _______________________________________ 119 4.2 PVT and Phase Behaviour of Injected CO2 _____________________________________________ 128 4.3 Well Testing and Vertical Interference Test Results _______________________________________ 130 4.3.1 Well Test Results _________________________________________________________________ 130 4.3.2 Vertical Interference Test (VIT) ______________________________________________________ 130 4.4 Information from Analogous Reservoirs ________________________________________________ 131 4.5 Extent and Effective Hydraulic Communication of the Aquifer _______________________________ 132 4.6 Dynamic Simulation Models _________________________________________________________ 134 4.6.1
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