Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century – Moving Forward
A technology strategy for carbon capture and storage
UK Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum
January 2014 Contact
Further information on this report and the UK Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum (APGTF) can be obtained from: www.apgtf-uk.com Philip Sharman APGTF Chairman January 2014
Preamble
The UK Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum (APGTF) is an industry-led stakeholder group that provides a technology focus for the power generation sector in the UK on carbon abatement technologies for fossil fuels including CCS. The industrial members of the APGTF have included almost all of the key players in the development of CCS in the UK over the last 12 years, including Alstom, AMEC, BP, Costain, Doosan Babcock, E.ON, EDF Energy, Rolls-Royce, RWE npower, Scottish Power, Siemens and SSE. These organisations have invested heavily in research and development (R&D) and project development since the first APGTF Foresight Report published in 2001. Many agencies and associations interested in CCS are also represented on the APGTF, including the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI), the Technology Strategy Board (TSB), the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC), the Industrial & Power Association (IPA), the CCS Association (CCSA), the Confederation of UK Coal Producers (COALPRO), the Association of UK Coal Importers (CoalImp), the Health & Safety Laboratory (HSL), the Coal Research Forum (CRF) and other university groupings, and from the UK Government the Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC), the Department of Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS) and UK Trade & Investment (UKTI).
To aid the reader, the following explains the contents and purpose of each of the Chapters of the strategy:
Chapter 1: Introduction Describes the current situation with respect to CCS in the UK and internationally. Chapter 2: Objectives of the Strategy Sets out the purpose, objectives and targets of the 2014 strategy versus previous strategies. Chapter 3: Current Activity in CCS in the UK Current R&D underway in UK; Types of R&D versus ‘Technology Readiness Levels’ (TRLs), interaction with pilot-scale and demonstration project; Presents DECC’s ‘dartboard diagram’ representing current R&D and a spreadsheet listing other projects relevant to the planning of further work; Current activity in skills development; and Current activity in international collaboration/engagement. Chapter 4: Priorities for Research, Development & Demonstration (RD&D) Recommendations for RD&D (an update of the previous Table 4), using APGTF’s recommendations to DECC as the high-level headings. Chapter 5: Other Related Recommendations Knowledge exchange; Skills development, capacity building and supply chain development; International collaboration; Public outreach/education. Chapter 6: Conclusions Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Contents
page Executive Summary 2
1: Introduction: Current Status of CCS in the UK and Internationally 5
2: Objectives of the Strategy 19
3: Current Activity in CCS in the UK 23
4: Priorities for Research, Development and Demonstration 31
5: Other Related Recommendations 51
6: Conclusions 53
7: References 55
8: Glossary 56
Appendix 1: Table of R&D Projects Underway 60
Appendix 2: EU CCS Demonstration Project Network – Proposed Topics for Future Investigation by the R&D Community 98
Front cover, main image:
The CC100+ pilot-scale CO2 capture project at Ferrybridge power station (courtesy of Doosan Babcock Ltd ©)
Smaller images, from top to bottom:
Grangemouth Refinery and Petrochemical Complex (courtesy of 123RF)
Carbonated aggregate using CO2 captured directly from combusted landfill gas (courtesy of Carbon8 Systems Ltd) The Energy Endeavour rig test drilling for National Grid in the North Sea, August 2013 (courtesy of National Grid)
Peterhead 2,177MW CCGT power station (courtesy of SSE plc)
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Executive Summary
A Strategy for Success Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has a pivotal role to play if the use of fossil fuels in power stations and vital energy-intensive industries is to keep in step with the low-carbon agenda. Globally, recognition is growing that CCS must be at the forefront of efforts to limit increases in average temperatures caused by climate change; it has been calculated that, in the UK, successful deployment could cut the cost of meeting carbon reduction targets by up to 1% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2050. Yet the annual amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) captured and stored worldwide currently totals tens of megatonnes, compared to the thousands of megatonnes that need to be achieved by the middle of the 21st century. This technology strategy aims not only to confront the challenge and help unleash the potential but also to keep the UK at the vanguard of CCS technology development and commercialisation. Decarbonising the UK’s energy system; achieving major cuts in industrial carbon emissions; boosting energy security; generating billions of pounds in income and tens of thousands of jobs for ‘UK plc’ – these benefits are all within reach if large-scale deployment of CCS becomes a reality in this country. Taking full and realistic account of work currently under way and wider developments in the UK and worldwide, as well as the recommendations of the UK’s CCS Cost Reduction Task Force (CRTF), this strategy sets out a clear vision that has three components:
`` Adoption of a target of around 10% of UK electricity to be generated from fossil fuel plant fitted with CCS by 2025. `` Creation of capability that enables CCS to make a major contribution to meeting the UK’s target of an 80% cut in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. `` Positioning of the UK to succeed in global CCS markets and to play an influential role in the CCS policy dialogue at both European Union (EU) and global level.
Realising this vision presents several challenges. These include: cutting costs and risks so that CCS is economically competitive with other low-carbon technologies; putting appropriate, effective market frameworks in place; and removing a range of barriers to deployment. In close conjunction with other organisations wherever appropriate, the APGTF will work to pursue this vision and address these challenges. This document sets out Strategic targets (see p.20) and Technology Implementation targets (see p.21), plus a suite of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) priorities and other recommendations designed to ensure that key CCS development criteria – in terms of scale, cost and timelines – can be met effectively.
CCS in the UK Today In the UK – as worldwide – confidence is growing that CCS can be safely employed at the necessary scale and at a cost at least comparable to other low-carbon power generation options. Nevertheless, gaps and barriers remain that, if not addressed, will hamper not just the pursuit of CCS projects in this country but also the building of globally marketable expertise within the UK. Despite sluggish progress on large-scale CCS projects, the last three years have nevertheless seen several positive developments. For example, 2012 saw publication of the Government’s CCS Roadmap and in December 2013 it was announced that, with funding from the Commercialisation Programme set out in the Roadmap, a front-end engineering design (FEED) study would go ahead on the White Rose CCS project in Yorkshire; an announcement on the Peterhead CCS project in Aberdeenshire is expected in January 2014. A huge amount of RD&D has also been completed or is under way, supported by public funding agencies and private companies and covering every stage in the innovation chain. (See Appendix 1 for a list of projects.) In addition, significant progress has been achieved in developing relevant skills and research/test facilities, in securing international collaboration and in enhancing knowledge exchange.
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What Next? – A Platform for Progress This strategy aims to capitalise on progress to date while focusing on remaining barriers. In consultation with APGTF members, the Carbon Capture and Storage Association (CCSA) and the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC), the APGTF has therefore developed a list of over 150 RD&D recommendations (see p.32-49). These focus on five fields of activity: whole systems and cross-cutting issues; CO2 capture; industrial CCS; CO2 transport; and CO2 storage. The aim is to assist identification of projects most useful in terms of cutting the costs of CCS, and to make it easier to identify the budgets required to conduct RD&D that can ensure CCS meets its full potential in the UK. Almost 100 of these recommendations focus on RD&D needed to meet short-term objectives (ie on a timescale of 0-10 years); the others focus on RD&D needed to meet objectives that are either medium- term (7-15 years) or long-term (10-20+ years). Most recommendations are categorised as ‘Medium Priority’ and should begin as soon as possible; the ‘Highest Priority’ recommendations concentrate, for example, on topics that could benefit from linkage to the first/early full-scale CCS projects. Recommendations are cross-referenced to recent/current projects relevant to planning further RD&D. Complementing this list of RD&D recommendations, the strategy also sets out a range of additional recommendations that cover: knowledge exchange; skills development, capacity building and supply chain development; international collaboration; and public outreach/education. The UK Department of Energy & Climate Change’s (DECC’s) updated CCS Roadmap has emphasised the Government’s desire for a strong CCS industry with projects beyond the current Commercialisation Projects. Building industry confidence in a ‘trajectory’ for CCS implementation in the UK and likely pay- back on investment will help overcome the challenges currently faced in planning and justifying RD&D. The recommendations of this strategy, viewed in the context of the broad sentiment within industry at the end of 2013, present a major challenge to the APGTF, the UK Government and its agencies, to motivate industrial co-investment in R&D and maintain the embryonic CCS teams in those organisations not involved in the Commercialisation Projects. Momentum must be maintained across the industry to ensure that the best value is obtained from public investment to date in CCS. The APGTF will now follow up the strategy by developing, with others as appropriate, pragmatic Action Plans. These, in conjunction with the targets, priorities and recommendations outlined in this document, will provide a framework enabling top-line objectives to be achieved, delivery milestones to be reached and investment to be encouraged – helping to turn CCS into a mainstream carbon-abatement technology and underpinning development of a strong, globally influential UK CCS industry in the years and decades ahead.
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 3 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward Introduction: Current Status of CCS in the UK and Internationally
The CC100+ pilot-scale CO2 capture project at Ferrybridge power station (courtesy of Doosan Babcock Ltd ©) 4 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
1 Introduction: Current Status of CCS in the UK and Internationally
Background The APGTF has developed a series of technology strategies since 2001, the most recent of which, entitled ‘Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century – Maintaining a Leading Role: a Technology Strategy for Fossil Fuel Carbon Abatement Technologies’[1],was published in August 2011. This strategy gave details of the research, development and demonstration (RD&D) considered necessary to keep the UK at the forefront of fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies (CATs) worldwide. The strategy was well received by the UK Government and its agencies, industry and academe, and over the last two years good progress has been made on many of the priorities, with several of the major R&D initiatives highlighted in the strategy now underway in the UK as described below in Chapters 2 and 3. The APGTF’s call for a large-scale, integrated demonstration programme of the main carbon capture and storage (CCS) options was supported by the Government announcement of four large-scale, integrated demonstrations of CCS, and this policy was included in the Coalition Agreement of 2010. Although progress on large-scale CCS projects in the UK and Europe has been slower than anticipated, there was a major step forward at the end of 2013 with the announcement of Government contracts for a major ‘front-end engineering design’ (FEED) study for the UK’s Commercialisation Programme, with a second such study expected to be announced early in 2014.
The need for CCS Meanwhile, the need for CCS as one of the tools for reducing carbon emissions globally – both from power generation and industry – has been more widely recognised. The recent International Energy Agency (IEA) ‘Roadmap for CCS’[2] states clearly that, as long as fossil fuels and carbon-intensive industries play dominant roles in our economies, CCS will remain a critical greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction solution. The IEA’s analysis shows that CCS is an integral part of any lowest-cost mitigation scenario where long-term global average temperature increases are limited to significantly less than 4°C, particularly for the 2°C scenario (‘2DS’): in 2DS, CCS is widely deployed in both power generation and industrial applications. The total carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage rate must grow from the tens of megatonnes of CO2 (MtCO2) captured in 2013 to thousands of MtCO2 (ie gigatonnes of CO2 – GtCO2) in 2050 in order to address the emissions reduction challenge. A total cumulative mass of approximately 120GtCO2 would need to be captured and stored between 2015 and 2050 across all regions of the globe. For CCS to help fulfil the ambitions of the IEA’s 2DS, the new roadmap identifies three time-specific goals for its deployment:
Goal 1: By 2020, the capture of CO2 is successfully demonstrated in at least 30 projects across many sectors, including coal- and gas-fired power generation, gas processing, bio-ethanol production, hydrogen production for chemicals and refining, and iron and steelmaking. This implies that all of the projects that are currently at an advanced stage of planning are realised and several additional projects are rapidly advanced, leading to over 50MtCO2 safely and effectively stored per year. Goal 2: By 2030, CCS is routinely used to reduce emissions in power generation and industry, having been successfully demonstrated in industrial applications including cement manufacture, iron and steel production, pulp and paper production, ‘second-generation’ biofuels, and heaters and crackers at refinery and chemical sites. This level of activity will lead to the storage of over 2GtCO2/year. Goal 3: By 2050, CCS is routinely used to reduce emissions from all applicable processes in power generation and industrial applications at sites around the world, with over 7GtCO2 annually stored in the process. The IEA’s cost analysis suggests that without CCS, overall costs to reduce emissions to 2005 levels by 2050 increase by 70%. In the UK, the ETI (a member of the APGTF) has estimated (using its ‘Energy Systems Modelling Environment’ – ESME) that without CCS the cost of the UK meeting its climate change targets would nearly double: the net present value (NPV) cost from 2010 to 2050 of meeting the UK’s CO2 reduction targets would be £300bn for a low-cost practical route (ie including CCS); however, if CCS is excluded, the NPV cost would increase by more than £200bn[3]. The reason that the impact is so high is that as well as providing a cost-effective low-carbon power source, CCS is important across the whole ‘energy system’, including dealing with industrial emissions, enabling hydrogen production and potentially, when combined with biomass firing, creating net-zero or even
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negative CO2 emissions. Without CCS, a future carbon-constrained energy system would look very different, for example requiring the complete decarbonisation of the transport and/or domestic heating sectors.
Confidence in CCS and competitiveness Increasing confidence is being gained through R&D, through ‘pre-FEED’ and FEED studies in support of the many proposals to develop large-scale CCS projects, and through experience around the world, including building and operating capture plants, that CCS can be safely employed now and in the future, at the necessary scale and at a cost which is comparable to or lower than other low-carbon electricity generation options. There are no scientific barriers preventing CCS. In the UK – because the Government has opted for offshore storage – social barriers are anticipated to be much less of a difficulty than elsewhere in Europe. It is expected that RD&D (underway and future) will provide evidence that will further reduce these barriers. The regulatory regime is established, but there remains significant concern over the stringency of storage regulation which may yet be a barrier to investment. In particular, the long-term liability associated with storage sites has the potential to be a significant deterrent to potential project developers. The final report of the UK’s CCS Cost Reduction Task Force (CRTF), commissioned by DECC, was published in May 2013[4]. The work carried out predicted that, if built at full-scale in an extended programme, CCS with coal or gas can be cost competitive with other low-carbon generation options by the mid-2020s. The report highlighted a number of areas, recognised in this strategy, where R&D could support the objective of cost reduction. In October 2013, DECC published its response to the CRTF’s final report[5], endorsing the value of the report and supporting the recommendations therein. DECC’s response also provides updates on some key policy developments since publication of the UK’s CCS Roadmap in 2012 (see section on Roadmap below).
Importance to the UK
CCS could make a huge contribution to reducing the UK’s CO2 emissions. Fossil fuels currently (2012) provide some 70% of the UK’s electricity, and if all of this generation was replaced by coal or gas with CCS, the emissions from electricity generation would be reduced by about 90%. Clearly, if the proportions of generation by nuclear power plants or renewable energy sources increase, then the proportion of reductions attributable to CCS would be less than this. APGTF members’ R&D and project development activities have been predicated on UK targets of 20-30GW capacity of CCS electricity generation on a mix of coal and gas by 2030, compatible with the recommendations of the UK Committee for Climate Change (CCC) to decarbonise the electricity system by 2030[6] and the ambitions for the UK published in the strategy of the CCSA[7]. This level of ambition is also consistent with the UK’s ‘share’ in the scenarios published in the new IEA Roadmap for CCS, which, as discussed above, envisages 30 projects globally by 2020 (50MtCO2 stored per year), over 2GtCO2/year stored by 2030 and over 7Gt/year by 2050.
Peterhead 2,177MW CCGT power station (courtesy of SSE plc)
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The UK generation gap There has been something of a hiatus in the building of new fossil fuel power plants in the UK, partly due to a slowing in demand for electricity, partly due to the economic downturn, but also due to the uncertainties arising from the Government’s long-awaited Electricity Market Reform (EMR). The UK energy regulator Ofgem released a report on electricity capacity in June 2013[8]. According to this report, electricity margins could tighten in the winter of 2015/16 to between around 2% and 5%, resulting in a supply disruption being a ‘1-in-12-year’ event. The probability of a supply disruption is currently 1-in-47-years. By 2015/16, Ofgem expects the total installed capacity to fall to 76.8GW, from the 77.9GW capacity estimated for this winter (2013/14). A view has developed that the only way to avoid a ‘generation gap’, whilst continuing to close coal plants to meet the European Commission’s (EC’s) Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), is to build combined-cycle gas turbine power plants (CCGTs), which must be ‘CO2 capture-ready’. Short-term market forces have seen power generation from coal increase and from gas decrease as a result of falling international coal prices, a consequence of shale gas displacing coal for power generation in the USA. However, with coal capacity shutting down and new-build gas capacity coming on stream as EMR develops, this trend is expected to reverse in the medium term. Further ahead, investment in both new gas- and coal-fired capacity will be necessary to keep a balanced power generation portfolio in the UK.
Economic benefits There are major potential economic benefits to the UK economy from successfully developing CCS, beyond simply meeting our climate change targets. i. Exports of CCS technology and avoidance of imports UK companies could be well placed to win home and export business along the whole ‘CCS value chain’ – power plant (designed for CCS), CO2 capture plant, CO2 transport infrastructure and CO2 storage operations. The value of the export market, and the number of jobs that would arise, are both hugely dependent on the pace of growth of the market and the market share won by UK companies. There have been several studies that attempt to quantify the potential benefits and these indicate that the benefits could be very significant: A study by the IPA in 2009[9], based on the earlier 2009 IEA CCS Roadmap roll-out programme and a 10% market share of the export market for UK companies, concluded:
`` The ‘UK plc’ share of global business is potentially worth more than £10-14bn/year from around 2025, with the added value in the UK worth £5-9.5bn/year. `` The UK share of this global business could potentially create 27,000 jobs in the UK from 2020, increasing to 70,000 by 2035. A further 10,000 jobs are possible given the right level of Government support.
A study carried out on behalf of DECC by AEA Technology in 2010[10] suggested significant value added to the UK economy from CCS and related clean coal technologies, reaching £2-4bn/year by 2030. Similarly, the report estimated that this level of CCS activity would sustain 70,000-100,000 jobs in the UK by 2030: of this total, about 50% would be in existing businesses’ activities (e.g. boiler and steam turbines), with the remaining 50% in new employment activities associated with CCS services (e.g. the design and manufacture of capture, transport and storage facilities). A further report from AEA Technology in March 2013 ‘Assessing the Domestic Supply Chain Barriers to the Commercial Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage within the Power Sector’[11] re-affirms that “under the base scenario, the total cumulative CCS market in the UK to 2030 is £15.3bn, with the total UK market being around £2.7bn/year in 2030.” The economic benefits clearly depend on the size of the UK programme and the rate of build, and the share of the global business gained by UK companies will depend crucially on UK companies winning UK projects and thereby gaining ‘references’ that will be the basis of future exports.
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ii. Reduced costs of low-carbon electricity to the consumer Comparison of the levelised costs of electricity generation (LCOE) shows the cost of generation by coal or gas with CCS (inclusive of capture, transport and storage) in the mid-2020s to be similar to other low-carbon sources such as onshore wind and probably less than offshore wind. This comparison does not recognise the other cost advantages of CCS: unlike wind which is intermittent, CCS-generated electricity does not require investment in back-up plant, and because the CCS power plants will mostly be located at existing power plant sites (provided that an economic route to storage can be exploited), CCS does not require significant extra investment in the electricity transmission grid. It is important that the Government fully recognises these cost advantages of CCS and does not rely on simple comparisons of LCOE, e.g. in its desire for technology-neutral auctions for Feed-in Tariff ‘Contracts for Difference’ (CfDs). iii. Energy-intensive industries CCS will permit the operation of a number of high-emitting, energy-intensive industries (including cement manufacture, iron and steel blast furnaces, pulp and paper production, second-generation biofuels, and heaters and crackers at refining and chemical sites) in the UK within future carbon emissions targets and indeed many pilot projects and trials are underway overseas. However, unlike electricity generation, some of these industries are able to relocate to other areas where different business conditions exist, so policy instruments must incentivise application of CCS and not just provide disincentives for continued operation and investment in such industries. Some individual industrial sources of CO2 are similar in size to power plants (e.g. Port Talbot Steelworks at ~10MtCO2/year, Teesside Steelworks at ~8MtCO2/year and the Grangemouth Refinery & Petrochemical Complex at ~4MtCO2/year). However, many industrial sources will not be large enough to justify their own pipeline to a store. As a consequence, industrial CCS ‘clustering’ of sources to form regional networks will be essential and, associated with such CCS networks, it will be necessary to set and meet common standards for CO2 purity.
Grangemouth Refinery and Petrochemical Complex (courtesy of 123RF)
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iv. Indigenous fossil fuels and diversity in the generation mix CCS would enable the use of indigenous coal and natural gas (and shale gas) in a low-carbon electricity system. The development of CCS would allow the UK to have further resilience in its supply of electricity as both coal and gas can be used to provide either baseload power or back-up capacity to deal with any significant shortfall and intermittency from renewable energy sources. It has been clear since the announcements of the last UK Government of “no new coal without CCS”, now being reinforced by the Emissions Performance Standard (EPS) which is to be set at 450gCO2/kWh, that the future of coal-fired generation in the UK beyond the mid-2020s is completely dependent on the deployment of CCS. Any lack of impetus in the development of CCS will mean that coal-fired generation disappears from the UK portfolio over the next 7-10 years. There is a desire within the UK coal industry to see ‘coal+CCS’ projects brought forward quickly enough to maintain the current coal burn as older stations are closed in response to the EC’s IED and the pressures of the ‘Carbon Floor Price’. Four coal+CCS power plant projects have been developed in response to the Government’s call for ‘commercialisation projects’, of which one (The White Rose Project) has been selected to go forward to the next stage and a further two named as “reserve projects”. For gas and, potentially, shale gas, the EPS would permit operation without CCS but, as pointed out by the CCC, CCS would be needed on the majority of these stations if the 2030 decarbonisation target is to be met. The requirement to build CCGTs ‘capture-ready’ is thus reinforced, as many will need to be retrofitted with CCS.
UK CCS Roadmap and 2013 update In April 2012, the UK Government published its ‘CCS Roadmap - Supporting Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the UK’ [12], which sets out how the Government proposed to take forward a programme of interventions to support the development of CCS. This programme included: `` “A CCS Commercialisation Programme with £1bn in capital funding to support commercial-scale CCS, targeted specifically to learn-by-doing and to share resulting knowledge to reduce the cost of CCS such that it can be commercially deployed in the 2020s (see Box 1); `` A £125m, 4-year, co-ordinated R&D and Innovation Programme covering fundamental research and understanding, through to component development and pilot-scale testing, to ensure that the best ideas – with a clear focus on cost reduction – can be taken forward to the market, and establishing a new UK CCS Research Centre; `` Development of a market for low-carbon electricity through EMR, including availability of Feed-in Tariff CfDs for low-carbon electricity tailored to the needs of CCS-equipped fossil fuel power stations (see Box 2); `` Intervention to address key barriers to the deployment of CCS including work to support the CCS supply chain, develop transport and storage networks, prepare for the deployment of CCS in industrial applications and ensure the right regulatory framework is in place; and `` International engagement focused on sharing the knowledge generated through the programmes and learning from other projects around the world to help accelerate cost reduction.”
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Box 1
DECC’s Commercialisation Programme (source DECC website) The UK CCS Commercialisation Competition makes available £1bn capital funding, together with additional support through the UK Electricity Market Reforms, to support the practical experience in the design, construction and operation of commercial-scale CCS. This will: `` generate learning that will help to drive down the costs of CCS; `` test and build familiarity with the CCS specific regulatory framework; `` encourage industry to develop suitable CCS business models; and
`` contribute to the development of early infrastructure for CO2 transport and storage. The current competition opened in April 2012, and closed in July 2012. Four full-chain (capture, transport and storage) projects were shortlisted in October 2012. On 14th January 2013, all the shortlisted bids submitted revised proposals. On 20th March 2013 the Government announced two preferred bidders: `` Peterhead Project in Aberdeenshire, Scotland – a project which involves capturing around 90% of the CO2 from part of the existing gas-fired power station at Peterhead, before transporting it and storing it in a depleted gas field beneath the North Sea. The project involves Shell and SSE. `` White Rose Project in Yorkshire, England – a project which involves capturing 90% of the CO2 from a new, super-efficient, coal-fired power station at the Drax site in North Yorkshire, before transporting and storing it in a saline aquifer beneath the southern North Sea. The project involves Alstom, Drax Power, BOC and National Grid. The Government will undertake discussions with the two preferred bidders to agree terms for FEED studies.
As described above, in October 2013 DECC published its response to the CRTF report and provided updates on some key policy developments since publication of its 2012 CCS Roadmap. The updates which are most relevant to this APGTF strategy are summarised below: `` The importance of CCS in the UK is restated and reference made to recent modelling conducted for the Government’s EMR ‘Delivery Plan’, which included scenarios of up to 13GW of CCS by 2030, with an industry appetite for even more. `` The Government’s commitment to the Commercialisation Programme supported by £1bn of capital expenditure is restated. There is also a new emphasis on the desire of the Government for CCS to develop into a strong industry. `` DECC envisages three phases of CCS deployment in the UK, starting with the current projects under the Commercialisation Programme, with a second phase of further projects possibly coming forward on similar timeframes as well as subsequent to those projects. `` The second phase projects could benefit from lower costs associated with the use of existing infrastructure, lower costs of capital and potentially synergies with enhanced oil recovery (EOR). `` DECC intends to work with the industry-led PILOT* oil and gas group to further explore how CO2-EOR could play a role in UK CCS projects. `` The fact that CCS projects are major infrastructure developments that can also bring about investment and growth is recognised, and analysis suggests the technology could cut the annual cost of meeting the UK’s carbon targets by up to 1% of GDP by 2050[13]. DECC emphasises that its continuing focus is to deliver support in a way that facilitates the wider development of the CCS industry, particularly ensuring that the support made available now to early projects has a beneficial impact on the pace and cost of future CCS deployment. It quotes as an example that, as part of the White Rose CCS project, a large capacity ‘Yorkshire/Humber CCS Trunkline’ has been included in the FEED study, with capacity in excess of that required for the Competition project alone, to support the work National Grid is already undertaking as part of its EC-funded activities for the Don Valley project. Such a pipeline could encourage the development of further CCS projects in the area through the provision of transportation facilities and access to CO2 storage. * See https://www.gov.uk/govenment/policy-advisory-groups/pilot
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`` CCS for deployment on industrial sources is less developed than for power sources. As a result, the Government has committed in the recent DECC publication ‘The Future of Heating: Meeting the Challenge’ [14] to a techno-economic study to help to better understand the necessary industrial carbon capture technologies and costs. A joint Industry-Government steering group has been established to guide this work, which is expected to be completed in the spring of 2014. `` In order to encourage supply chain development, as detailed in the EMR consultation launched in October 2013, projects seeking a CfD will be required to produce a Government-approved ‘supply chain plan’ before they are eligible to enter the CfD allocation process. This will apply to all low-carbon generation projects above a 300MW capacity. `` In support of international collaboration, Energy and Climate Change Minister Greg Barker recently signed a Joint Statement with the Governor of Guangdong on low-carbon cooperation, including CCS. This has been complemented by the creation of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between UK and Chinese organisations developing CCS*. `` DECC shares the CRTF’s interest in the extent and value of flexibility that CCS might bring. Flexibility could be of particular value in a future low-carbon energy ‘mix’ with large proportions of intermittent or inflexible generation. Further research on this could be important for both the UK and international CCS development. DECC has proposed a study on this topic to the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) which it has agreed to take forward. `` Constraints and limitations on plant size can restrict developers’ ability to make the most favourable economic choices for their site. The Government agrees with the importance of allowing developers to make the most appropriate choices for their sites and does not intend to introduce any constraints on the size of plant in the future. Similarly, the Government has adopted a technology- and fuel-neutral approach in its CCS policy, leaving the choice to the developers, who are best placed to make these decisions.
The 10-year MoU between UKCCSRC, SCCS, GDLRC and CFEDI being signed in London, September 2013, witnessed by Governor Zhu Xiaodan of Guangdong Province, PRC, and Energy and Climate Change Minister Greg Barker, DECC (courtesy of UKCCSRC) * Guangdong Low-carbon Technology and Industry Research Centre (GDLRC), Clean Fossil Energy Development Institute (CFEDI), UKCCSRC, and Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS)
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UK Electricity Market Reform The main barrier to CCS is undoubtedly the lack of financial incentives to implement it. The cost of carbon emissions, whether levied via the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) or in the UK via the Carbon Price Floor, is insufficient to cover the cost – particularly for early projects. A similar gap existed for electricity generated from renewable energy sources and this has been filled by the Renewables Obligation. In the future, it is proposed that the financial incentives for low-carbon generation will be through the mechanisms of EMR. The EMR programme will significantly change the electricity market. The Government anticipates that it will result in £110bn investment for the UK to secure an affordable supply of electricity while meeting its climate change targets. As part of the programme, the Government is introducing: `` Feed-in Tariffs with CfDs – a mechanism to support investment in low-carbon generation; `` Capacity Market – a mechanism to support security of supply if needed; and `` Institutional arrangements to support these reforms. Importantly, CCS is seen as one of the key technologies – alongside wind (onshore and offshore) and nuclear – that will contribute to the low-carbon generation goal and be supported by CfDs (see Box 2). The proposal to introduce measures through EMR to support the implementation of CCS beyond the initial demonstration or Commercialisation projects is world-leading.
Box 2 EMR – Contracts for Difference (source: DECC website) These will stimulate investment in low-carbon technologies (including renewables, nuclear and CCS) by providing predictable revenue streams that will encourage investment by reducing risks to investors and by making it easier and cheaper to secure finance.
The Government’s CCS Roadmap, published in April 2012[12], included the CCSA’s ambition for 20- 30GW of CCS to be deployed by 2030 and stated: “The measures being taken by Government, as set out in this Roadmap, should enable this ambition to be achieved, subject to CCS demonstrating its effectiveness as a cost-competitive, low-carbon source of electricity generation in time to meet projected demand.” However, in its ‘EMR Delivery Plan’[15], published in December 2013, where the Government presents a forward view of low-carbon capacity in 2030 (Chapter 6), there are five scenarios quoted for CCS that have total UK CCS electricity generating capacities of 1-13GW, much smaller than the wind capacities (24-54GW) and nuclear capacities (9-20GW) quoted.
International position The international state-of-play of CCS is very well described in the recent Global CCS Institute report ‘Global Status of CCS’ [16]. Notably, a number of large-scale, integrated projects (the Boundary Dam project in Saskatchewan, Canada, which is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology retrofit on a coal-fired power plant; the Kemper County energy facility in Mississippi, USA, which is a new coal-fired integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) with pre-combustion decarbonisation; and the Gorgon gas processing plant in Western Australia) have moved forward to the construction phase and are now well ahead of the UK’s Commercialisation Programme. In contrast, there has been a reduction in the number of planned, full- scale CCS projects since 2011, particularly in Europe with the failure of the EC’s measures to stimulate development.
Status of CCS technologies in a UK context A full description of the various CCS technologies is presented in the APGTF’s 2009 strategy (Section 4)[17] and is therefore not repeated here. The latest estimates of capital expenditure (‘CAPEX’) and operating expenditure (‘OPEX’) costs and the resulting LCOE for various CCS options are given in the Final Report of the CRTF[4] and show that coal- or gas-fired power plants with CCS can be a competitive form of low-carbon power generation.
For both power generation and industrial CCS, the technologies comprise CO2 capture, transport and offshore storage, covered in turn below.
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Kemper County energy facility during construction, October 2013, Mississippi, USA (courtesy of Southern Company)
CO2 capture The capture technologies that are ready for application and proposed for the early CCS power projects (in the UK and abroad) are: Post-combustion capture (PCC) for gas-fired or supercritical pulverised coal (PC)-fired power plants using solvents. This is the technology proposed for the Peterhead CCGT retrofit project whose FEED study is expected to be announced early in 2014. It was also proposed for the Kingsnorth, Longannet and Hunterston CCS demonstration projects in the UK that have been cancelled. Furthermore, E.ON/GDF Suez plan to use this technology option at their demonstration project at Maasvlakte in the Netherlands and it is also being used at Boundary Dam in Canada (it was recently announced that the integrated CCS demonstration project at Unit 3 at the Boundary Dam power station, which will capture and store 1MtCO2/year, is on track for completion by April 2014; it is running about $115m over its budget of $1.24bn, although the capture portion is “essentially finished on budget”). This technology is of particular interest because of its potential for retrofitting to existing, modern, high-efficiency, supercritical power plants such as those built over recent years in China and India, and for this reason it was specified in the first UK CCS Competition. PCC is suitable for baseload electricity generation and has the capability for flexible operation. In the UK, there are two PCC pilot-scale plants at Ferrybridge power station in Yorkshire (SSE/Doosan Babcock/Vattenfall/TSB/DECC, 5MWe) and Aberthaw power station in south Wales (RWE npower/ Cansolv, 3MWe), as well as the UKCCSRC’s PACT Facilities at Beighton near Sheffield (150kWth). PCC is being validated at 5-40MWth scale in Europe. There is a significant amount of supporting R&D underway in the UK (see Chapter 3).
RWE’s 3MWe carbon capture pilot plant at Aberthaw power station, south Wales which pilots carbon capture technology designed by Shell Cansolv (courtesy of Shell Cansolv)
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Oxy-fuel combustion for coal power plants. This is the technology proposed for the 426MWe White Rose Commercialisation Project at Drax for which the FEED study is now underway. Oxy-fuel combustion has been developed in Europe and the USA by Alstom and in the UK by Doosan Babcock and partners, and is suitable for new-build projects and retrofitting to existing plant. Four other companies are offering to build new oxy-fuel fired power plant. It has been validated at a large pilot-scale in Europe, e.g. the 30MWth Schwarze Pumpe project in Germany (lignite-fired), the 30MWth Lacq project in France (gas-fired) and at Ponferrada in Spain (20MWth PC-fired and 30MWth circulating fluidised bed (CFB) coal-fired, operated by CIUDEN). Other retrofit applications to coal-fired plants at a demonstration scale are underway in Australia (Callide, 20MWe) – now operational with an aim to achieve 10,000 cumulative operating hours by November 2014 – and planned in the USA (FutureGen 2.0, 165MWe). Oxy-fuel combustion is suitable for baseload and flexible operation (the air separation unit (ASU) could be designed to meet oxygen (O2) demand with ramp-up and turn-down rates of ~3%/minute, similar to a sub-critical PC unit). The significant amount of supporting R&D in the UK includes the Doosan Babcock ‘OxyCoal’ 40MWth combustion system demonstration on the test facility at Renfrew and projects using the PACT facilities (see Chapter 3). Pre-combustion decarbonisation from gas- or for IGCC coal-fired power plants. Pre-combustion decarbonisation from gas was the technology identified for the first proposal for a low-emissions power plant at Peterhead in 2005. Subsequent interest in pre-combustion decarbonisation has focused upon IGCC coal-fired power plants. This technology is primarily for baseload electricity generation and is proposed for use by three entrants in the UK Commercialisation Competition for new coal power plants with CCS, namely 2Co Energy, Teesside Low Carbon and Captain Clean Energy. It is also of interest for hydrogen (H2) production and offers fuel flexibility. Pre-combustion decarbonisation has higher CAPEX but lower OPEX costs than PCC or oxy-fuel combustion technology options, although at the current level of knowledge there is little difference in the resulting LCOE.
In a pre-combustion decarbonisation system, CO2 can be removed from the gas stream using a physical solvent washing technology, which has been proven at scale in the syngas, ammonia and chemicals feedstock industries over many years and at many plants including in the USA and China. An alternative approach is under development in the UK, based on compression of the gas stream to separate the CO2 in a liquid form (see the Next Generation Capture Technology project in Appendix 1). Other technologies. There are many other capture technologies at an earlier stage of development, including solid absorbent cycles, chemical/carbonate ‘looping’ cycles and novel oxy-fuel cycles (see Chapter 3 for references to current R&D).
TATA Steelworks in Port Talbot UK (courtesy of 123RF )
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Industry CO2 capture There is extensive development and piloting of industrial CCS around the world (see ‘Existing Activities’ column in the table on p.43) but little on the ground as yet in the UK. However, the Government (DECC and BIS) has recently initiated a study, entitled ‘Techno-Economic Study of Industrial Carbon Capture for Storage and Capture for Utilisation’, which is to report in the spring of 2014. Government analysis has identified that industrial CCS (‘ICCS’) is likely to be a key technology to deliver carbon abatement in energy-intensive industries such as iron and steel, cement, chemicals and refining: without CCS, it may not be possible to substantially decarbonise these sectors. The Government’s 2013 publication ‘The Future of Heating: Meeting the Challenge’[14] committed DECC and BIS to undertake this study to better understand industrial carbon capture technologies and costs. The study will help determine the next steps in supporting innovation in this field. It is notable that ‘industrial capture’ is included in the EC’s ‘Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015 in the Area of Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy’[18] published in December 2013.
CO2 transport
In the UK, the transport of CO2 from the capture plant to the storage site offshore will be by pipeline, ship or a combination of these methods. A network of pipelines similar to the current gas transmission system would eventually be needed to access all large sources of CO2.
Pipeline transport of CO2 is an established technology. It has been proposed both using new pipelines (e.g. for the White Rose project) and also by re-using redundant gas pipelines (e.g. for the original Longannet retrofit project).
Pipelines may operate at medium pressure (around 30 bar) with the CO2 in gaseous phase or at high pressure (>80 bar) with the CO2 in ‘dense’ phase. The CO2 may be compressed or pumped at the capture site, in stages along the pipeline and at the storage platform. Compressors required for this duty are available commercially.
In the USA, there are extensive pipeline networks transporting dense phase CO2 from natural sources and ammonia plants to oilfields where it is used for EOR.
For CCS applications in the UK, CO2 pipelines must be designed to take account of the relatively dense population along pipeline corridors (cf. the USA), the need to recognise the presence of impurities (especially O2), the requirement for the CO2 to be relatively dry to avoid corrosion or hydrate formation, and, in the event of a leak, the effect of Joule-Thomson cooling on the pipe material rendering it more brittle. The transport system design also has to recognise the pressure requirements at the storage site which may vary over time (e.g. gas injection initially and dense phase injection later) and the possible composition restrictions imposed where existing infrastructure (e.g. well tubes) is to be re-used. Pipelines and compressor stations can be engineered safely by taking a conservative approach to their design, but RD&D, including that underway (Chapter 3) and that recommended (Chapter 4), will allow increased confidence, design margins to be refined and costs to be reduced.
Pipeline infrastructure to serve a potential Yorkshire and Humber CCS cluster (courtesy of National Grid)
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CO2 storage A number of ‘source-sink mapping’ studies, including GESTCO (2008), UKSAP (ETI, 2011), CASSEM (SCCS, 2012) and Captain (SCCS, 2013), have confirmed material storage potential in the UK with a number of locations where the proximity of a cluster of CO2 sources and potential suitable storage favour the development of regional CCS ‘hubs’. Storage sites for these hubs include the Bunter sandstone in the southern North Sea (SNS), the Captain fairway in the central North Sea (CNS) and the Irish Sea.
CO2STORED* is the UK’s most comprehensive atlas of offshore CO2 storage sites, accessible on the internet and operated by the Crown Estate and the British Geological Survey (BGS). The database is the result of ETI’s £4m, 3-year UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP). In addition, Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) continues assessment of the Captain fairway via the CO2MultiStore project.
[19] The ETI’s overall appraisal of UK storage capacity in 2011 showed a potential capacity of 78GtCO2 (compared to a UK requirement of around 15GtCO2 over 100 years). Approximately 90% of the storage potential is in deep saline formations, although significant potential capacity also exists in mature/ depleted oil and gas reservoirs.
Implementation of CO2-EOR could provide some early storage opportunities. The potential to maximise the hydrocarbon recovery from the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) is currently the subject of a Government-commissioned review by Sir Ian Wood. In an interim report from the review[20], EOR (of which CO2-EOR is one subset of technologies) is recognised as one of a number of options for improving recovery. Whilst CO2-EOR is not currently being undertaken in the UK North Sea, successful hydrocarbon gas EOR projects are being undertaken in the BP-operated Magnus and Ula fields. Barriers to the implementation of CO2-EOR in the North Sea are seen by operators as more commercial- and policy-based than technical. In particular, CO2-EOR will need to compete with the new generation of enhanced waterflood technologies that are now beginning to be deployed in the market.
Major CO2 emitters and potential storage sites in the UK (courtesy of the Energy Technologies Institute) * See http://www.co2stored.co.uk
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Active projects in the UK are proposing storage in depleted gas fields (including the Goldeneye Field by Shell, initially for the Longannet project and now for the Peterhead Commercialisation project), in depleted oil fields (by 2Co Energy with EOR) and in deep saline formations (Summit Power in the Captain aquifer in the CNS and National Grid in the SNS, initially for the White Rose project). The Teesside Low Carbon project considered storage in a combination of geological features, deep saline formations and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Storage in deep saline formations has a potential cost advantage, avoiding the higher investment and operating costs associated with EOR. However, this advantage tends to be offset by the limited availability of appraisal data for many deep saline formation storage options which is a major uncertainty in the development of this resource. The appraisal drilling by National Grid at its selected site in Block 42/25 in the summer of 2013 was a significant step forward.
The Energy Endeavour rig test drilling for National Grid in the North Sea, August 2013 (courtesy of National Grid)
Early deep saline formation opportunities are targeting confined structures (ie domes or equivalent) where the potential for migration is limited. In the near-to-medium term, understanding and mitigating geomechanical risk will be a key area of work. In the longer term, interest will also need to focus on open structures with larger capacity where models of long-term migration will need to be validated.
Health and safety of CCS Like any large-scale industrial activity, there are hazards associated with CCS which could impact on human safety if not properly managed. Many of these hazards are well understood. Industry is continuing to work with academics and regulators to define the appropriate controls – including prudent engineering solutions – that should be implemented. Where appropriate, knowledge is being transferred from other relevant sectors, ie the oil and gas, petrochemicals and industrial gases industries. Safety will be ensured by the UK’s established safety legislation (enforced by the Health & Safety Executive), which is designed to protect both workers and members of the public, and will apply across the CCS chain from CO2 capture to injection.
Update of strategy Taking account of the above scenario analysis and the announcements by DECC of the next stage in the UK Commercialisation Programme, the APGTF has decided it is timely to update its strategy to take account of the current situation, with particular emphasis on updating the priorities for RD&D to take account of the work which is now underway, the latest position globally and the recommendations of the CRTF regarding reducing the costs associated with CCS.
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 17 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward Objectives of the Strategy
Ferrybridge Power Station (courtesy of SSE plc)
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2 Objectives of the Strategy
Aims of the APGTF strategy The main aim of the APGTF strategy remains, as in 2011: “To ensure that the UK maintains a leading role in the development and commercialisation of carbon abatement technologies that can make a significant and affordable reduction in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.” [1] This aim requires CCS to be developed and implemented in the UK on a sufficient scale, with costs reducing at least in line with the CRTF trajectory, and in a sufficiently timely manner to allow UK organisations to benefit in home and export markets. The vision of the APGTF strategy, first set out in 2009, had an ambitious target for CCS deployment by 2020 which will not now be met, and in the current strategy (see Box 3) the vision must recognise the reality of the slower pace of implementation in the UK and Europe than was envisaged five years ago.
Box 3 APGTF’s 2014 Vision for CCS in the UK 1. Adoption of a target for the successful deployment of carbon abatement technologies for fossil fuels (CATs), and in particular CCS, in the UK, with a target of around 10% of UK power generation (approximately 40TWh) being from fossil fuel plant fitted with CCS by 2025. 2. A capability is created in the UK so that CCS can make a major contribution to the target of 80% greenhouse gas emissions reduction by 2050 (against a 1990 baseline). 3. The UK is positioned for success in the global markets and influence in the EU and global policy dialogue.
The three challenges identified in the DECC CCS Roadmap of 2012[12] need to be met, namely: `` Reducing the costs and risks associated with CCS so that it is cost-competitive with other low-carbon technologies; `` Putting in place the market frameworks that will enable CCS to be deployed by the private sector cost effectively; and `` Removing key barriers to the deployment of CCS for both the power and industrial sectors.
The APGTF, working within its traditional scope, will seek to contribute to meeting its own aims and the challenges identified by DECC through: `` RD&D; `` Knowledge exchange; `` Supply chain development, skills development and capacity building; `` International collaboration; and `` Public outreach/education
for the full chain of activities in fossil and biomass fuel power generation, including important improvements in the base generation plant. The APGTF will provide recommendations and pursue its own actions in these areas, working with the UKCCSRC and other consortia (including ‘Flex-e Plant’, the other Future Conventional Plant consortium and the Bioenergy SUPERGEN Hub) as appropriate. The APGTF will contribute to the complementary activities of other groups and organisations, such as the CCSA, the UK CO2 Storage Development Group and the UK CCS Commercial Development Group which will provide leadership on regulation, storage and finance. The APGTF will also seek to participate in and contribute to the UK CCS Knowledge Transfer Network, building on its experience as the delivery partner for cleaner fossil fuels in the Technology Strategy Board’s Knowledge Transfer Network for Energy Generation & Supply (EG&S KTN). Strategic and Technology Implementation targets consistent with the above aims are set out overleaf.
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Strategic Targets The following tables are reproduced from the 2011 APGTF strategy[1], with a new column added to record progress and update timescales.
Table 1 Timescale Programme Update Initiative (as stated in the Implementation (at January 2014) versus 2011 APGTF Strategy) 2011 Strategy A UK CCS Roadmap addressing Late 2011 Issued by DECC in April 2012 and updated RD&D and deployment and October 2013, giving recognition of associated issues deployment beyond the Commercialisation projects. R&D Now and continuing Good progress, see Chapter 4, but will need to continue, with more emphasis on cost reduction. UK regulations 2010, with adaptation to 2025 Review in line with EU review, 2014. UK CCS Competition Operational by 2015 Superseded by DECC’s Commercialisation (300MW+ CCS demonstration Programme, which should have led, according on pulverised coal) to the 2012 Roadmap, to operation of one or two plants in 2016 (now more likely to be 2018). FEED study for 1st project (White Rose) initiated in December 2013, with that for 2nd (Peterhead) anticipated for January 2014. UK CCS Demonstration Projects Commissioned 2015-2018 Follow-on projects may now be supported by 2-4 EMR. Four in total could be in operation by 2020. Phase 3 of EU ETS From 2013 Phase 3 of EU ETS in place with full auctioning of allowances. Discussions have begun on Phase 4 (2021 onwards). 11-13 large-scale, integrated 1st phase of 6-7 NER300 scheme proposed but no projects demonstrations in Europe demonstrations by 2015/16; approved under Phase 1. In Phase 2, there is 2nd phase of 5-6 just one CCS project – White Rose in the UK. demonstrations by 2018 UK CCC targets: CCC in May 2013 stated: Fit CCS to new coal power plant 2020-2025 “Set in legislation during this Parliament a initially built capture-ready target to reduce carbon intensity of power generation to 50gCO2/kWh by 2030 with some Trivial level of fossil fuel use By mid-2020s flexibility to adjust this in light of new without CCS information. Publish strategies for the further development of offshore wind and the commercialisation of CCS, setting out the amount of intended investment to 2030 and cost reductions required to sustain this ambition.” EU target for full By 2020 EU Consultative Communication on ‘The commercialisation Future of Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe’[21] emphasises the importance of CCS in 2030. World CCS requirement to 2050 Based on IEA ‘BLUE Map’ IEA CCS Roadmap 2013: scenario, 100 CCS projects by 2020: 50MtCO2/year stored 2020, storing 240MtCO2/year plus 100 projects/year 2030: 2GtCO2/year stored thereafter. 2050: 7GtCO2/year stored Over 3,000 projects in 2050, storing 8.2GtCO2/year with approximately 50% of these on coal- or gas-fired power plants
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Table 2 Technology Demonstration Needed Update Technology Implementation Area (2011 APGTF Strategy) (at January 2014) Targets – overview versus CO capture (coal) 2011 Strategy 2 Post-combustion Retrofit coal-fired power plant with PCC Retrofit proposed for Longannet cancelled due to Capture (PCC) operating in the UK by 2015 cost. Similar project proceeding well at Boundary Dam, Canada – expected to go into operation in 2014. 600°C coal-fired power plant with PCC New-build projects developed for Kingsnorth and operating in the UK by 2017 Hunterston, but cancelled due to funding and policy issues.
Oxy-fuel Large-scale (100-500MWe) oxy-fuel CCS 425MWe project proposed for White Rose project, combustion demonstration by 2016 Drax. FEED study initiated December 2013.
Pre-combustion A full-scale (400-800MWe) UK IGCC 3 x pre-combustion decarbonisation IGCC projects decarbonisation demonstration based on UK ‘original are candidates for follow-on from the equipment manufacturer’ (OEM) capability Commercialisation projects, but with limited UK OEM by 2015 technology input. The target date has probably been delayed 4-5 years.
CO2 capture (gas) Gas-fired power plant with PCC operating Retrofit project proposed for Peterhead in the DECC in the UK by 2016 Commercialisation Programme. FEED study initiation anticipated in early 2014. Demonstration of high-efficiency gas Remains a target for coal IGCC and is the subject of turbine (GT) working on very high R&D in a European project (H2-IGCC project). H2-content fuel (perhaps through international collaboration) Demonstration of pre-combustion Demonstration of integrated combined cycle with decarbonisation with a CCGT plant gas reformer was envisaged but no project yet (possibly a retrofit project) proposed. DECC are supporting the development of materials for the turbine of the Net Power Allam Cycle (oxy- fuel based gas power plant) with the aim to build and operate a 25MWth pilot by 2014/15.
CO2 transport Development of a (initially point-to-point) White Rose and Peterhead projects based on point- transport system associated with the first to-point transport. White Rose project includes a large-scale, integrated demonstration study of an oversize Yorkshire/Humberside pipeline. project by 2015 Major supporting project (COOLTRANS) led by National Grid. Development of an onshore transport Recognised as a target post- Commercialisation network linked to several capture sites by projects. 2020
CO2 storage Initial offshore storage demonstrated in UK Peterhead, Captain, Don Valley and Teesside projects depleted gas- and oil-fields associated with in the DECC Commercialisation competition propose the first large-scale, integrated such storage. demonstration project by 2015 Network of offshore storage demonstrated Recognised as a target post- Commercialisation in UK depleted gas- and oil-fields (including projects. EOR if appropriate) by 2020 Major saline formations appraisal Deep saline formation selected for the White Rose programme to validate storage capacity project and initial appraisal drilling successfully and integrity, completed by 2020 to enable completed by National Grid. Further appraisal under deployment between 2020 and 2030 consideration by the UK CO2 Storage Development Group led by the Crown Estate.
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 21 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward Current Activity in CCS in the UK
250kW air/oxy-fuel combustion rig at UKCCSRC’s PACT facilities, Beighton (courtesy of UKCCSRC PACT)
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3 Current Activity in CCS in the UK
This chapter describes activities underway in the UK within the scope of interest of the APGTF and relevant to this strategy.
Current activity – R&D Several of the major R&D initiatives recommended in previous APGTF strategies are now underway in the UK, with significant support along the ‘innovation chain’ (see Figure 3.1). Support is provided at Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)* 1 to 6 from the Research Councils (led by EPSRC), TSB, ETI and DECC (see Figure 3.2). The Crown Estate is also actively supporting storage-related work and National Grid has its own programmes, including COOLTRANS, an £8m project supported by the EC under the European Energy Recovery Package (EERP) as part of the Don Valley project.
Figure 3.1 Technology innovation chain
Research & Demonstration Deployment Development
Commercially proven and Pre-commercial economies of full-scale scale achieved implementation Pilot-scale technology validation New ideas
The support models (and proportion of funding and ownership of results) vary across these funding agencies, with the highest levels of funding (near 100%) at the lowest TRLs and the lowest (~25%) at the highest, although with its unique public-private funding arrangements the ETI is able to fund up to 100% of costs for TRL 3-6 projects. Industry, including all of the APGTF’s industrial members, has provided the balance of R&D funding, estimated overall at about half of the total, justified within the companies by the commercial benefits which were expected to accrue from the demonstration/ Commercialisation projects and future CCS deployment.
Figure 3.2 TRLs and Integration through UK Gov. Depts., the Energy Res. Partnership (ERP), UKERC, etc funding Research & Demonstration Deployment Development
Department of Energy & Climate Change EU ETS, supplier obligations and policy support Energy Technologies Institute
Technology Strategy Board £ Research Councils
TRL 1-3 TRL 3-5 TRL 6-7 TRL 8-9 ‘in the lab’ ‘at scale’ ‘commercial prototype’ ‘in-service’
* TRL 1-3 : ‘in the lab’ research and feasibilty; TRL 3-6 : ‘at scale’ technological development; TRL 6-7 : technology is demonstrated with commercial prototypes; TRL 8-9 : describes technology once it is ‘in service’. [22]
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In 2012, DECC produced a very Figure 3.3 useful graphical representation The £125m UK CCS of the R&D which has been R&D Programme initiated under various public- (2011-2015) sector programmes in its £125m, four-year R&D and Innovation Programme, 2011- 2015 – see Figure 3.3. Projects are classified into ‘Fundamental R&D’ (mostly funded by the Research Councils), ‘Component Development & Applied Research’ (TSB, DECC and ETI) and ‘Pilot-scale Technology Validation’ (ETI, TSB and DECC). Projects are collected by technical area into ‘Whole System’, ‘Conversion & Generation’, ‘Capture: Pre-combustion Decarbonisation’, ‘Capture: Post-combustion’, ‘Capture: Oxy- fuel’, ‘CO2 Monitoring’, ‘CO2 Transport’, ‘CO2 Storage’ and ‘CO2 Utilisation’. In order to inform forward plans for RD&D, the APGTF has worked with UKCCSRC to extend the listing of projects behind the DECC ‘dartboard diagram’ to include newer projects (largely EPSRC funded), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded R&D and important relevant earlier projects (mainly TSB and EC supported): this extended list is included as Appendix 1 to this strategy and will be maintained by UKCCSRC and accessible on their website. It should be noted that there is a great deal more RD&D underway elsewhere in Europe (much of it funded by the EC’s Framework Programme or Research Fund for Coal & Steel (RFCS)) and around the world than is included in the listing. The recommendations of this strategy include the creation of a much more comprehensive database with a portal to project results.
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Current activity – research capacity and skills development Activity by the APGTF and its members in the past has encouraged and supported capacity building initiatives by the Research Councils’ Energy Programme. These include relevant Centres for Doctoral Training (CDTs), the UK CCS Consortium (UKCCSC Phase I), the UK CCS Community Network (UKCCSC Phase II) and the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCSSRC): `` The EPSRC Engineering Doctorate (EngD) Centre in Efficient Fossil Energy Technologies (EFET), which is hosted by three universities in the Midlands Energy Consortium (MEC) – Nottingham, Loughborough and Birmingham. The EFET EngD Centre produces research leaders to tackle the major national and international challenges. In total, training is being provided for 50 PhDs (with 10 being recruited each year between 2009 and 2013) whose projects include the successful development of CO2 capture for power generation and coal utilisation.
`` A new EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Carbon Capture & Storage and Cleaner Fossil Energy is being established in 2014, building upon the success of the existing EFET EngD Centre by focusing on core strengths identified by the EFET Industrial Partners and EPSRC. The existing partnership has been expanded to include the University of Leeds and BGS as an associate partner to improve the quality and breadth of the training programme and increase the level of industrial participation, particularly in CO2 storage (BGS) and power plant operation (Leeds). The new Centre will involve over 50 recognised academics in CCS and cleaner fossil energy to provide comprehensive supervisory capacity across the theme for 70 doctoral students. It will provide an innovative training programme co-created in collaboration with the Industrial Partners to meet their advanced skills needs. The partnership has significant international reach, especially in Asia, and there will be strong links to UKCCSRC, the two Future Conventional Power Consortia and the Bio-energy and Sustainable Chemistry CDTs.
EngD student undertaking research (courtesy of the EFET EngD Centre, University of Nottingham)
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`` Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS), a partnership between BGS, Heriot-Watt University and the University of Edinburgh, is the largest research group on CCS in the UK. Supported by a grant from the Scottish Funding Council (SFC) and as part of the Energy Technology Partnership (ETP), SCCS has a remit to work on research across all of Scotland’s universities and develop a network to support the engagement of SMEs in R&D. SCCS continues to build on the research base across Scotland covering a full-chain of disciplines and seeking capacity to meet demand. Through its direct funding, SCCS currently supports three post-doctoral research assistants and one Scientific Research Officer post, and also has seven PhD students part-funded through the ETP PhD Studentship programme.
`` In 2012, the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC), with an administration team located at the University of Edinburgh, was founded to act as a focal point for CCS-related research and the UKCCSRC PACT (Pilot-scale Advanced Capture Technology shared facilities) were set up. UKCCSRC is supported by the EPSRC as part of the Research Councils UK Energy Programme, with additional funding from DECC to lead and coordinate a programme of underpinning research on all aspects of CCS in support of basic science and UK Government efforts on energy and climate change. UKCCSRC has been carrying out a process to define Centre research and has provided input to the priorities recommended in Chapter 4. The PACT facilities, based in Sheffield, Cranfield and Edinburgh, are the focal point for large-scale experimental work undertaken by UKCCSRC and are also available for use by UK industry, especially SMEs, for development and demonstration of products by the CCS supply chain.
`` There has been significant investment in CO2 measurement test facilities at NEL under the sponsorship of the UK Government’s National Measurement Office to enable a range of measurement and sampling technologies to be evaluated. The CO2 gas facility allows the performance of flow measurement devices in gaseous CO2 and CO2 mixtures to be evaluated. This facility has been used to test the performance of ultrasonic flow meters, orifice plates and coriolis mass flow meters in CO2 resulting in an evaluation of the most appropriate technology for gaseous CO2 metering. The CO2 static facility has been used to test the performance of flow measurement and compositional analysis devices. This facility allows sensors to be installed in a non- flowing regime where phase changes can be induced by changing the composition of the CO2 through the introduction of impurities like N2, H2, H2O and O2. The temperature and pressure are controlled in such a way as to produce gaseous and dense phase CO2. The facility has also been used to test flow and composition measurement devices in dense phase CO2 and CO2 mixtures. The liquid re-circulation (dynamic) CO2 facility will be used to test measurement devices and components in flowing CO2 conditions. The fluid used will be pure CO2 or a CO2 mixture and may be in a gas, liquid or two-phase condition.
NEL’s CO2 Gas Facility – flow meters under test (courtesy of NEL)
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Industry, too, has invested in major (multi-£m) test facilities including:
`` Doosan Babcock’s ‘OxyCoal’ combustion test facility (40MWth) at Renfrew.
`` E.ON’s 1MWth Combustion Test Facility (oxy-fuel test unit) at Ratcliffe Technology Centre.
`` SSE/Doosan Babcock/Vattenfall’s CC100+ PCC pilot plant (5MWe) at Ferrybridge power station.
`` RWE npower/Cansolv’s PCC Pilot (3MWe) at Aberthaw power station. `` GL Noble Denton’s pipe test facilities at Spadeadam.
The CC100+ pilot-scale project at Ferrybridge power station (courtesy of Doosan Babcock Ltd ©)
Current activity – knowledge exchange There is already extensive sharing of knowledge within the UK and internationally, through conferences and meetings (including those organised by the APGTF, the CCSA, the Energy Institute and UKCCSRC), collaborative projects and university/industry collaborations. Websites, such as those hosted by the APGTF, CCSA, the EG&S KTN, UKCCSRC and SCCS, provide portals to published information. In addition, many international websites provide further opportunities for knowledge exchange, including the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plant (ZEP), the Global CCS Institute, the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF). DECC ran a major knowledge exchange event at the conclusion of the FEED studies for the first CCS demonstration competition. Although the event was only one day in duration, there was extensive supporting information in the form of written reports. In Europe there is a formal requirement for organisations that are receiving EERP support for CCS projects to participate in the European CCS Demonstration Project Network which currently has five members. The Network started life primarily focused on knowledge exchange between the members (who are restricted to organisations implementing full-scale projects at the FEED stage and onwards) but it has begun to develop its external sharing through publications and events (e.g. see the Situation Report, published in September 2013[23], which contains useful details of the projects and, relevant to this strategy, recommendations for R&D). The Network is currently working with the Global CCS Institute to produce a structured plan for future global knowledge sharing. It has to be noted that knowledge sharing is currently inhibited by the competitive environment in which project developers and researchers operate.
28 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Current activity – international collaboration Most of the members of the APGTF already engage in international collaboration. This includes participation in joint R&D projects (including EC Framework projects, projects with Chinese partners etc.), tenders and proposals for overseas CCS projects and technology transfer. UK universities have a long track record of international collaboration in CCS, with information flowing out to collaborators as well as in. Recently, UKCCSRC and Carbon Management Canada (CMC-NCE) established an exchange programme allowing early-career researchers from their respective organisations to collaborate with each other on CCS projects. Funding is available per proposal to fund graduate students and post-doctoral researchers. The exchanges will build new or strengthen existing collaborations between the two countries’ top researchers, share experimental facilities and exchange knowledge. UKCCSRC and SaskPower have established a joint initiative to link practical experience on SaskPower’s Boundary Dam project with a wide-ranging academic CCS research programme. The three-year MoU was signed in May 2013 to facilitate research and related opportunities aimed at improving costs and performance of CCS. In support of the MoU programme, UKCCSRC has allocated an initial budget to meet the additional costs to UK academic researchers. A joint SaskPower/UKCCSRC panel will provide oversight and planning for the coordinated research activities.
With its focus on developing technologies to support the UK in meeting its CO2 reduction targets, the ETI has invested in projects that bring together international collaboration (e.g. its ‘next generation’ capture technologies for gas-fired power involving Canadian SME Inventys, Doosan Babcock and Howden). However, despite all this UK and international activity, there remain critical gaps in this area, and this strategy recommends additional support mechanisms to encourage learning from major projects underway elsewhere in the world.
Inventys VeloxoTherm™ technology with Rotary Adsorbant Machine constructed by Howden Group, commissioned and tested as part of the ETI’s Next Generation Capture Technology for Gas Fired Power project (courtesy of the Energy Technologies Institute/ Inventys Thermal Technologies)
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Priorities for Research, Development and Demonstration
Carbonated aggregate using
CO2 captured directly from combusted landfill gas (courtesy of Carbon8 Systems Ltd)
30 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
4 Priorities For Research, Development and Demonstration
RD&D themes In this chapter, the APGTF priorities for RD&D are tabulated (see Table 4.1). These recommendations have been developed in consultation with members of the APGTF, the CCSA and the UKCCSRC, and have taken account of the recommendations published by the European CCS project network (see Appendix 2). Recommendations are set out against five themes: `` CCS whole systems and cross-cutting issues (ie issues which cut across capture, transport and storage).
`` CO2 capture. `` Industrial CCS.
`` CO2 transport.
`` CO2 storage.
In the fourth column of Table 4, recent and current projects which are judged relevant to the planning of further RD&D are noted, with identification (‘Id’) numbers that reference further information included in the spreadsheet in Appendix 1.
Prioritisation RD&D needs have been prioritised and colour-coded as follows:
RED – Highest Priority BLUE – Medium Priority GREEN – Lower Priority
Most of the APGTF’s priority RD&D projects fall into the ‘Medium Priority’ category and should commence as soon as possible.
The ‘Highest Priority’ has been afforded specifically to topics which could bring benefit to the commercialisation of CCS or other early full-scale CCS projects, or could benefit from links to these projects, or could influence the policy on roll-out of CCS (e.g. to high-emitting industries).
‘Lower Priority’ topics are those that could benefit from delay for a year or two to allow other relevant work to be completed first.
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Table 4.1 Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets 2015: FEED studies for UK Commercialisation Programme projects due to be complete `` Two Commercialisation `` 2020: Evidence points to CRTF targets `` Through to 2030: Roll-out of at Programme projects shortlisted being achieved or surpassed least 12GW in operation 2013-2016: 2nd phase of UK projects (CfD-enabled) enter engineering phase `` Three other commercialisation `` 2020-2025: Development of onshore `` 2030: Extensive networks of projects under development CO2 transport network linked to pipelines linking hubs onshore and several capture sites offshore with tributaries to smaller `` 2020-2025: At least one operational CO2 sources example of CO2-EOR R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Effective methods to improve understanding of CCS, and responses to CCS, by the `` Id3: Techno-economic studies of Maximise economically realistic potential for Strategic development of UK storage public, financial community and institutions, including the wider context of CCS, risks, CCS (3 projects) utilisation of captured CO2 (including EOR): resource for UK and European emissions: policy/regulatory/incentive/frameworks and carbon accounting (including bioenergy with `` Id243: Carbon Capture and `` Critical evaluation of economics of `` Establish scale and timing of CCS and industrial emissions): Storage Interactive: CCSI utilisation options opportunities and identify hurdles `` Focus on issues related to initial projects and policy development `` Evaluation of opportunities for EOR and enablers in offshore situations
System-level modelling to understand the operability of a full CCS system in response `` Id4: Multi-scale whole systems Further optimisation of system-level to an increased need for fossil fuels to provide security and flexibility in a decarbonised modelling and analysis modelling and cluster development (sources energy system with intermittent renewables: `` Id5: ETI CCS System Modelling and stores) recognising the different lead- times of the several parts of the CCS chain: `` Value of ‘dispatchable’ fossil power with CCS in a low-carbon energy system Toolkit `` Id761: Flexible network `` Capture hubs `` System operability and power plant interaction with CO2 grid
Whole Systems and Cross-cutting Issues Whole Systems and Cross-cutting development `` Flexibility and coping with changes in demand `` Storage hubs `` Id200: New DECC-proposed `` Decoupling flow rates `` Effective approaches to linking IEAGHG project on flexibility capture hubs and storage hubs `` Virtual system simulation and optimisation Further development of optimised flexible `` Perform complete safety, operability and life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis CCS: of individual sections and full CCS chain, including economics `` Coal/CCS `` Gas/CCS `` Biomass/CCS Improved understanding of the impact and benefits of clustering of sources, optimum `` Scottish Enterprise Storage hub location of power plants (gas and coal) and strategic development of UK storage project resources: `` SCCS Multistore `` Assess possibility of reuse of North Sea and onshore infrastructure `` FP7 SiteChar
`` Investigate UK/European options for clustering CO2 sources and sinks and developing pipeline networks onshore and offshore
Assess the optimum levels of CCS for low-carbon electricity and heat and industrial CO2 `` Id201: Scottish Government study abatement: on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system `` Focus on studies to inform policy decisions (initiated mid-2013)
Develop CO2 accounting, monitoring and measurement techniques (CO2 and impurities) `` NEL facilities and projects and influence development of CO2 standards taking account of different sources and `` Id58: Project COMET – (Coriolis applications: Metering Technology in CO2 Transportation for CCS) `` CO2 measurement and accuracy of measurements (CO2 accounting) through whole system
`` Develop techniques for fiscal metering of CO2 (plus impurities) to +/- 2% accuracy in gas phase and dense phase
32 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets 2015: FEED studies for UK Commercialisation Programme projects due to be complete `` Two Commercialisation `` 2020: Evidence points to CRTF targets `` Through to 2030: Roll-out of at Programme projects shortlisted being achieved or surpassed least 12GW in operation 2013-2016: 2nd phase of UK projects (CfD-enabled) enter engineering phase `` Three other commercialisation `` 2020-2025: Development of onshore `` 2030: Extensive networks of projects under development CO2 transport network linked to pipelines linking hubs onshore and several capture sites offshore with tributaries to smaller `` 2020-2025: At least one operational CO2 sources example of CO2-EOR R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Effective methods to improve understanding of CCS, and responses to CCS, by the `` Id3: Techno-economic studies of Maximise economically realistic potential for Strategic development of UK storage public, financial community and institutions, including the wider context of CCS, risks, CCS (3 projects) utilisation of captured CO2 (including EOR): resource for UK and European emissions: policy/regulatory/incentive/frameworks and carbon accounting (including bioenergy with `` Id243: Carbon Capture and `` Critical evaluation of economics of `` Establish scale and timing of CCS and industrial emissions): Storage Interactive: CCSI utilisation options opportunities and identify hurdles `` Focus on issues related to initial projects and policy development `` Evaluation of opportunities for EOR and enablers in offshore situations
System-level modelling to understand the operability of a full CCS system in response `` Id4: Multi-scale whole systems Further optimisation of system-level to an increased need for fossil fuels to provide security and flexibility in a decarbonised modelling and analysis modelling and cluster development (sources energy system with intermittent renewables: `` Id5: ETI CCS System Modelling and stores) recognising the different lead- times of the several parts of the CCS chain: `` Value of ‘dispatchable’ fossil power with CCS in a low-carbon energy system Toolkit `` Id761: Flexible network `` Capture hubs `` System operability and power plant interaction with CO2 grid development `` Flexibility and coping with changes in demand `` Storage hubs `` Id200: New DECC-proposed `` Decoupling flow rates `` Effective approaches to linking IEAGHG project on flexibility capture hubs and storage hubs `` Virtual system simulation and optimisation Further development of optimised flexible `` Perform complete safety, operability and life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis CCS: of individual sections and full CCS chain, including economics `` Coal/CCS `` Gas/CCS `` Biomass/CCS Improved understanding of the impact and benefits of clustering of sources, optimum `` Scottish Enterprise Storage hub location of power plants (gas and coal) and strategic development of UK storage project resources: `` SCCS Multistore `` Assess possibility of reuse of North Sea and onshore infrastructure `` FP7 SiteChar
`` Investigate UK/European options for clustering CO2 sources and sinks and developing pipeline networks onshore and offshore
Assess the optimum levels of CCS for low-carbon electricity and heat and industrial CO2 `` Id201: Scottish Government study abatement: on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system `` Focus on studies to inform policy decisions (initiated mid-2013)
Develop CO2 accounting, monitoring and measurement techniques (CO2 and impurities) `` NEL facilities and projects and influence development of CO2 standards taking account of different sources and `` Id58: Project COMET – (Coriolis applications: Metering Technology in CO2 Transportation for CCS) `` CO2 measurement and accuracy of measurements (CO2 accounting) through whole system
`` Develop techniques for fiscal metering of CO2 (plus impurities) to +/- 2% accuracy in gas phase and dense phase
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Table 4.2a Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2014: Boundary Dam PCC coal operational - Canada `` 2018-2020: Warranties offered on `` 2025: Commercially available milestones `` 2017: CCS Commercialisation Programme projects (full-scale PCC and oxy-fuel) proven technologies for large-scale systems with >85% capture rate for online new-build and retrofit applications all fuel types `` 2018 onwards: Prove technologies at large power plant scale, identify how to `` 2023: Up to 5GW of CCS plants in `` 2030: All capture systems, all coals, reduce capital costs and improve plant flexibility operation driven by CfDs, CO2 price all firing configurations efficiency or regulation 45%+ LHV including CO capture, `` 2020: Other UK projects driven by CfD and additional commercial drivers 2 `` 2023: Demonstrate integrated ‘Next suitable for flexible generation `` ‘First-of-a-kind’ (FOAK) demonstrations will include existing plant/retrofits as Generation’ technologies and `` ~2025: Commercial pulverised fuel well as new plant develop options for stand-alone ‘Ultra Supercritical’ (USC) boilers `` 2020: Demonstration on range of fossil fuels (coal, gas) ‘Future Generation’ technologies and turbines (>700/720°C and `` 2023: UK examples of post- and pre- >35MPa) – mainly materials issues combustion and oxy-fuel options commercial `` 2023: UK storage proven, UK infrastructure being installed `` 2023: Energy penalties reduced to 8%points for PCC & oxy-fuel for coal, 5-6%points for pre- capture - (a) general/overview capture
2 combustion, 7%points for gas `` 2023: Demonstration on range of
CO fuels including biomass (co-firing/ dedicated) `` (2020): 700°C coal power plant operational (efficiency >50% before CCS, >45% with CCS) designed for CCS, with some utilisation of waste heat
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), `` R&D activities from ‘Competition’ Develop and demonstrate at appropriate Develop commercially available systems improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions: entries pilot-scale ‘Next Generation’ capture to meet CRTF targets and CO2 purity agents and processes both for new plant standards for all fuel types `` Learning from FOAK demonstrations (fixing, refining ‘nth-of-a-kind’ (NOAK) Pilot projects: and for retrofit to earlier plants (including designs) `` Id28: Ferrybridge CC100+ Pilot novel low-temperature solid absorbents `` Improve understanding of environmental impacts of ‘Current Generation’ `` Id202: OCTAVIUS and new oxy-fuel exhaust/flue gas capture technologies `` HiPerCap – high performance PCC recirculation (EGR/FGR) and optimised gas `` Refine requirements for retrofitting capture technologies at existing power, turbines): (TNO/SINTEF/NTNU/CSIRO) Develop novel cycles or capture systems industry and biofuel plants (eg space constraints and layout issues) `` Natural gas projects: Id21 `` RD&D into ‘Next Generation’ with energy penalty significantly below `` Develop guidelines for cost estimation and reduction GASFACTS and Id19 capture agents and processes (e.g. 10%points for coal and 8%points for gas: `` Independent technology assessment, including LCA and health and safety membranes, carbonate looping `` Biomass projects: Id 30, 31, 34, `` Optimisation and refinement of (H&S) implications, of the different proposed ‘Next’ and ‘Future Generation’ cycle (CLC), biomass) and 42 flexible ‘Next Generation’ capture capture technologies `` Provide validation of demonstration technologies (‘Current Generation’) capture `` RD&D ‘Future Generation’ technologies technologies `` Capture/mineralisation for aggregates
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Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2014: Boundary Dam PCC coal operational - Canada `` 2018-2020: Warranties offered on `` 2025: Commercially available milestones `` 2017: CCS Commercialisation Programme projects (full-scale PCC and oxy-fuel) proven technologies for large-scale systems with >85% capture rate for online new-build and retrofit applications all fuel types `` 2018 onwards: Prove technologies at large power plant scale, identify how to `` 2023: Up to 5GW of CCS plants in `` 2030: All capture systems, all coals, reduce capital costs and improve plant flexibility operation driven by CfDs, CO2 price all firing configurations efficiency or regulation 45%+ LHV including CO capture, `` 2020: Other UK projects driven by CfD and additional commercial drivers 2 `` 2023: Demonstrate integrated ‘Next suitable for flexible generation `` ‘First-of-a-kind’ (FOAK) demonstrations will include existing plant/retrofits as Generation’ technologies and `` ~2025: Commercial pulverised fuel well as new plant develop options for stand-alone ‘Ultra Supercritical’ (USC) boilers `` 2020: Demonstration on range of fossil fuels (coal, gas) ‘Future Generation’ technologies and turbines (>700/720°C and `` 2023: UK examples of post- and pre- >35MPa) – mainly materials issues combustion and oxy-fuel options commercial `` 2023: UK storage proven, UK infrastructure being installed `` 2023: Energy penalties reduced to 8%points for PCC & oxy-fuel for coal, 5-6%points for pre- combustion, 7%points for gas `` 2023: Demonstration on range of fuels including biomass (co-firing/ dedicated) `` (2020): 700°C coal power plant operational (efficiency >50% before CCS, >45% with CCS) designed for CCS, with some utilisation of waste heat
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), `` R&D activities from ‘Competition’ Develop and demonstrate at appropriate Develop commercially available systems improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions: entries pilot-scale ‘Next Generation’ capture to meet CRTF targets and CO2 purity agents and processes both for new plant standards for all fuel types `` Learning from FOAK demonstrations (fixing, refining ‘nth-of-a-kind’ (NOAK) Pilot projects: and for retrofit to earlier plants (including designs) `` Id28: Ferrybridge CC100+ Pilot novel low-temperature solid absorbents `` Improve understanding of environmental impacts of ‘Current Generation’ `` Id202: OCTAVIUS and new oxy-fuel exhaust/flue gas capture technologies `` HiPerCap – high performance PCC recirculation (EGR/FGR) and optimised gas `` Refine requirements for retrofitting capture technologies at existing power, turbines): (TNO/SINTEF/NTNU/CSIRO) Develop novel cycles or capture systems industry and biofuel plants (eg space constraints and layout issues) `` Natural gas projects: Id21 `` RD&D into ‘Next Generation’ with energy penalty significantly below `` Develop guidelines for cost estimation and reduction GASFACTS and Id19 capture agents and processes (e.g. 10%points for coal and 8%points for gas: `` Independent technology assessment, including LCA and health and safety membranes, carbonate looping `` Biomass projects: Id 30, 31, 34, `` Optimisation and refinement of (H&S) implications, of the different proposed ‘Next’ and ‘Future Generation’ cycle (CLC), biomass) and 42 flexible ‘Next Generation’ capture capture technologies `` Provide validation of demonstration technologies (‘Current Generation’) capture `` RD&D ‘Future Generation’ technologies technologies `` Capture/mineralisation for aggregates
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 35 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Table 4.2b Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial `` Peterhead Commercialisation `` ~2020+ PC-USC plants at ~25MPa `` 2020-2025: Improved boiler/turbine milestones projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - Programme project FEED study and 700/720°C commercially efficiencies to compensate for degradation, corrosion, emissions proceeding available energy penalty of capture
`` 2011: Ferrybridge slip-stream 5MWe project online (PC) `` 2020: Large-scale plants with `` 2025: Widespread availability of availability and capture rates >85%, commercial plants (new and `` 2013: PACT 0.3MWth pilot online (gas) reduced CAPEX and OPEX retrofit) with warranties for all coal `` 2014: Boundary Dam (Canada) operational types and CCGTs, high efficiency `` 2017-2018: Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project operating PF-USC boilers at ~35 MPa and `` 2017-2020: Demonstration of state-of-the-art gas-fired with PCC operational 700/720°C commercially available `` 2016-2018: Prove large-scale operation, prove sustainable solvent rates, `` 2030: Prove innovative capture manage corrosion issues, demonstrate availability >85%, demonstrate options flexibility `` 2020: Refine economic plant performance in real market conditions `` 2020: Refine NOAK designs to reduce operational expenditure costs, particularly energy penalty of capture to <8%points (gas) and <10%points (coal)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing: `` See Post-combustion capture `` Refine techniques for more flexible `` R&D on ‘Future Generation’ capture projects: Id 12-34, 100-103 and operation (ie load-following, ‘two- options (ionic liquids, solid sorbents,
capture - (b) Post-combustion Capture capture `` Develop techniques to optimise (thermal) plant integration
2 202-209 shifting’ and managing transients) precipitating systems, metal organic `` Increase steam cycle efficiency `` R&D on improvements to ‘Current frameworks, gas hydrate
CO `` Investigate benefits of exhaust (flue) gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) on CCGTs Generation’ capture options and crystallisation, advanced `` Improve full-plant dynamic operation ‘Next Generation’ capture membranes, etc) technologies (membranes for air separation, advanced compression, Solvent, process and equipment improvements for cost reduction: pressure/temperature/electrical `` Develop solvents that regenerate at lower temperatures and/or higher swing adsorptions, CLC, etc pressures and/or have better kinetics and/or lower corrosion tendencies, `` Continue to improve existing and are resistant to impurities in the flue gas technologies `` improve scrubber performance and turn-down capability `` Large-scale tests/demonstration of ‘Next Generation’ capture options Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water): `` Assessment of environmental options for treatment of waste products/ effluents `` Measurement and control of emissions to air
36 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial `` Peterhead Commercialisation `` ~2020+ PC-USC plants at ~25MPa `` 2020-2025: Improved boiler/turbine milestones projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - Programme project FEED study and 700/720°C commercially efficiencies to compensate for degradation, corrosion, emissions proceeding available energy penalty of capture
`` 2011: Ferrybridge slip-stream 5MWe project online (PC) `` 2020: Large-scale plants with `` 2025: Widespread availability of availability and capture rates >85%, commercial plants (new and `` 2013: PACT 0.3MWth pilot online (gas) reduced CAPEX and OPEX retrofit) with warranties for all coal `` 2014: Boundary Dam (Canada) operational types and CCGTs, high efficiency `` 2017-2018: Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project operating PF-USC boilers at ~35 MPa and `` 2017-2020: Demonstration of state-of-the-art gas-fired with PCC operational 700/720°C commercially available `` 2016-2018: Prove large-scale operation, prove sustainable solvent rates, `` 2030: Prove innovative capture manage corrosion issues, demonstrate availability >85%, demonstrate options flexibility `` 2020: Refine economic plant performance in real market conditions `` 2020: Refine NOAK designs to reduce operational expenditure costs, particularly energy penalty of capture to <8%points (gas) and <10%points (coal)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing: `` See Post-combustion capture `` Refine techniques for more flexible `` R&D on ‘Future Generation’ capture projects: Id 12-34, 100-103 and operation (ie load-following, ‘two- options (ionic liquids, solid sorbents, `` Develop techniques to optimise (thermal) plant integration 202-209 shifting’ and managing transients) precipitating systems, metal organic `` Increase steam cycle efficiency `` R&D on improvements to ‘Current frameworks, gas hydrate `` Investigate benefits of exhaust (flue) gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) on CCGTs Generation’ capture options and crystallisation, advanced `` Improve full-plant dynamic operation ‘Next Generation’ capture membranes, etc) technologies (membranes for air separation, advanced compression, Solvent, process and equipment improvements for cost reduction: pressure/temperature/electrical `` Develop solvents that regenerate at lower temperatures and/or higher swing adsorptions, CLC, etc pressures and/or have better kinetics and/or lower corrosion tendencies, `` Continue to improve existing and are resistant to impurities in the flue gas technologies `` improve scrubber performance and turn-down capability `` Large-scale tests/demonstration of ‘Next Generation’ capture options Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water): `` Assessment of environmental options for treatment of waste products/ effluents `` Measurement and control of emissions to air
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 37 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Table 4.2c Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/ `` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial `` 2020: Prove H2 combustion with `` 2030: Deploy gas-separation milestones projects (UK and abroad) high-efficiency CCGTs membranes `` 2018: Commercial- scale IGCC operating – driven by CfD and other economic `` Further reduce steam requirement, incentives and reduce energy penalty to `` 2016-2020: Greengen, China 5-6%points `` Through to 2020: Demonstrate economic performance in real market `` Demonstrate IGCC with CCS for conditions widespread use with variety of fuels, and high availability >(85%)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad): `` See Pre-combustion `` Investigate polygeneration concepts `` Large-scale tests/demonstration of decarbonisation projects: (including H production) using ‘Next Generation’ capture options `` Improve gasifier availability 2 Id 6-11, 98 and 99 Fischer Tropsch process `` Pilot-scale/large-scale tests on `` Identify and develop cheaper materials and/or unit redesign for cost `` Large-scale tests/demonstration of ‘Future Generation’ capture and reduction high-efficiency low-NOx gas process options turbines, high-temperature gas Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water): clean-up, lower-cost materials, novel process catalysts `` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced water-gas-shift (WGS), `` Underground coal gasification H2 membrane reformers, sorption-enhanced reforming, steam and autothermal chemical looping reforming (CLR)) (UCG) with capture ` `` Develop high-temperature gas clean-up technologies ` Hydrogen production and storage as part of an H2 network. `` Develop novel capture options and
capture - (c) Pre-combustion Decarbonisation - (c) Pre-combustion capture Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing: identify ‘Future Generation’ options 2 `` Develop techniques to optimise process integration across entire, highly- (advanced membranes, cryogenics,
CO integrated plant emergent technologies) `` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced WGS, H2 Process and equipment improvements for cost reduction: membrane reformers, sorption- enhanced reforming, steam and `` Reduce O2 production costs autothermal CLR) `` Increase H2 turbine efficiency while reducing NOx emissions `` Large-scale solid oxide fuel cells – `` Identify potential ‘Next Generation’ separation (eg CO2 and air) options obviating capture unit (pressure/electrical swing adsorption, compression, gas separation membranes, cryogenics); operability of IGCC is important
38 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/ `` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial `` 2020: Prove H2 combustion with `` 2030: Deploy gas-separation milestones projects (UK and abroad) high-efficiency CCGTs membranes `` 2018: Commercial- scale IGCC operating – driven by CfD and other economic `` Further reduce steam requirement, incentives and reduce energy penalty to `` 2016-2020: Greengen, China 5-6%points `` Through to 2020: Demonstrate economic performance in real market `` Demonstrate IGCC with CCS for conditions widespread use with variety of fuels, and high availability >(85%)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad): `` See Pre-combustion `` Investigate polygeneration concepts `` Large-scale tests/demonstration of decarbonisation projects: (including H production) using ‘Next Generation’ capture options `` Improve gasifier availability 2 Id 6-11, 98 and 99 Fischer Tropsch process `` Pilot-scale/large-scale tests on `` Identify and develop cheaper materials and/or unit redesign for cost `` Large-scale tests/demonstration of ‘Future Generation’ capture and reduction high-efficiency low-NOx gas process options turbines, high-temperature gas Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water): clean-up, lower-cost materials, novel process catalysts `` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced water-gas-shift (WGS), `` Underground coal gasification H2 membrane reformers, sorption-enhanced reforming, steam and autothermal chemical looping reforming (CLR)) (UCG) with capture ` `` Develop high-temperature gas clean-up technologies ` Hydrogen production and storage as part of an H2 network. `` Develop novel capture options and Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing: identify ‘Future Generation’ options `` Develop techniques to optimise process integration across entire, highly- (advanced membranes, cryogenics, integrated plant emergent technologies) `` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced WGS, H2 Process and equipment improvements for cost reduction: membrane reformers, sorption- enhanced reforming, steam and `` Reduce O2 production costs autothermal CLR) `` Increase H2 turbine efficiency while reducing NOx emissions `` Large-scale solid oxide fuel cells – `` Identify potential ‘Next Generation’ separation (eg CO2 and air) options obviating capture unit (pressure/electrical swing adsorption, compression, gas separation membranes, cryogenics); operability of IGCC is important
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 39 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Table 4.2d Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration, and FOAK commercial `` White Rose Commercialisation 2020: Large-scale plants with availability 2025: Commercial USC oxy-fuel milestones projects (UK and abroad) Programme project FEED study and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX combustion at ~30 MPa and 600/620ºC `` 2012 onwards: OxyCoal (UK) and Schwarze Pumpe (Germany) projects proceeding and OPEX `` 2013-14: Callide (Australia) project `` 2018: White Rose project due on-line `` 2015-2020: Other international demonstrations eg FutureGen 2.0 (USA) and Chinese projects `` 2015-2020: Learn from experience of construction and commercial operation of the largest ASUs in the world (relevant to commercial-scale operation of oxy-fuel combustion) – RIL (India)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), `` See oxy-fuel projects: Id 36-40, 104, `` Assessment of flexibility `` Further development and improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions: 209, and 210-218 improvements for compatibility demonstration of promising with forecast intermittent operation outcomes from medium-term R&D `` Investigate characteristics (including combustion, corrosion, slagging, fouling etc) using alternative fuels (pet-coke, biomass, low-volatile coal) `` Advanced burner/combustion system design for ‘Next Generation’
capture - (d) Oxy-fuel Combustion capture `` Large-scale demonstration of flue gas clean-up, CO2 processing and
2 oxy-fuel coal/biomass plant compression for transport `` Advanced furnace/boiler system `` Demonstration of load-following and transient processes CO design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy- `` Optimise gas analysis and measurement equipment for high-CO2 flue gas fuel plant - process integration with streams O2 separation `` Further develop advanced materials Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing: that can withstand high temperatures in boiler/furnace `` Develop cost-effective means of mitigating air ingress to oxy-fuel combustion ` systems (recognising the success at Callide and Lacq) ` Further develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, `` Identify/develop most cost-effective materials suitable for the flue gas absorbents, ion transport, etc) environments `` Further develop CLC depending on progress in previous stages Process and equipment improvements for cost reduction: `` Initial testing of one or more innovative cycles for gas-fired oxy- `` Reduce the energy required for O2 production by cryogenic distillation fuel combustion `` Develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, absorbents, ion transport, etc) `` Component testing and system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel cycles `` Modelling to develop process integration options `` Refinement of design/costing for NOAK plant
Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water):
`` Determine optimal clean-up chain taking into account: CO2 purity, energy penalty; waste minimisation `` Optimisation of water recovery, treatment and usage
`` Determine other possible use of waste N2 from the ASU
40 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration, and FOAK commercial `` White Rose Commercialisation 2020: Large-scale plants with availability 2025: Commercial USC oxy-fuel milestones projects (UK and abroad) Programme project FEED study and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX combustion at ~30 MPa and 600/620ºC `` 2012 onwards: OxyCoal (UK) and Schwarze Pumpe (Germany) projects proceeding and OPEX `` 2013-14: Callide (Australia) project `` 2018: White Rose project due on-line `` 2015-2020: Other international demonstrations eg FutureGen 2.0 (USA) and Chinese projects `` 2015-2020: Learn from experience of construction and commercial operation of the largest ASUs in the world (relevant to commercial-scale operation of oxy-fuel combustion) – RIL (India)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), `` See oxy-fuel projects: Id 36-40, 104, `` Assessment of flexibility `` Further development and improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions: 209, and 210-218 improvements for compatibility demonstration of promising with forecast intermittent operation outcomes from medium-term R&D `` Investigate characteristics (including combustion, corrosion, slagging, fouling etc) using alternative fuels (pet-coke, biomass, low-volatile coal) `` Advanced burner/combustion system design for ‘Next Generation’ `` Large-scale demonstration of flue gas clean-up, CO processing and 2 oxy-fuel coal/biomass plant compression for transport `` Advanced furnace/boiler system `` Demonstration of load-following and transient processes design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy- `` Optimise gas analysis and measurement equipment for high-CO2 flue gas fuel plant - process integration with streams O2 separation `` Further develop advanced materials Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing: that can withstand high temperatures in boiler/furnace `` Develop cost-effective means of mitigating air ingress to oxy-fuel combustion ` systems (recognising the success at Callide and Lacq) ` Further develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, `` Identify/develop most cost-effective materials suitable for the flue gas absorbents, ion transport, etc) environments `` Further develop CLC depending on progress in previous stages Process and equipment improvements for cost reduction: `` Initial testing of one or more innovative cycles for gas-fired oxy- `` Reduce the energy required for O2 production by cryogenic distillation fuel combustion `` Develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, absorbents, ion transport, etc) `` Component testing and system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel cycles `` Modelling to develop process integration options `` Refinement of design/costing for NOAK plant
Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water):
`` Determine optimal clean-up chain taking into account: CO2 purity, energy penalty; waste minimisation `` Optimisation of water recovery, treatment and usage
`` Determine other possible use of waste N2 from the ASU
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 41 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Table 4.3 Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/ `` Learn from large pilot-scale CO2 capture demonstration plants from industrial `` Full-scale demonstration in place in milestones sources and developments of industrial capture elsewhere and initiate UK the UK for energy intensive activity industries that are very sensitive to `` Plant-level techno-economic evaluation – with aims to address the impact of market competitiveness issue CCS in relation to global market competitiveness `` Financial incentives for industrial CO capture in place `` Full-chain CCS achieved, possibly from a low-cost, pure CO2 source and access 2 to an existing transport method and store
Industrial CCS R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Note: specific priorities to be developed following the completion of the See CO2 utilisation projects Id 79-87, and `` Investigate the impact of mixing of `` High-temperature looping cycles DECC/BIS techno-economic study in spring 2014. 109, 240-242, and following projects CO from power and industrial 2 `` Significant tonnage of CO2 underway elsewhere: sources on the pipeline specification General: utilisation Oil Refinery/H production: `` Deployment of large CO2 pilots `` Identify suitable/effective capture processes for different industrial sites 2 using CO2 as feedstock Systems (ie sector/plant specific technology options) `` Operational: Port Arthur Air integration Products Demonstration of Steam `` Investigate the impact of gas components and impurities in industrial CO2 sources on the operation of different capture processes methane reforming (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO for EOR; Shenhua Project (CO `` Determine how close industrial sources are to storage sites and power sources, 2 2 captured from Shell gasifier) to identify potential transport networks (studies have been published for the ~100kt/y CO for EOR demonstration Tees, Humber, Scotland, Mersey & Dee, Thames and SW) 2 `` Under construction: Shell Quest `` Investigate synergies between industrial and power sources of CO , through 2 Project (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO for EOR; integration of flows of heat and materials 2 Air Liquide Port Jerome Project `` Learn from large pilot-scale CO2 capture demonstration plants from industrial (SMR) 100kt/y for food grade sources and developments of industrial capture elsewhere and initiate UK market; Japan CCS Co. Project (SMR) activity – 200kt/y for deep saline formation demonstration Oil Refining sector: Iron and Steel Production: `` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on refinery margin (specific to UK) `` Several direct-reduced iron (DRI) `` Investigate catalyst performance of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) under oxy- plants capturing CO2 for food grade fuel conditions market (eg AM Lazaro Plant) `` Evaluate performance of oxy-fuel combustion in fired heaters, boilers and `` Emirate Steel Project – under furnaces construction – ~800kt/y CO2 for EOR Oil Refinery development: `` Evaluate performance of H2-enriched combustion in fired heaters, boilers, and furnaces `` oxy-FCC technology, O2-fired or H2-enriched fired heaters, boilers and furnaces, PCC option Iron & Steel sector: Iron and Steel Production (new-build) `` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on EBITDA margin of integrated developments: steel mill `` ULCOS BF, HIsarna, ULCORED, Course `` Perform actual scale components testing for development of the ultra-low 50 – (CO capture from BF gases CO steelmaking (ULCOS) blast furnace (BF) 2 2 using proprietary amine) `` Perform long-term reliability test for HIsarna `` POSCO-RIST CO2 (capture from BF `` Support development of ULCORED test facilities (within ULCOS) to reduce gases using warm ammonia process) natural gas consumption Cement Manufacture: `` ECRA/CLIMIT Project pilot Cement Sector: demonstration of PCC from cement `` Perform large-scale testing of oxy-fuel fired kiln to validate pilot testing kiln flue gas. results `` Development of oxy-fuel fired kiln `` Evaluate options to recover low-grade heat to reduce operating cost for post-combustion capture
42 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/ `` Learn from large pilot-scale CO2 capture demonstration plants from industrial `` Full-scale demonstration in place in milestones sources and developments of industrial capture elsewhere and initiate UK the UK for energy intensive activity industries that are very sensitive to `` Plant-level techno-economic evaluation – with aims to address the impact of market competitiveness issue CCS in relation to global market competitiveness `` Financial incentives for industrial CO capture in place `` Full-chain CCS achieved, possibly from a low-cost, pure CO2 source and access 2 to an existing transport method and store R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Note: specific priorities to be developed following the completion of the See CO2 utilisation projects Id 79-87, and `` Investigate the impact of mixing of `` High-temperature looping cycles DECC/BIS techno-economic study in spring 2014. 109, 240-242, and following projects CO from power and industrial 2 `` Significant tonnage of CO2 underway elsewhere: sources on the pipeline specification General: utilisation Oil Refinery/H production: `` Deployment of large CO2 pilots `` Identify suitable/effective capture processes for different industrial sites 2 using CO2 as feedstock Systems (ie sector/plant specific technology options) `` Operational: Port Arthur Air integration Products Demonstration of Steam `` Investigate the impact of gas components and impurities in industrial CO2 sources on the operation of different capture processes methane reforming (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO for EOR; Shenhua Project (CO `` Determine how close industrial sources are to storage sites and power sources, 2 2 captured from Shell gasifier) to identify potential transport networks (studies have been published for the ~100kt/y CO for EOR demonstration Tees, Humber, Scotland, Mersey & Dee, Thames and SW) 2 `` Under construction: Shell Quest `` Investigate synergies between industrial and power sources of CO , through 2 Project (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO for EOR; integration of flows of heat and materials 2 Air Liquide Port Jerome Project `` Learn from large pilot-scale CO2 capture demonstration plants from industrial (SMR) 100kt/y for food grade sources and developments of industrial capture elsewhere and initiate UK market; Japan CCS Co. Project (SMR) activity – 200kt/y for deep saline formation demonstration Oil Refining sector: Iron and Steel Production: `` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on refinery margin (specific to UK) `` Several direct-reduced iron (DRI) `` Investigate catalyst performance of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) under oxy- plants capturing CO2 for food grade fuel conditions market (eg AM Lazaro Plant) `` Evaluate performance of oxy-fuel combustion in fired heaters, boilers and `` Emirate Steel Project – under furnaces construction – ~800kt/y CO2 for EOR Oil Refinery development: `` Evaluate performance of H2-enriched combustion in fired heaters, boilers, and furnaces `` oxy-FCC technology, O2-fired or H2-enriched fired heaters, boilers and furnaces, PCC option Iron & Steel sector: Iron and Steel Production (new-build) `` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on EBITDA margin of integrated developments: steel mill `` ULCOS BF, HIsarna, ULCORED, Course `` Perform actual scale components testing for development of the ultra-low 50 – (CO capture from BF gases CO steelmaking (ULCOS) blast furnace (BF) 2 2 using proprietary amine) `` Perform long-term reliability test for HIsarna `` POSCO-RIST CO2 (capture from BF `` Support development of ULCORED test facilities (within ULCOS) to reduce gases using warm ammonia process) natural gas consumption Cement Manufacture: `` ECRA/CLIMIT Project pilot Cement Sector: demonstration of PCC from cement `` Perform large-scale testing of oxy-fuel fired kiln to validate pilot testing kiln flue gas. results `` Development of oxy-fuel fired kiln `` Evaluate options to recover low-grade heat to reduce operating cost for post-combustion capture
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 43 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Table 4.4 Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2013-2020: Identify national and regional transport hubs and begin to `` Several Regional projects reported `` 2015-2017: Development of onshore 2030: Extensive networks of pipelines milestones facilitate infrastructure roll-out `` To be executed as part of White Rose transport network linked to several linking hubs onshore and offshore with `` 2015: Complete proposed FEED study for oversize pipeline from Yorkshire & Commercialisation Programme capture sites tributaries to smaller CO2 sources Humber to North Sea project FEED study
`` 2015: Establish technical standards for CO2 transport (national and trans- `` DYNAMIS standard exists but a
Transport boundary) including allowable impurity and moisture levels National Grid standard is under 2 development. ISO Standard under `` 2015: Start to build pipelines linking single CO2 sources with single storage locations, if possible with capacity for extension to other sources development CO `` Earlier than 2015: Continual Improvement and sharing of the understanding `` Mid/late 2018 is the predicted date for start of operation first UK and knowledge of CO2 transport leakage scenarios and the effects of Commercialisation Programme impurities on CO2 pipeline transport (important for regulations and consultation re-routing, etc) project(s)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Understand potential hazards and risks to inform decisions on pipeline safety as well as `` See Transport projects: Id 60-64, 225- Develop technologies to reduce energy Develop performance database for public and stakeholder responses to these: 228 and specific references below: penalty and cost of CO2 compression: CO2 transport networks to enable grid optimisation `` Further develop understanding of potential hazards and risks to inform `` Id228: COZOC compressor technology `` Develop technologies to reduce decisions on pipeline routes onshore and offshore and CO2 behaviour power and cost of compression and `` Id225: COOLTRANS Fracture control drying, including integration with `` More practical and theoretical work on impact of offshore CO2 pipe breaks, leaks and dispersion `` Id226: PIPETRANS power plant to utilise waste heat `` ‘No fracture’ criteria for pipelines offshore `` Id227: RISKMAN project completed `` Develop advanced/specific associated technologies for drying, `` Develop guidelines for performing/designing quantitative risk assessments by DNV and consortium compression, pumping and `` Id225: COOLTRANS Quantified Risk `` Better understand crack formation, propagation mechanisms, crater formation metering for ‘Next Generation’ CO Assessment (QRA) 2 and high pressure leaks pipeline hubs `` Develop and validate models for dense flow in pipelines, depressurisation, `` Id84: MATTRAN materials for pipelines leakage and dispersion of dense phase CO2 and impurities in a wide range of scenarios (offshore, onshore, within specific topographies – eg valleys – etc) `` Id62: Water solubility limits for CO2 Extended testing on pipeline test loops with realistic CCS CO mixtures to push `` Develop and validate whole-chain approach for techno-economic assessment `` Id60: Multi-phase flow modelling 2 frontiers for materials, components and of impact of CO stream impurities 2 `` Id63: Tractable equations of state operating strategies: `` Develop robust and computationally efficient mathematical models to perform for CO2 `` Identify novel, lighter and cheaper global sensitivity analysis on impact of CO2 impurities on outflow and `` Id225: COOLTRANS Thermodynamic pipeline materials and novel sealing dispersion following pipeline failure characteristics of CO 2 and joining technologies `` Develop models for simulating transient flow and phase stratification flow ` phenomena taking place during CO2 well injection ` Develop understanding of flow assurance including processes and `` Develop models for quantifying CO impurities accumulation in the pipeline 2 behaviour during shuttling and during flow and shut-in conditions to avoid the risk of H -embrittlement 2 transient operation in pipelines `` Investigate hydrate formation and determine dehydration required for `` Further develop understanding of safe transport effects of gas-phase and dense- `` Internal repair techniques for internally corroded pipes compatible with phase/ supercritical CO2 and CO2 duty impurities on compression and transport equipment, including valves, seals and o-rings
44 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Targets/ `` 2013-2020: Identify national and regional transport hubs and begin to `` Several Regional projects reported `` 2015-2017: Development of onshore 2030: Extensive networks of pipelines milestones facilitate infrastructure roll-out `` To be executed as part of White Rose transport network linked to several linking hubs onshore and offshore with `` 2015: Complete proposed FEED study for oversize pipeline from Yorkshire & Commercialisation Programme capture sites tributaries to smaller CO2 sources Humber to North Sea project FEED study
`` 2015: Establish technical standards for CO2 transport (national and trans- `` DYNAMIS standard exists but a boundary) including allowable impurity and moisture levels National Grid standard is under development. ISO Standard under `` 2015: Start to build pipelines linking single CO2 sources with single storage locations, if possible with capacity for extension to other sources development `` Earlier than 2015: Continual Improvement and sharing of the understanding `` Mid/late 2018 is the predicted date for start of operation first UK and knowledge of CO2 transport leakage scenarios and the effects of Commercialisation Programme impurities on CO2 pipeline transport (important for regulations and consultation re-routing, etc) project(s)
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Understand potential hazards and risks to inform decisions on pipeline safety as well as `` See Transport projects: Id 60-64, 225- Develop technologies to reduce energy Develop performance database for public and stakeholder responses to these: 228 and specific references below: penalty and cost of CO2 compression: CO2 transport networks to enable grid optimisation `` Further develop understanding of potential hazards and risks to inform `` Id228: COZOC compressor technology `` Develop technologies to reduce decisions on pipeline routes onshore and offshore and CO2 behaviour power and cost of compression and `` Id225: COOLTRANS Fracture control drying, including integration with `` More practical and theoretical work on impact of offshore CO2 pipe breaks, leaks and dispersion `` Id226: PIPETRANS power plant to utilise waste heat `` ‘No fracture’ criteria for pipelines offshore `` Id227: RISKMAN project completed `` Develop advanced/specific associated technologies for drying, `` Develop guidelines for performing/designing quantitative risk assessments by DNV and consortium compression, pumping and `` Id225: COOLTRANS Quantified Risk `` Better understand crack formation, propagation mechanisms, crater formation metering for ‘Next Generation’ CO Assessment (QRA) 2 and high pressure leaks pipeline hubs `` Develop and validate models for dense flow in pipelines, depressurisation, `` Id84: MATTRAN materials for pipelines leakage and dispersion of dense phase CO2 and impurities in a wide range of scenarios (offshore, onshore, within specific topographies – eg valleys – etc) `` Id62: Water solubility limits for CO2 Extended testing on pipeline test loops with realistic CCS CO mixtures to push `` Develop and validate whole-chain approach for techno-economic assessment `` Id60: Multi-phase flow modelling 2 frontiers for materials, components and of impact of CO stream impurities 2 `` Id63: Tractable equations of state operating strategies: `` Develop robust and computationally efficient mathematical models to perform for CO2 `` Identify novel, lighter and cheaper global sensitivity analysis on impact of CO2 impurities on outflow and `` Id225: COOLTRANS Thermodynamic pipeline materials and novel sealing dispersion following pipeline failure characteristics of CO 2 and joining technologies `` Develop models for simulating transient flow and phase stratification flow ` phenomena taking place during CO2 well injection ` Develop understanding of flow assurance including processes and `` Develop models for quantifying CO impurities accumulation in the pipeline 2 behaviour during shuttling and during flow and shut-in conditions to avoid the risk of H -embrittlement 2 transient operation in pipelines `` Investigate hydrate formation and determine dehydration required for `` Further develop understanding of safe transport effects of gas-phase and dense- `` Internal repair techniques for internally corroded pipes compatible with phase/ supercritical CO2 and CO2 duty impurities on compression and transport equipment, including valves, seals and o-rings
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 45 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Table 4.5 Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/ `` 2015: Guidelines available for allowable impurities in injected CO2 (systems `` 2015-2025: Validate remediation 2025: Basin-scale management strategies milestones issue links to storage/use) technologies developed and deployed `` 2017-2020: Storage linked to Commercialisation Programme projects available/ `` 2020-2030: Revised best practice 2035: Strategy and associated technologies operational guidelines developed to enable total pore space
Storage `` 2013-2020: Develop and improve tools for predicting spatial reservoir and cap `` 2025+: Commercial deployment of utilisation factor for key basins to be raised 2 rock characteristics storage sites to 25%
CO `` Storage demos – focussed on deep saline formation storage sites
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Further increase understanding of practical UK storage capacity for selected sites: See Storage projects: Id 66-78, 95, 96, Further increase understanding of practical Further increase understanding of practical 110 ,111, 229-239 UK storage capacity for selected sites: UK storage capacity for selected sites: `` Complete comprehensive first-order risked estimates of UK CO2 Technical Storage Capacity, accounting for uncertainties in data and modelling Largely complete – Id76 ETI UKSAP `` Develop techniques to improve `` Assess feasibility of storage in techniques (UKSAP) study now moved to The Crown Estate assessment of formation offshore coal `` Develop strategy for data acquisition to address key uncertainties (core, fluids, and available for use compartmentalisation `` Monitor ‘Next Generation’ storage in-situ stress, etc) and compile strategic database of geological, geomechanical Data acquisition in progress (eg National `` Qualify storage capacity forecasts and utilisation options (eg in-situ and geochemical data Grid drilling project and IODP proposal) against data from actual CO2 mineral trapping) `` Support Commercialisation Programme projects to address any remaining on ad hoc basis injection once demonstration sites learning opportunities in storage site assessment and to assess step-out are operational BGS storage database under capacity adjacent to initial storage sites construction `` Extend capabilities in acquisition and interpretation of geomechanical data from operating sites and application to modelling of pressure as a primary Id237: Bristol University Microseismic control on storage capacity Project (BUMPS) Id95: DiSECCS project
Improve understanding of dynamic behaviour of CO2 storage systems over a range of IEAGHG Sleipner modelling benchmark Improve understanding of dynamic Improve understanding of dynamic spatial and temporal scales (within and beyond the store): study of plume migration behaviour of CO2 storage systems over a behaviour of CO2 storage systems over a range of spatial and temporal scales (within range of spatial and temporal scales (within `` Enhance and validate modelling strategies for prediction of whole-system CO SCCS Captain study 2 and beyond the store): and beyond the store): dynamic performance in subsurface from pore-scale to basin-scale for multi- UKSAP study scale processes. A key focus should be validation against field data from `` Test injections at significant scale at `` Develop strategies to maximise existing and new demonstration projects State-of-the-art facility installed at multiple sites and revise best storage capacity `` Develop and implement strategy to understand and characterise dynamic Imperial College. Main barrier is practice procedures `` Improve tools for automated history availability of core hence likely to be flows and connectivity of major deep saline formations relevant for CO2 `` Investigate strategies for pressure matching of models with storage. This should include migration pathways, dissolution rates and addressed at project level (eg National management including water monitoring data as basis for long- convective processes in real storage site systems Grid drilling and coring programme) production (and associated water term, post-closure site management handling and disposal) `` Reservoir conditions special core analyses using CO2 to determine relative Id238: Heriot-Watt Fluids JIP on effect of permeabilities and capillary threshold pressures for range of relevant impurities on the fluid properties of CO2 `` Investigate CO2 injection into lithologies mixtures laterally open deep saline formations `` Improve fluid properties database for dense- and multi-phase flow of CO2 Id239: CRIUS project (geochemistry) with formation fluids and impurities `` Understand CO2 phase behaviour Shell Utah analogue study `` Develop improved understanding of seal systems, including geochemical and during injection into different geomechanical interactions. This topic includes coupled modelling and Id96: CONTAIN project (effect of permeability storage sites at varying strategies for the scale-up of small-scale measurements (core/logs) to large- depletion on seal integrity) reservoir pressures and scale seal systems temperatures Id237: Microseismic Project (BUMPS) `` Understand potential for reservoir Id95: DiSECCS project management strategies to enhance rate and extent of dissolution and in-situ mineralisation
Storage Table 4.5 is continued on the next page...
46 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Short-term targets Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets Long-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/ `` 2015: Guidelines available for allowable impurities in injected CO2 (systems `` 2015-2025: Validate remediation 2025: Basin-scale management strategies milestones issue links to storage/use) technologies developed and deployed `` 2017-2020: Storage linked to Commercialisation Programme projects available/ `` 2020-2030: Revised best practice 2035: Strategy and associated technologies operational guidelines developed to enable total pore space `` 2013-2020: Develop and improve tools for predicting spatial reservoir and cap `` 2025+: Commercial deployment of utilisation factor for key basins to be raised rock characteristics storage sites to 25% `` Storage demos – focussed on deep saline formation storage sites
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and current RD&D medium-term objectives long-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years) (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years) Further increase understanding of practical UK storage capacity for selected sites: See Storage projects: Id 66-78, 95, 96, Further increase understanding of practical Further increase understanding of practical 110 ,111, 229-239 UK storage capacity for selected sites: UK storage capacity for selected sites: `` Complete comprehensive first-order risked estimates of UK CO2 Technical Storage Capacity, accounting for uncertainties in data and modelling Largely complete – Id76 ETI UKSAP `` Develop techniques to improve `` Assess feasibility of storage in techniques (UKSAP) study now moved to The Crown Estate assessment of formation offshore coal `` Develop strategy for data acquisition to address key uncertainties (core, fluids, and available for use compartmentalisation `` Monitor ‘Next Generation’ storage in-situ stress, etc) and compile strategic database of geological, geomechanical Data acquisition in progress (eg National `` Qualify storage capacity forecasts and utilisation options (eg in-situ and geochemical data Grid drilling project and IODP proposal) against data from actual CO2 mineral trapping) `` Support Commercialisation Programme projects to address any remaining on ad hoc basis injection once demonstration sites learning opportunities in storage site assessment and to assess step-out are operational BGS storage database under capacity adjacent to initial storage sites construction `` Extend capabilities in acquisition and interpretation of geomechanical data from operating sites and application to modelling of pressure as a primary Id237: Bristol University Microseismic control on storage capacity Project (BUMPS) Id95: DiSECCS project
Improve understanding of dynamic behaviour of CO2 storage systems over a range of IEAGHG Sleipner modelling benchmark Improve understanding of dynamic Improve understanding of dynamic spatial and temporal scales (within and beyond the store): study of plume migration behaviour of CO2 storage systems over a behaviour of CO2 storage systems over a range of spatial and temporal scales (within range of spatial and temporal scales (within `` Enhance and validate modelling strategies for prediction of whole-system CO SCCS Captain study 2 and beyond the store): and beyond the store): dynamic performance in subsurface from pore-scale to basin-scale for multi- UKSAP study scale processes. A key focus should be validation against field data from `` Test injections at significant scale at `` Develop strategies to maximise existing and new demonstration projects State-of-the-art facility installed at multiple sites and revise best storage capacity `` Develop and implement strategy to understand and characterise dynamic Imperial College. Main barrier is practice procedures `` Improve tools for automated history availability of core hence likely to be flows and connectivity of major deep saline formations relevant for CO2 `` Investigate strategies for pressure matching of models with storage. This should include migration pathways, dissolution rates and addressed at project level (eg National management including water monitoring data as basis for long- convective processes in real storage site systems Grid drilling and coring programme) production (and associated water term, post-closure site management handling and disposal) `` Reservoir conditions special core analyses using CO2 to determine relative Id238: Heriot-Watt Fluids JIP on effect of permeabilities and capillary threshold pressures for range of relevant impurities on the fluid properties of CO2 `` Investigate CO2 injection into lithologies mixtures laterally open deep saline formations `` Improve fluid properties database for dense- and multi-phase flow of CO2 Id239: CRIUS project (geochemistry) with formation fluids and impurities `` Understand CO2 phase behaviour Shell Utah analogue study `` Develop improved understanding of seal systems, including geochemical and during injection into different geomechanical interactions. This topic includes coupled modelling and Id96: CONTAIN project (effect of permeability storage sites at varying strategies for the scale-up of small-scale measurements (core/logs) to large- depletion on seal integrity) reservoir pressures and scale seal systems temperatures Id237: Microseismic Project (BUMPS) `` Understand potential for reservoir Id95: DiSECCS project management strategies to enhance rate and extent of dissolution and in-situ mineralisation
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 47 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Table 4.5 R&D needs R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet Continued from medium-term objectives long-term objectives (continued) (applicable in 0-10 years) current RD&D previous page (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Develop well operations protocols for frequently varying rates of CO2 injection:
`` Develop database of CO2 injection well performance data and use to develop guidelines to optimise well design `` Develop well operations protocols to enable safe injection and useful Storage
2 performance data during intermittent supply of CO2 consistent with capture plant commissioning CO
Develop and demonstrate improved CO2 monitoring technologies (including tracers) to ETI review of needs for Develop and demonstrate improved CO2 monitoring technologies Develop and demonstrate meet the requirements of the CCS regulatory regime: offshore environment (including tracers) to meet requirements of CCS regulatory regime: improved CO2 monitoring technologies (including tracers) `` Improve and demonstrate lower-cost technologies suitable for monitoring CO Sleipner Best Practice `` Improve existing measuring, monitoring & verification 2 to meet requirements of CCS storage in the offshore subsea environment. This includes technologies Manual (MMV) techniques (eg seismic, etc) to enhance the ability regulatory regime: suitable for the management of injection and plume migration, identifying to predict the fate of CO (and impurities) in the Id95: DiSECCS project 2 (rare) see page events and regulatory reporting subsurface (including faults, leakage pathways and `` Develop guidelines on materials of construction) and its effect on its best practice for surroundings (eg brine displacement) and test under a monitoring based upon variety of geological settings long-term performance `` Develop and validate subsurface remote sensing of of real storage systems geomechanical stability during injection, including impact of faulting on storage integrity
Develop the operational procedures (and improve materials where necessary) to EPA CO2 storage Develop the operational procedures (and improve materials where significantly improve the long-term integrity of existing/new wellbores in contact regulations necessary) to significantly improve the long-term integrity of with CO2. Further develop best practice guidelines for well construction, completion, existing/new wellbores in contact with CO2. Further develop best remediation, and risk assessment to feed into safety regulations: practice guidelines for well construction, completion, remediation, and risk assessment to feed into safety regulations: `` Extend database of performance of well barrier systems, where relevant sampling cement/liner systems that have been exposed to CO2 `` Develop and demonstrate cost-effective engineering solutions to secure long-term well bore integrity `` Investigate down-hole interactions between CO2 and well materials, new and legacy, including wellbore, casing, chokes, etc. (including well design, construction, completion, monitoring and intervention) `` Develop validated predictive models of well barrier systems (cement/liner, etc) degradation
Improve understanding and communication of risk around storage: Expected to be addressed Improve understanding and communication via Commercialisation of risk around storage: `` Update understanding of best practice for risk and environmental impact projects and those which assessments for CO storage in the subsea environment `` Quantification of uncertainty envelope associated with 2 follow (Phase2) model predictions `` Evaluate dynamics of social acceptance of CO2 storage including strategies for communication of risk `` Develop and demonstrate remediation technologies
Operational safety and integrity:
`` CO2 detection capabilities on offshore ‘injection’ installations (eg detector performance and reliability)
`` Understanding the impact of CO2 with hydrocarbons on the installation’s ‘fire and explosion risk profile’ `` Investigate flow assurance issues (eg hydrate formation at point of injection, salinity effects on hydrate formation, etc)
48 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
R&D needs R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet R&D needs to meet short-term objectives Recent and medium-term objectives long-term objectives (continued) (applicable in 0-10 years) current RD&D (applicable in 7-15 years) (applicable in 10-20+ years)
Develop well operations protocols for frequently varying rates of CO2 injection:
`` Develop database of CO2 injection well performance data and use to develop guidelines to optimise well design `` Develop well operations protocols to enable safe injection and useful performance data during intermittent supply of CO2 consistent with capture plant commissioning
Develop and demonstrate improved CO2 monitoring technologies (including tracers) to ETI review of needs for Develop and demonstrate improved CO2 monitoring technologies Develop and demonstrate meet the requirements of the CCS regulatory regime: offshore environment (including tracers) to meet requirements of CCS regulatory regime: improved CO2 monitoring technologies (including tracers) `` Improve and demonstrate lower-cost technologies suitable for monitoring CO Sleipner Best Practice `` Improve existing measuring, monitoring & verification 2 to meet requirements of CCS storage in the offshore subsea environment. This includes technologies Manual (MMV) techniques (eg seismic, etc) to enhance the ability regulatory regime: suitable for the management of injection and plume migration, identifying to predict the fate of CO (and impurities) in the Id95: DiSECCS project 2 (rare) see page events and regulatory reporting subsurface (including faults, leakage pathways and `` Develop guidelines on materials of construction) and its effect on its best practice for surroundings (eg brine displacement) and test under a monitoring based upon variety of geological settings long-term performance `` Develop and validate subsurface remote sensing of of real storage systems geomechanical stability during injection, including impact of faulting on storage integrity
Develop the operational procedures (and improve materials where necessary) to EPA CO2 storage Develop the operational procedures (and improve materials where significantly improve the long-term integrity of existing/new wellbores in contact regulations necessary) to significantly improve the long-term integrity of with CO2. Further develop best practice guidelines for well construction, completion, existing/new wellbores in contact with CO2. Further develop best remediation, and risk assessment to feed into safety regulations: practice guidelines for well construction, completion, remediation, and risk assessment to feed into safety regulations: `` Extend database of performance of well barrier systems, where relevant sampling cement/liner systems that have been exposed to CO2 `` Develop and demonstrate cost-effective engineering solutions to secure long-term well bore integrity `` Investigate down-hole interactions between CO2 and well materials, new and legacy, including wellbore, casing, chokes, etc. (including well design, construction, completion, monitoring and intervention) `` Develop validated predictive models of well barrier systems (cement/liner, etc) degradation
Improve understanding and communication of risk around storage: Expected to be addressed Improve understanding and communication via Commercialisation of risk around storage: `` Update understanding of best practice for risk and environmental impact projects and those which assessments for CO storage in the subsea environment `` Quantification of uncertainty envelope associated with 2 follow (Phase2) model predictions `` Evaluate dynamics of social acceptance of CO2 storage including strategies for communication of risk `` Develop and demonstrate remediation technologies
Operational safety and integrity:
`` CO2 detection capabilities on offshore ‘injection’ installations (eg detector performance and reliability)
`` Understanding the impact of CO2 with hydrocarbons on the installation’s ‘fire and explosion risk profile’ `` Investigate flow assurance issues (eg hydrate formation at point of injection, salinity effects on hydrate formation, etc)
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 49 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward Other Related Recommendations
A student at the 2013 IEAGHG CCS Summer School at Nottingham benefits from a mentor’s knowledge (courtesy of Lori Gauvreau, Schlumberger Carbon Services)
50 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
5 Other Related Recommendations
Knowledge exchange The APGTF recognises the importance of knowledge exchange in order to accelerate the roll-out of CCS, reduce costs and increase confidence. Knowledge exchange is necessary and should be encouraged at several different levels: `` Between projects at the same stage, e.g. at the FEED stage or at the implementation stage, as occurs in the EU CCS Demonstration Project Network; `` Between these projects and projects at earlier stages in the project development process; `` Between pilot-scale projects; `` Between projects at different TRLs on related specialist topics (e.g. DECC, TSB, ETI and EPSRC supported projects in the same sectors of the ‘dartboard’ diagram (Figure 3.3 and Appendix 1); and `` On specific specialist topics where there are issues that need to be addressed, peer- reviewed and shared.
To aid the above, the project listing presented in Appendix 1 should be extended into a more comprehensive online database with a portal to key results and hyperlinks to published reports. The APGTF will work with potential funders and collaborators to initiate this. Following the examples of successful knowledge sharing which have been achieved in the first DECC Competition and in the EU CCS Demonstration Project Network (partly because the specific contract terms required knowledge sharing), public sector funders of RD&D should be more explicit in their requirements. The greater the proportion of public funding for a project, the more sharing should be required.
Skills development, capacity building and supply chain development Specific actions will be needed to promote skills development, capacity building and supply chain development to match the needs of CCS programmes in the UK and abroad. These actions have to match the needs of the industry, which are primarily determined by the availability and timeline of funding for projects (including the UK Commercialisation Programme projects and subsequent ‘Phase 2’). The approach needs to be cautious and finely tuned, recognising that some of the resources previously built up have been dispersed and that there is a continuing shortage of resource for closely- related oil and gas projects. It is recommended that the APGTF, in conjunction with the CCSA, organise regular surveys to identify skills needs, capacity shortages and specific supply chain opportunities.
International collaboration The UK should continue to participate in international CCS bodies and initiatives such as the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), the Global CCS Institute, the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) and the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP). Government support should be extended to projects that, although executed abroad, support the objectives of the UK’s CCS Roadmap and the development of the UK CCS industry.
Public outreach/education The APGTF should focus its own activity on providing information and advice to Government, Parliament, opinion formers, industry, interested groups and engineering institutes. It will continue to work alongside other organisations undertaking public outreach and education activities, such as the CSLF, the Global CCS Institute and UKCCSRC.
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 51 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward Conclusions
MEP Chris Davies visits the UKCCSRC PACT Shared Facilities, September 2013 (courtesy of UKCCSRC PACT)
52 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
6 Conclusions
The review of the current CCS situation in the UK and internationally in Chapter 1 concludes that the importance of CCS is now more widely recognised, although still not globally accepted, and that there has been significant progress on some major projects (notably in Canada, the USA and Australia). However, the pace of CCS implementation in the UK is perceived to have slowed compared to expectations when the previous version of this strategy was published in 2011. Government policy has moved forward to recognise the importance of clustering of sources and stores, and the role of CCS in industry as well as in electricity generation. The major step forward for the UK Commercialisation Programme with the initiation of the FEED study for the White Rose project (with initiation of the FEED study for the Peterhead project anticipated in early 2014) is very welcome. The Government, within its EMR framework, has recognised the need for ongoing incentives for CCS alongside those for other types of low-carbon electricity generation – a world-first for CCS. The update of DECC’s CCS Roadmap has given a new emphasis to the desire of the Government for CCS to develop into a strong industry, and DECC would like to see further phases of projects developing. This forward-looking approach is very important as there has been a lack of certainty in industry concerning the expected trajectory of CCS implementation in the UK beyond the planned Commercialisation Programme projects and, not being able to estimate when it may achieve a pay-back on investments made, planning and justifying investment in RD&D is difficult. This remains a major challenge to achieving the Government’s objectives. Chapter 2 demonstrates that while the objectives of the 2014 strategy remain very similar to those of the 2011 strategy, the delivery milestones for demonstration and commercialisation of CCS are delayed by about three years compared to what had been expected. A comprehensive listing and review of current and recent RD&D in the UK, presented in Chapter 3 and Appendix 1, shows clearly that the Government and its agencies, in partnership with academe and industry, have reacted very positively to the RD&D challenges set out in previous APGTF strategies. A considerable amount of R&D has been completed or is underway at TRLs 1 to 6, albeit with some gaps evident in the ‘CO2 storage’ area, where some challenges require very large projects offshore using quantities of CO2 that are not readily available. There has been important investment in R&D facilities both in industry and in universities. Similarly there has been significant investment in skills development at doctoral level through several initiatives in universities; many people with embedded CCS skills are now working in the broader industry. Priorities for RD&D, developed in consultation with members of the APGTF, the CCSA and the UKCCSRC, are tabulated in Chapter 4. Recommendations are set out against five themes: CCS whole systems and cross-cutting issues; CO2 capture; industrial CCS; CO2 transport; and CO2 storage. In the 2014 strategy, these recommendations are cross-referenced to recent and current projects which are judged relevant to the planning of further RD&D. These cross-references should also be valuable to peer reviewers/evaluators of project proposals. Most of the APGTF’s priority RD&D projects fall into the ‘Medium Priority’ category and should commence as soon as possible. ‘Highest Priority’ has been afforded specifically to topics which could bring benefit to the Commercialisation Programme or other early full-scale CCS projects, could benefit from links to these projects, or could influence the policy on roll-out of CCS (e.g. to high-emitting industries). ‘Lower Priority’ topics are those that should be planned to start in a year or two to allow other relevant work A novel algae to be completed first. The priorities set bioreactor to out in Table 4 will be used by the APGTF, utilise captured the UKCCSRC and others to initiate
CO2 to make fuel further action on identifying the most feedstock useful projects for cost reduction and the (courtesy of required budgets for RD&D. Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Ltd)
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 53 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Other recommendations related to i) knowledge exchange, ii) skills development, capacity building and supply chain development, iii) international collaboration and iv) public education/outreach are set out in Chapter 5. There are several important conclusions that will require ongoing engagement by the APGTF with the Government, its agencies and stakeholders: `` To maximise learning from publicly supported RD&D, the Commercialisation Programme projects and full-scale projects elsewhere, knowledge exchange/sharing should be encouraged (and funded) at several different levels, namely: –– between projects at the same stage, e.g. at the FEED study stage or at the implementation stage, as occurs in the EU CCS Demonstration Project Network; –– between these projects and others at earlier stages in project development process; –– between pilot-scale projects; –– between projects at different TRLs on related specialist topics (e.g. DECC, TSB, ETI and EPSRC supported projects in the same sectors of the ‘dartboard’ diagram (Figure 3.3 and Appendix 1); and –– on specific specialist topics where there are issues that need to be addressed, peer- reviewed and shared. `` The project listing presented in Appendix 1 should be extended into a comprehensive online database with a portal to key results and hyperlinks to published reports. `` Given the challenges of achieving implementation on a relatively short timescale compared with much public-funded RD&D, public-sector funders of CCS RD&D should be more explicit in their requirements for knowledge sharing. `` The APGTF, in conjunction with the CCSA, should regularly assess skills needs, capacity shortages and specific supply chain opportunities in CCS. Until a consistent CCS build trajectory is established, it may be necessary to broaden the scope of skills training so that CCS skills are embedded in people who will only work on CCS intermittently. `` The UK should continue to participate in international CCS bodies and initiatives such as the CSLF, the Global CCS Institute, IEAGHG and ZEP. `` Consideration should be given to further extending Government support to RD&D projects that, although executed abroad, support the development of UK industry through advancing the objectives set out in the UK CCS Roadmap. `` The APGTF should continue to work alongside other organisations (such as the CSLF, the Global CCS Institute and UKCCSRC) undertaking public outreach and education activities, focusing its own activity on providing information and advice to Government, Parliament, opinion formers, industry, interested groups and engineering institutes.
Considering these recommendations (laid out more fully in Chapters 4 and 5) against the broad sentiment within industry at the end of 2013 (summarised in the second paragraph above), the major challenge to the APGTF, the Government and its agencies is how to motivate industrial co-investment in R&D and maintenance of the embryonic CCS teams in organisations which are not involved in the Commercialisation Programme projects. It is vital that momentum is maintained across the industry so that the best value is obtained from the public investment to date in CCS. The APGTF will now develop, with other parties as appropriate, pragmatic ‘Action Plans’ to follow-up on these conclusions and move CCS forward to realise its clear potential in the UK and beyond.
Peter Dumesny (of Otway Site operators, Oceaneering) explaining the technical design of the Buttress Well, the
source of CO2 production at Otway (courtesy of Mike Edwards, UKCCSRC)
54 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
7 References
1. Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century – Maintaining a Leading Role: a technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies. APGTF, August 2011 2. Technology roadmap – carbon capture and storage. IEA, June 2013
3. De-risking CCS – Now? … or Never? David Clarke, ETI (presentation to 13th Annual APGTF Workshop, London, February 2013)
4. CCS Cost Reduction Task Force Final Report. The Crown Estate, CCSA, DECC, May 2013
5. CCS in the UK: Government response to the CCS Cost Reduction Task Force. DECC, October 2013
6. Next Steps on Electricity Market Reform – securing the benefits of low-carbon investment. The Committee on Climate Change, May 2013
7. A Strategy for CCS in the UK and Beyond. CCSA, September 2011
8. Electricity Capacity Assessment Report 2013. Ofgem, June 2013
9. Carbon Capture and Storage Skills Study. IPA, September 2010
10. Future Value of Coal Carbon Abatement Technologies to UK Industry. AEA Technology, 2010 (URN 09/738)
11. Assessing the Domestic Supply Chain Barriers to the Commercial Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage within the Power Sector. AEA Technology, September 2012
12. CCS Roadmap – Supporting deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the UK. DECC, April 2012
13. Carbon Capture and Storage: Mobilising private sector finance for CCS in the UK. ETI and the Ecofin Research Foundation, November 2012
14. The Future of Heating: Meeting the Challenge. DECC, March 2013
15. Electricity Market Reform Delivery Plan. DECC, December 2013
16. The Global Status of CCS: 2013. Global CCS Institute, October 2013
17. Clean Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century: a technology strategy for carbon capture and storage. APGTF, April 2009
18. Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015: 10. Secure, clean and efficient energy. European Commission, December 2013 19. Building towards a commercial reality – accelerating CCS in the UK. David Clarke, ETI (presentation to 12th Annual APGTF Workshop, London, March 2012) 20. UKCS Maximising Recovery Review: Interim Report. Sir Ian Wood, November 2013
21. The Future of Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe. European Commission (communication), March 2013
22. How we operate – types of projects. ETI website (http://www.eti.co.uk/about/how_we_ operate/types_of_projects/)
23. Situation Report 2012. The European Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Project Network, September 2013
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8 Glossary
APGTF The Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum ASU(s) air separation unit(s) Bar non-SI unit of pressure (1 bar = 0.1MPa) BIS The Department of Business, Innovation & Skills (UK) BF blast furnace BF2RA The Biomass and Fossil Fuels Research Alliance BGS The British Geological Survey (a NERC Institute, UK) bn billion CaO calcium oxide (‘quicklime’) CAPEX capital expenditure CAT(s) carbon abatement technology(ies) CCC The Committee on Climate Change (UK) CCGT combined cycle gas turbine
CCS carbon capture and storage (more correctly, CO2 capture and storage) CCSA The Carbon Capture and Storage Association CDT(s) EPSRC Centre(s) for Doctoral Training CFB circulating fluidised bed CfD(s) Feed-in Tariff Contract(s) for Difference (under EMR) CFD computational fluid dynamics CFEDI The Clean Fossil Energy Development Institute, Guangdong, PRC CHP combined heat and power CLC carbonate looping cycle CLR chemical looping reforming CMC-NCE Carbon Management Canada CNS central North Sea
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO2-EOR EOR using CO2 as the working fluid CoalImp The Association of UK Coal Importers COALPRO The Confederation of UK Coal Producers CPI The Centre for Process Innovation (UK) CRF The Coal Research Forum (UK) CRTF The CCS Cost Reduction Task Force (UK) CSLF The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum DECC The Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK) DOE The US Department of Energy DRI direct-reduced iron EBITDA earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation EC The European Commission ECBMR enhanced coalbed methane recovery EERP The European Energy Recovery Package (EC) EFET The EPSRC EngD Centre in Efficient Fossil Energy Technologies (UK) EGR enhanced gas recovery also exhaust gas recirculation EG&S KTN The TSB’s Energy Generation & Supply Knowledge Transfer Network (UK) EMR Electricity Market Reform (UK) EngD Engineering Doctorate degree
56 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
EOR enhanced oil recovery EoS equations of state EPA The Environmental Protection Agency (USA) EPS Emissions Performance Standard (under EMR) EPSRC The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) ESRC The Economic and Social Research Council (UK) ETI The Energy Technologies Institute (UK) ETP The IEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives ETS The EU Emission Trading Scheme EU The European Union FCC fluidised catalytic cracking FEED front-end engineering design FENCO-NET The Fossil Energy Coalition Network (Europe) FGR flue gas recirculation (synonymous with EGR) FOAK first-of-a-kind FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy GCCSI The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (based in Australia) gCO2 grammes of CO2 GDLRC The Guangdong Low-carbon Technology & Industry Research Centre (PRC) GDP gross domestic product GHG(s) greenhouse gas(es) Gt gigatonnes (109 tonnes) GT gas turbine
GtCO2 Gt of CO2 GW gigaWatts (109 Watts)
GWe electrical gigaWatts HCI hydrogen chloride HCs hydrocarbons HF hydrogen flouride HIsarna HIsmelt steelmaking process HSE The Health & Safety Executive (UK) HS&E health, safety, and environment HSL The Health & Safety Laboratory (UK) H&S health and safety
H2 hydrogen
H2O water
H2S hydrogen sulphide Id identification number for R&D projects in Appendix 1 IDC EPSRC Industrial Doctorate Centre (UK) IEA The International Energy Agency IED The EC Industrial Emissions Directive IGCC integrated (coal) gasification combined cycle IODP The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (Europe) IPA The Industrial & Power Association (Scotland) ISO The International Organisation for Standardisation
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 57 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
JIP joint industry project JV joint venture km kilometre (103 metres) kW kiloWatts (103 Watts) kWh kiloWatt (103Watt) hours LCA life-cycle assessment LCICG The Low Carbon Innovation Coordination Group (UK) LCOE levelised cost of electricity generation LCV lower calorific value LHV lower heating value MEC The Midlands Energy Consortium (the universities of Nottingham, Loughborough and Birmingham, UK) MGSC The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (USA) MMV monitoring, measurement and verification mn million MOFs metal organic framework(s) MoU memorandum of understanding MPa megaPascals (106 Pascals) Mt million tonnes
MtCO2 Mt of CO2 M&R monitoring and reporting (eg under ETS) MW megaWatts (106 Watts)
MWe electrical megaWatts
MWth thermal megaWatts
N2 nitrogen NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA) NER300 an EC scheme putting aside 300 million EU Emission Allowances from the ETS to fund CCS and renewable energy demonstration projects NERC The Natural Environment Research Council (UK) NGCC natural gas combined-cycle (synonymous with CCGT)
NOx oxides of nitrogen, ie nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (but excludes nitrous oxide (N2O)) NOAK nth-of-a-kind NOC The National Oceanography Centre (a NERC Institute, UK) NPL The National Physical Laboratory (UK) NPV net present value
O2 oxygen OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OEM original equipment manufacturer OPEX operating expenditure PF pulverised fuel PACT The UKCCSRC Pilot-scale Advanced Capture Technology shared facilities (UK) PC pulverised coal
PCC post-combustion (CO2) capture PF-USC pulverised fuel – ultrasupercritical PhD(s) Doctor of Philosophy (Doctorate) degree(s) PML Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK) ppm parts per million
58 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
PFBC pressurised fluidised bed combustion R&D research and development RD&D research, development and demonstration RFCS The Research Fund for Coal & Steel (EC) SAMS The Scottish Association of Marine Science SCCS Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage SFC Scottish Funding Council SME(s) small-to-medium size enterprise(s) (<250 employees) SMR steam methane reforming SNS southern North Sea
SO2 sulphur dioxide
SO3 sulphur trioxide SSE Scottish and Southern Energy plc syngas synthesis gas t tonne tbn to be notified (in Appendix 1) TRL(s) technology readiness level(s) (originally formulated by NASA) TSB The Technology Strategy Board TWh terraWatt (1012 Watt) hours UCG underground coal gasification UCL University College London (UK) UK The United Kingdom UKCCSC The UK CCS Community Network UKCCSRC The EPSRC UK CCS Research Centre UKCS The UK Continental Shelf UKERC The UK Energy Research Centre UKSAP The UK Storage Appraisal Project (ETI) UKTI UK Trade & Investment
ULCOS The Ultra-low CO2 Steelmaking Consortium ULCORED ULCOS initiative to reduce natural gas consumption USA The United States of America USC ultra-supercritical steam conditions WAG water-alternating-gas injection practices for EOR WGS or WSG The water-gas shift reaction ZEP The European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plant 2DS IEA’s 2∞C scenario 3D three-dimensional y year £ Pound (Sterling)
€ Euro $ US dollars ºC degrees Centigrade ºF degrees Farenheit % percentage %point(s) percentage point(s) +/- plus or minus > greater than
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 59 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Appendix 1
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Computational modelling Tackling current barriers of reactor scale-up Fundamental Research & Full Chain 1 and optimisation of in carbon capture of gas power plants using Cranfield Oct 12 Sept 16 EPSRC 0.58 0.580 2 Understanding carbon capture research advanced CFD FULL CHAIN
Computational Chemistry To allow the evaluation of new hybrid Fundamental Research & Full Chain 2 frameworks in a number of key fields, such as UCL Sept 07 Jan 12 EPSRC 0.50 0.1 2 of Hybrid Frameworks Understanding CO2 adsorption and storage
Carbon Capture and NERC/EPSRC/ESRC Fundamental Research & Full Chain 3 Storage: Realising the Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects) Uni Sussex + Apr 10 Mar 12 0.41 0.220 2 (UKERC via NERC) Understanding Potential
Methodologies to design and analyse future Multi-scale whole systems CCS systems- generating insights into the modelling and analysis for most important interactions involved in system Fundamental Research & Full Chain 4 Consortium Jun 10 May 13 EPSRC 1.42 1.000 2 CO2 capture, transport design and operation- quantifying (economics, Understanding and storage environmental impact, safety & operability) the performance of UK CCS systems
Component CCS System Modelling Provide tool to assist in design and assessment PSE, E4tech, EDF, 3.6 Full Chain 5 of future CCS systems (whole chain, power E.ON, Petrofac, Sept 11 Apr 14 ETI 3.600 N/A Development & Applied Toolkit (ETI total) generation to storage) Rolls-Royce Research
Full Chain 200 CCS flexibility New study requested by DECC IEA GHG
Ss: Scottish Government study on electricity Electricity despatch Scottish despatch modelling of Scottish electricity Full Chain 201 Government modelling system initiated mid 2013
60 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Computational modelling Tackling current barriers of reactor scale-up Fundamental Research & Full Chain 1 and optimisation of in carbon capture of gas power plants using Cranfield Oct 12 Sept 16 EPSRC 0.58 0.580 2 Understanding carbon capture research advanced CFD
Computational Chemistry To allow the evaluation of new hybrid Fundamental Research & Full Chain 2 frameworks in a number of key fields, such as UCL Sept 07 Jan 12 EPSRC 0.50 0.1 2 of Hybrid Frameworks Understanding CO2 adsorption and storage
Carbon Capture and NERC/EPSRC/ESRC Fundamental Research & Full Chain 3 Storage: Realising the Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects) Uni Sussex + Apr 10 Mar 12 0.41 0.220 2 (UKERC via NERC) Understanding Potential
Methodologies to design and analyse future Multi-scale whole systems CCS systems- generating insights into the modelling and analysis for most important interactions involved in system Fundamental Research & Full Chain 4 Consortium Jun 10 May 13 EPSRC 1.42 1.000 2 CO2 capture, transport design and operation- quantifying (economics, Understanding and storage environmental impact, safety & operability) the performance of UK CCS systems
Component CCS System Modelling Provide tool to assist in design and assessment PSE, E4tech, EDF, 3.6 Full Chain 5 of future CCS systems (whole chain, power E.ON, Petrofac, Sept 11 Apr 14 ETI 3.600 N/A Development & Applied Toolkit (ETI total) generation to storage) Rolls-Royce Research
Full Chain 200 CCS flexibility New study requested by DECC IEA GHG
Ss: Scottish Government study on electricity Electricity despatch Scottish despatch modelling of Scottish electricity Full Chain 201 Government modelling system initiated mid 2013
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 61 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Novel Catalytic Membrane Micro- reactors for CO Advance membrane micro reactor for Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 6 2 Imperial Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.458 0.430 2 Capture via precombustion & Understanding Pre-combustion Decarbonisation Route
Joint UK/China Advanced chemical cycles which allow clean Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 7 hydrogen production hydrogen to be produced without a large energy Consortium Oct 09 Sep 12 EPSRC 1 0.500 2 & Understanding network penalty for capturing the CO2
The Next Generation of Activated Carbon Develop activated carbon adsorbents and system Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 8 Adsorbents for the Pre- models to improve the efficiency, flexibility and Consortium Nov 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.694 0.694 2 & Understanding Combustion Capture operability of IGCC processes of CO2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES e-WaGS: Efficient Fundamental Research Water Gas Shift Development of Water Gas Shift technology for & Understanding Technology for Low- IGCC in which carbon monoxide produced by BP, Johnson Pre-combustion 9 Feb 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC 2 (total); 1 (public) 0.600 3 - 4 Carbon Electric Power gasification is reacted with steam to produce Matthey Component Generation from Fossil hydrogen and CO2 Development & Applied Research
INCLUDING COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS OR DEMONSTRATORS Fuels
Advanced technology to reduce cost of CO2 Next Generation capture in pre-combustion: Stage 1: FEED study for the demonstration with University of Edinburgh 23.5 Pre-combustion 10 Capture Technology for Costain July 11 Jun 05 ETI 3.500 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration and Imperial College, lasting 16 months and (ETI Total) Coal (CCGT) costing £3m. Stage2: construction of pilot plant, demonstration and results analysis (£20.5M)
Development of calcium looping technology. This Millennium Carbon capture pilot 3MWe demonstrator is the basis for scale up to Generation; Calix 5.8 Pre-combustion 11 50MWt units for (i) industrial applications (ii) in (Europe) Limited; Sep 12 Apr 14 DECC 5.800 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration using an Endex Reactor multiple units to decarbonise the fuel gas of NGCC HEL East Limited; (public) or IGCC power stations. Imperial College
Calix Ltd is developing a new technology for Calix Endex Reactor carbon capture from syngas, applicable to power carbon capture generation (CCGT or IGCC), steel and cement Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 98 industries. It is a new approach based on calcium Calix Europe Ltd May 12 Dec 12 TSB 0.99 0.068 2 technology feasibility looping, applied to pre-combustion capture, to shift & Understanding study and decarbonise syngas rapidly at high temperature and pressure The goal was to create a detailed computer process simulation and then to perform a basic process Novel Low energy pre- engineering feasibility study of the novel Timmins Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 99 technology, and to benchmark its estimated Timmins CCS Ltd May 12 Oct 12 TSB 0.075 0.053 2 combustion performance and costs, in pre-capture CCS mode & Understanding (90% CO2 capture target) on an integrated Shell coal gasifier IGCC power plant at c.30 bar pressure
62 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Novel Catalytic Membrane Micro- reactors for CO Advance membrane micro reactor for Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 6 2 Imperial Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.458 0.430 2 Capture via precombustion & Understanding Pre-combustion Decarbonisation Route
Joint UK/China Advanced chemical cycles which allow clean Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 7 hydrogen production hydrogen to be produced without a large energy Consortium Oct 09 Sep 12 EPSRC 1 0.500 2 & Understanding network penalty for capturing the CO2
The Next Generation of Activated Carbon Develop activated carbon adsorbents and system Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 8 Adsorbents for the Pre- models to improve the efficiency, flexibility and Consortium Nov 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.694 0.694 2 & Understanding Combustion Capture operability of IGCC processes of CO2 e-WaGS: Efficient Fundamental Research Water Gas Shift Development of Water Gas Shift technology for & Understanding Technology for Low- IGCC in which carbon monoxide produced by BP, Johnson Pre-combustion 9 Feb 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC 2 (total); 1 (public) 0.600 3 - 4 Carbon Electric Power gasification is reacted with steam to produce Matthey Component Generation from Fossil hydrogen and CO2 Development & Applied Fuels Research
Advanced technology to reduce cost of CO2 Next Generation capture in pre-combustion: Stage 1: FEED study for the demonstration with University of Edinburgh 23.5 Pre-combustion 10 Capture Technology for Costain July 11 Jun 05 ETI 3.500 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration and Imperial College, lasting 16 months and (ETI Total) Coal (CCGT) costing £3m. Stage2: construction of pilot plant, demonstration and results analysis (£20.5M)
Development of calcium looping technology. This Millennium Carbon capture pilot 3MWe demonstrator is the basis for scale up to Generation; Calix 5.8 Pre-combustion 11 50MWt units for (i) industrial applications (ii) in (Europe) Limited; Sep 12 Apr 14 DECC 5.800 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration using an Endex Reactor multiple units to decarbonise the fuel gas of NGCC HEL East Limited; (public) or IGCC power stations. Imperial College
Calix Ltd is developing a new technology for Calix Endex Reactor carbon capture from syngas, applicable to power carbon capture generation (CCGT or IGCC), steel and cement Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 98 industries. It is a new approach based on calcium Calix Europe Ltd May 12 Dec 12 TSB 0.99 0.068 2 technology feasibility looping, applied to pre-combustion capture, to shift & Understanding study and decarbonise syngas rapidly at high temperature and pressure The goal was to create a detailed computer process simulation and then to perform a basic process Novel Low energy pre- engineering feasibility study of the novel Timmins Fundamental Research Pre-combustion 99 technology, and to benchmark its estimated Timmins CCS Ltd May 12 Oct 12 TSB 0.075 0.053 2 combustion performance and costs, in pre-capture CCS mode & Understanding (90% CO2 capture target) on an integrated Shell coal gasifier IGCC power plant at c.30 bar pressure
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 63 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
CO2 separation by adsorption onto nanoporous materials, materials by “filtration” of CO2 from Carbon Capture from power plant flue gases by newly created semi- Fundamental Research Post-combustion 12 power plant and permeable membranes, and by membrane Heriot Watt + Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2 & Understanding atmosphere separation of oxygen from air, to enable oxy-fuel combustion and efficient CO2 separation (2 projects)
Ceramic membranes High temperature ceramic membranes for energy 2 Projects, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 13 for energy applications Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2 applications and CO2 capture Newcastle + & Understanding and CO2 capture
Fundamentals of Fundamental Research Post-combustion 14 Optimised Capture Solid adsorption of CO and UK-China collaboration Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2 2 & Understanding Using Solids (FOCUS) CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES Innovative Adsorbent Materials and Processes for Integrated Carbon Simultaneous removal of SOx, NOx, HCl, HF, and Fundamental Research Post-combustion 15 Capture and Multi- toxic metals, particularly mercury – Nottingham Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2 & Understanding pollutant Control China Collaboration
INCLUDING COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS OR DEMONSTRATORS for Fossil Fuel Power Generation Methodologies for the rapid synthesis and screening Innovative Gas of novel materials and solvents for carbon capture from power stations. Focus on absorption, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 16 Separations for Carbon Consortium Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2 adsorption and membrane processes combining & Understanding Capture molecular modelling and advanced process modelling Multi-scale evaluation of advanced A systematic, multiscale approach, which considers technologies for the detailed behaviour of the solid oxygen carriers, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 17 Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 2 capturing the CO2: through to the systems level integration into a & Understanding chemical looping power station and energy grid applied to solid fuels. Accelerate the pace of development of adsorbent Step Change technology as a viable alternative to chemical Adsorbents and absorption in post-combustion capture...The EPSRC / Fundamental Research Post-combustion 18 Consortium Nov 09 Oct 13 0.158 0.800 2 Processes for CO2 ultimate goal of the project is to demonstrate E.ON & Understanding Capture. the adsorbent materials in real power plant environments Adsoprtion materials and processes for Capture technology for retrofit to existing CCGT Consortium / Fundamental Research Post-combustion 19 carbon capture from plants. Addressing both materials and process Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 2 Edinburgh & Understanding gas-fired power plants development for carbon capture. (AMPGas) Effective adsorbents for establishing solids To overcome the performance barriers for Fundamental Research Post-combustion 20 looping as a next implementing adsorbent systems in the solid looping Consortium Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2 & Understanding generation CCGT technology specifically for CCGT power plants technology
64 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
CO2 separation by adsorption onto nanoporous materials, materials by “filtration” of CO2 from Carbon Capture from power plant flue gases by newly created semi- Fundamental Research Post-combustion 12 power plant and permeable membranes, and by membrane Heriot Watt + Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2 & Understanding atmosphere separation of oxygen from air, to enable oxy-fuel combustion and efficient CO2 separation (2 projects)
Ceramic membranes High temperature ceramic membranes for energy 2 Projects, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 13 for energy applications Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2 applications and CO2 capture Newcastle + & Understanding and CO2 capture
Fundamentals of Fundamental Research Post-combustion 14 Optimised Capture Solid adsorption of CO and UK-China collaboration Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2 2 & Understanding Using Solids (FOCUS)
Innovative Adsorbent Materials and Processes for Integrated Carbon Simultaneous removal of SOx, NOx, HCl, HF, and Fundamental Research Post-combustion 15 Capture and Multi- toxic metals, particularly mercury – Nottingham Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2 & Understanding pollutant Control China Collaboration for Fossil Fuel Power Generation Methodologies for the rapid synthesis and screening Innovative Gas of novel materials and solvents for carbon capture from power stations. Focus on absorption, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 16 Separations for Carbon Consortium Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2 adsorption and membrane processes combining & Understanding Capture molecular modelling and advanced process modelling Multi-scale evaluation of advanced A systematic, multiscale approach, which considers technologies for the detailed behaviour of the solid oxygen carriers, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 17 Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 2 capturing the CO2: through to the systems level integration into a & Understanding chemical looping power station and energy grid applied to solid fuels. Accelerate the pace of development of adsorbent Step Change technology as a viable alternative to chemical Adsorbents and absorption in post-combustion capture...The EPSRC / Fundamental Research Post-combustion 18 Consortium Nov 09 Oct 13 0.158 0.800 2 Processes for CO2 ultimate goal of the project is to demonstrate E.ON & Understanding Capture. the adsorbent materials in real power plant environments Adsoprtion materials and processes for Capture technology for retrofit to existing CCGT Consortium / Fundamental Research Post-combustion 19 carbon capture from plants. Addressing both materials and process Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 2 Edinburgh & Understanding gas-fired power plants development for carbon capture. (AMPGas) Effective adsorbents for establishing solids To overcome the performance barriers for Fundamental Research Post-combustion 20 looping as a next implementing adsorbent systems in the solid looping Consortium Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2 & Understanding generation CCGT technology specifically for CCGT power plants technology
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 65 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Underpinning research for development and Advanced GasCCS deployment on natural gas power plants, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 21 particularly for gas turbine modifications and Consortium Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2 (GasFACTS) advanced post combustion capture technologies for & Understanding gas power plants
Carbon capture in the To develop a vacuum swing adsoption process to Fundamental Research Post-combustion 22 Edinburgh Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2 refining process capture CO2 from a H2 plants in the refining process & Understanding
New approach to extend durability of sorbent powders Materials engineering proposal addressing the major Fundamental Research Post-combustion 23 problem facing utilisation of powder sorbents such Leeds Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2 for multicycle high as CaO for high temperature applications & Understanding temperature CO2 capture in hydrogen CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES Feasibility of a wetting layer absoprtion To investigate a novel process based on the wetting layer absorption concept in which a porous material Strathclyde / Fundamental Research Post-combustion 24 carbon capture process Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2 is used to support liquid-like regions of absorbing Edinburgh & Understanding based on chemical solvent, which in turn absorb carbon dioxide solvents
INCLUDING COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS OR DEMONSTRATORS Imperial College Chemical looping Chemical looping (combustion, CLC) using fluidised London, Cranfield for low-cost oxygen beds at industrial scale within the UK - experimental Fundamental Research University & Post-combustion 25 work and theoretical analysis for first large-scale Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 1-3 production and other University of & Understanding demonstration of CLC within the UK. applications Cambridge
Membrane processes as an alternative to post- combustion capture technologies due to the Mixed matrix reduced maintenance of the process, the absence of dangerous solvents and their smaller footprint. membranes University of EPSRC / Fundamental Research This project aims - support development of new Post-combustion 26 Edinburgh Nov 09 Oct 13 0.158 0.800 1-3 preparation for post- mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion E.ON & Understanding combustion capture applications. Fundamental knowledge is crucial in order to design the reliable materials needed for real-world-applications.
Future Demonstrate 2nd generation carbon capture Environmental Project Coral – technology on an industrial chemicals site: Carbon Technologies Group, Integrated CHP, carbon Water Exchange (CWX), an innovative, electro- Solutia UK; Hoare Post-combustion 27 chemical based sequestration technology that Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration water exchange Pilot Lea & Partners; DB remediates principally CO , SO & NO from fossil Demonstration 2 x x Core Ltd; Malvern fuel combustion emissions. Executives
Largest Pilot plant demonstration in UK,5MW , Ferrybridge CC Pilot e SSE, Doosan, 21 (total); 6.75 100t CO capture/day. System integration, solvent Post-combustion 28 2 Vattenfall Jan 11 Dec 13 TSB/DECC 5.000 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration 100+ evaluation, skills & training (public)
Advanced technology to reduce cost and capture Next Generation penalty for retrofit and new-build gas-fired power Post-combustion 29 capture for gas fired stations. Stage 1: design study (August 2012 – tbn Jul 12 Dec 15 ETI 21.6 (ETI total) 11.600 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration (CCGT) power stations January 2014) £0.8M; Stage 2: c5MWe pilot (2014 – 2017) £10M)
66 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Underpinning research for development and Advanced GasCCS deployment on natural gas power plants, Fundamental Research Post-combustion 21 particularly for gas turbine modifications and Consortium Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2 (GasFACTS) advanced post combustion capture technologies for & Understanding gas power plants
Carbon capture in the To develop a vacuum swing adsoption process to Fundamental Research Post-combustion 22 Edinburgh Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2 refining process capture CO2 from a H2 plants in the refining process & Understanding
New approach to extend durability of sorbent powders Materials engineering proposal addressing the major Fundamental Research Post-combustion 23 problem facing utilisation of powder sorbents such Leeds Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2 for multicycle high as CaO for high temperature applications & Understanding temperature CO2 capture in hydrogen Feasibility of a wetting layer absoprtion To investigate a novel process based on the wetting layer absorption concept in which a porous material Strathclyde / Fundamental Research Post-combustion 24 carbon capture process Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2 is used to support liquid-like regions of absorbing Edinburgh & Understanding based on chemical solvent, which in turn absorb carbon dioxide solvents
Imperial College Chemical looping Chemical looping (combustion, CLC) using fluidised London, Cranfield for low-cost oxygen beds at industrial scale within the UK - experimental Fundamental Research University & Post-combustion 25 work and theoretical analysis for first large-scale Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 1-3 production and other University of & Understanding demonstration of CLC within the UK. applications Cambridge
Membrane processes as an alternative to post- combustion capture technologies due to the Mixed matrix reduced maintenance of the process, the absence of dangerous solvents and their smaller footprint. membranes University of EPSRC / Fundamental Research This project aims - support development of new Post-combustion 26 Edinburgh Nov 09 Oct 13 0.158 0.800 1-3 preparation for post- mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion E.ON & Understanding combustion capture applications. Fundamental knowledge is crucial in order to design the reliable materials needed for real-world-applications.
Future Demonstrate 2nd generation carbon capture Environmental Project Coral – technology on an industrial chemicals site: Carbon Technologies Group, Integrated CHP, carbon Water Exchange (CWX), an innovative, electro- Solutia UK; Hoare Post-combustion 27 chemical based sequestration technology that Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration water exchange Pilot Lea & Partners; DB remediates principally CO , SO & NO from fossil Demonstration 2 x x Core Ltd; Malvern fuel combustion emissions. Executives
Largest Pilot plant demonstration in UK,5MW , Ferrybridge CC Pilot e SSE, Doosan, 21 (total); 6.75 100t CO capture/day. System integration, solvent Post-combustion 28 2 Vattenfall Jan 11 Dec 13 TSB/DECC 5.000 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration 100+ evaluation, skills & training (public)
Advanced technology to reduce cost and capture Next Generation penalty for retrofit and new-build gas-fired power Post-combustion 29 capture for gas fired stations. Stage 1: design study (August 2012 – tbn Jul 12 Dec 15 ETI 21.6 (ETI total) 11.600 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration (CCGT) power stations January 2014) £0.8M; Stage 2: c5MWe pilot (2014 – 2017) £10M)
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 67 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Industrial CO2 as a precursor to Develop an innovative, algae based solution for the sustainable biomass: CPI, Sembcorp, 2.6 (total); 1.2 Component Development significant reduction of large scale industrial CO Post-combustion 30 2 Cemex, Steetley Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.775 3 reducing energy emissions. (public) & Applied Research consumption and CO2 footprint
RECAP - Reduced Develop innovative absorber configurations to lower Costain, 0.157 Component Development Post-combustion 31 Elevation CO2 the cost of CCS electricity generation from fossil fuel University of Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC 0.157 5 Absorber Programme (or biomass) combustion Edinburgh (public) & Applied Research
New Solvents for CO 0.789 Component Development Post-combustion 32 2 Testing of novel amine-free solvents. C-Capture Jan 13 Feb 15 DECC 0.789 5 Capture (public) + private & Applied Research
CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES Carbon Clean Process Design and Solutions; Process standardization, intensification and industrial Optimization of New Imperial College; 3.621 Component Development scale up for novel solvents that will reduce solvent Post-combustion 33 UK CCS Research Oct 12 Apr 14 DECC 3.621 5 Solvents for CO2 regeneration energy footprint. (public) & Applied Research Capture Centre PACT facilities CMCL
INCLUDING COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS OR DEMONSTRATORS Innovations, Doosan, Drax, Techno-economic Identify opportunities and issues around use of EDF, E4tech, 0.7 Component Development Post-combustion 34 assessment of Biomass biomass with CCS (co-firing and 100% biomass) to Imperial College, Apr 11 July 12 ETI 0.700 4-6 (ETI total) & Applied Research with CCS achieve net negative CO2 emissions University of Cambridge, University of Leeds (a) complete a “detailed feasibility design study” of the C-FAST pilot plant, (b) investigate long-term Computational value of potential plant revenue streams, (c) Modelling Detailed design study demonstrate how different production scales can Cambridge Fundamental Research benefit the UK/EU, and (d) establish a “UK-based” Post-combustion 100 of the C-FAST pilot Limited, Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.075 2 supply chain of manufacturing and services for & Understanding plant Cambridge export of the plant design to environments with University low-cost arid landscapes. In all aspects the project goals were all achieved.
Minerals for Sustainable Cost and Funded through FENCO NET Call - project energy efficient investigating the performance of new mineral Fundamental Research Post-combustion 101 Cambridge Early 14 EPSRC 0.169 0.169 1-3 chemical looping sources as solid oxygen carriers in coal based & Understanding combustion systems Technology
CO2 Post-Combustion Capture Using Amine Funded through FENCO NET Call - project looking Fundamental Research Post-combustion 102 at new innovative CO2 capture technologies using Nottingham Early 14 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 1-3 Impregnated Synthetic synthetic zeolites & Understanding Zeolites
Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Using Funded through FENCO NET Call - Project looking at Fundamental Research Post-combustion 103 new CO2 capture processes based on Metal Organic Edinburgh Early 14 EPSRC 0.198 0.192 1-3 MOFs: Materials and Framework materials & Understanding Process Development
68 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Industrial CO2 as a precursor to Develop an innovative, algae based solution for the sustainable biomass: CPI, Sembcorp, 2.6 (total); 1.2 Component Development significant reduction of large scale industrial CO Post-combustion 30 2 Cemex, Steetley Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.775 3 reducing energy emissions. (public) & Applied Research consumption and CO2 footprint
RECAP - Reduced Develop innovative absorber configurations to lower Costain, 0.157 Component Development Post-combustion 31 Elevation CO2 the cost of CCS electricity generation from fossil fuel University of Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC 0.157 5 Absorber Programme (or biomass) combustion Edinburgh (public) & Applied Research
New Solvents for CO 0.789 Component Development Post-combustion 32 2 Testing of novel amine-free solvents. C-Capture Jan 13 Feb 15 DECC 0.789 5 Capture (public) + private & Applied Research
Carbon Clean Process Design and Solutions; Process standardization, intensification and industrial Optimization of New Imperial College; 3.621 Component Development scale up for novel solvents that will reduce solvent Post-combustion 33 UK CCS Research Oct 12 Apr 14 DECC 3.621 5 Solvents for CO2 regeneration energy footprint. (public) & Applied Research Capture Centre PACT facilities CMCL Innovations, Doosan, Drax, Techno-economic Identify opportunities and issues around use of EDF, E4tech, 0.7 Component Development Post-combustion 34 assessment of Biomass biomass with CCS (co-firing and 100% biomass) to Imperial College, Apr 11 July 12 ETI 0.700 4-6 (ETI total) & Applied Research with CCS achieve net negative CO2 emissions University of Cambridge, University of Leeds (a) complete a “detailed feasibility design study” of the C-FAST pilot plant, (b) investigate long-term Computational value of potential plant revenue streams, (c) Modelling Detailed design study demonstrate how different production scales can Cambridge Fundamental Research benefit the UK/EU, and (d) establish a “UK-based” Post-combustion 100 of the C-FAST pilot Limited, Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.075 2 supply chain of manufacturing and services for & Understanding plant Cambridge export of the plant design to environments with University low-cost arid landscapes. In all aspects the project goals were all achieved.
Minerals for Sustainable Cost and Funded through FENCO NET Call - project energy efficient investigating the performance of new mineral Fundamental Research Post-combustion 101 Cambridge Early 14 EPSRC 0.169 0.169 1-3 chemical looping sources as solid oxygen carriers in coal based & Understanding combustion systems Technology
CO2 Post-Combustion Capture Using Amine Funded through FENCO NET Call - project looking Fundamental Research Post-combustion 102 at new innovative CO2 capture technologies using Nottingham Early 14 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 1-3 Impregnated Synthetic synthetic zeolites & Understanding Zeolites
Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Using Funded through FENCO NET Call - Project looking at Fundamental Research Post-combustion 103 new CO2 capture processes based on Metal Organic Edinburgh Early 14 EPSRC 0.198 0.192 1-3 MOFs: Materials and Framework materials & Understanding Process Development
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 69 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
To prepare for the first CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstrators on a thermal power plant scale, implementing first-generation CO2 capture processes using amine-type solvents. Three 21 consortium European Fundamental Research CO capture pilot units – the Cato pilot unit in Post-combustion 202 OCTAVIUS 2 participants Mar 12 Feb 17 13,492,943 Euro 7,928,238 Euro 2 Maasvlakte (Netherlands), the Enel pilot unit in Union & Understanding Brindisi (Italy) and the EnBW pilot unit in Heilbronn (Germany) – will be used to test the operability and flexibility of these first-generation processes.
Doosan Babcock, To demonstrate a novel carbon capture technology Fundamental Research Inventys, MAST, Post-combustion 203 NGCT2 CCGT suitable for CCGT Aug 12 Jan 14 ETI 2.34 1.63 2 Howden & Understanding
Doosan Babcock, RWE Npower, Investgation of critical operating parameters for post Fundamental Research BOC Limited, Post-combustion 204 ECO-COPPS combustion scrubbing. Jan 08 July 11 TSB 0.81 0.42 2 University of & Understanding CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES Leeds
Consortium (4 research PTo investigate novel technologies for CO European Fundamental Research 2 organisation/ Post-combustion 205 CESAR separation and recovery from flue gas Apr 08 Aug 11 6.70 4.00 2 universities and Union & Understanding 18 companies) INCLUDING COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS OR DEMONSTRATORS Doosan Babcock, Cranfield Investigate of surface protection technologies University, E.On, Component Development Post-combustion 206 ASPECT to ensure material integrity for carbon capture Monitor Sep 08 Aug 11 TSB 2.53 1.29 4 technologies Coatings, NPL, & Applied Research RWE Npower, Sulzer Metco
Development of technologies required at post- Consortium of 29 European Fundamental Research combustion, transport and storage stages of CO Post-combustion 207 CASTOR 2 project partners Feb 04 Jan 08 15,840387 euro 8,499,920 euro 2 capture Union & Understanding
Doosan Babcock, KEMA, Alstom, E.On, Cranfield University, Goodwin, To demonstrate integrity of steam pipework when Monitor DTI Fundamental Research Post-combustion 208 NEXTGEN Power May 10 Apr 14 10.30 6.00 3 used with carbon capture technologies Coatings, (now DERR) & Understanding Saarchmiede, Aubert & Duvall, VTT, Slovakian Welding Institute, TU Darmstadt
Impact of High The efficiency of sorbents in reducing SO3 will be Concentrations of SO Post combustion 2 assessed for the first time at pilot-scale, previous Fundamental Research 209 and SO in Carbon studies having only concentrated on SO , at Leeds Jan 09 Jan 11 EPSRC 0.174 0.174 2 and Oxy-fuel 3 2 Capture Applications conditions pertinent to oxy-fuel firing and post- & Understanding and its Mitigation combustion capture, (air firing conditions).
70 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
To prepare for the first CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstrators on a thermal power plant scale, implementing first-generation CO2 capture processes using amine-type solvents. Three 21 consortium European Fundamental Research CO capture pilot units – the Cato pilot unit in Post-combustion 202 OCTAVIUS 2 participants Mar 12 Feb 17 13,492,943 Euro 7,928,238 Euro 2 Maasvlakte (Netherlands), the Enel pilot unit in Union & Understanding Brindisi (Italy) and the EnBW pilot unit in Heilbronn (Germany) – will be used to test the operability and flexibility of these first-generation processes.
Doosan Babcock, To demonstrate a novel carbon capture technology Fundamental Research Inventys, MAST, Post-combustion 203 NGCT2 CCGT suitable for CCGT Aug 12 Jan 14 ETI 2.34 1.63 2 Howden & Understanding
Doosan Babcock, RWE Npower, Investgation of critical operating parameters for post Fundamental Research BOC Limited, Post-combustion 204 ECO-COPPS combustion scrubbing. Jan 08 July 11 TSB 0.81 0.42 2 University of & Understanding Leeds
Consortium (4 research PTo investigate novel technologies for CO European Fundamental Research 2 organisation/ Post-combustion 205 CESAR separation and recovery from flue gas Apr 08 Aug 11 6.70 4.00 2 universities and Union & Understanding 18 companies)
Doosan Babcock, Cranfield Investigate of surface protection technologies University, E.On, Component Development Post-combustion 206 ASPECT to ensure material integrity for carbon capture Monitor Sep 08 Aug 11 TSB 2.53 1.29 4 technologies Coatings, NPL, & Applied Research RWE Npower, Sulzer Metco
Development of technologies required at post- Consortium of 29 European Fundamental Research combustion, transport and storage stages of CO Post-combustion 207 CASTOR 2 project partners Feb 04 Jan 08 15,840387 euro 8,499,920 euro 2 capture Union & Understanding
Doosan Babcock, KEMA, Alstom, E.On, Cranfield University, Goodwin, To demonstrate integrity of steam pipework when Monitor DTI Fundamental Research Post-combustion 208 NEXTGEN Power May 10 Apr 14 10.30 6.00 3 used with carbon capture technologies Coatings, (now DERR) & Understanding Saarchmiede, Aubert & Duvall, VTT, Slovakian Welding Institute, TU Darmstadt
Impact of High The efficiency of sorbents in reducing SO3 will be Concentrations of SO Post combustion 2 assessed for the first time at pilot-scale, previous Fundamental Research 209 and SO in Carbon studies having only concentrated on SO , at Leeds Jan 09 Jan 11 EPSRC 0.174 0.174 2 and Oxy-fuel 3 2 Capture Applications conditions pertinent to oxy-fuel firing and post- & Understanding and its Mitigation combustion capture, (air firing conditions).
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 71 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Academic programme to develop a better Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 36 Oxyfuel combustion Consortium Jul 09 Jun 13 EPSRC/E.ON 108 0.800 2 understanding & Understanding
Experimental investigating impacts of real flue gas and vent investigation and CFD gas recycling on the combustion performance, modelling of oxy-coal emissions, ignition and flame stability of oxy-coal University of combustion by means of 250kW PACT facility Nottingham & Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 37 combustion on PACT Jan 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.254 0.203 1-3 testing and comprehensively validated CFD University of & Understanding facility with real flue modelling, and to assess various flue gas recycling Leeds gas and vent gas scenarios and the benefits of vent gas recycling by recycling process simulation. investigating impacts of real flue gas and vent Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recycling on the combustion performance, gas recirculation emissions, ignition and flame stability of oxy-coal processes in gas combustion by means of 250kW PACT facility Cardiff 12 Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 38 UKCCSRC 0.99 0.792 1-3 turbine combustion for testing and comprehensively validated CFD University months & Understanding improved carbon modelling, and to assess various flue gas recycling
CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES capture performance scenarios and the benefits of vent gas recycling by process simulation. In-depth Studies of OxyCoal Combustion Understanding of the impact of oxycoal on flame characteristics, critical reaction kinetics, and To mid Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 39 Processes through 3 Projects EPSRC 1 0.800 2 devolatisation and char reaction in the combustion 2013 & Understanding Numerical Modelling processes - China collaboration and 3D Flame Imaging INCLUDING COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS OR DEMONSTRATORS To accelerate progress towards achieving operational excellence for flexible, efficient and environmentally sustainable Bio-CCS thermal power plants by University of Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 104 Bio-CAP Sep 13 Sep 15 UKCCSRC 0.3 0.750 2 developing and assessing fundamental knowledge, Leeds & Understanding pilot plant tests and techno economic and life cycle studies.
Costain; Address key penalties for oxy-fuel combustion of coal OxyPROP – Oxyfuel University of and biomass in boiler plant through novel application 0.192 Component Development Edinburgh; Oxy-fuel 40 Penalty Reduction of innovative CO separation and compression Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC 0.192 5 2 University of (public) & Applied Research Option Project technology. Leeds
Vattenfall, IVD Stuttgart, National Develop mathematical models for oxy-fuel Technical European Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 210 OXYMOD Jul 05 Oct 08 2,156,685 Euro 1,294,011 euro 2 combustion University of Union & Understanding Athens, Chalmers University, Doosan Babcock
Doosan Babcock, Vattenfall, Dong Energy, EDF, SSE, Air Products, Investigation of effects of oxy-fuel conditions and Drax Power, E. Fundamental Research parameters on combustion mechanisms, slagging, Oxy-fuel 211 OxyCoal UK (Phase I) On, Scottish Jan 07 Jul 09 TSB 2.79 1.35 2 fouling and corrosion & Understanding Power, Imperial College London, University of Nottingham
72 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Assumed total Technology Area Id Partners Funders TRL Focus (project) title for intervention Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M public spend (Technology Readiness Level)
Academic programme to develop a better Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 36 Oxyfuel combustion Consortium Jul 09 Jun 13 EPSRC/E.ON 108 0.800 2 understanding & Understanding
Experimental investigating impacts of real flue gas and vent investigation and CFD gas recycling on the combustion performance, modelling of oxy-coal emissions, ignition and flame stability of oxy-coal University of combustion by means of 250kW PACT facility Nottingham & Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 37 combustion on PACT Jan 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.254 0.203 1-3 testing and comprehensively validated CFD University of & Understanding facility with real flue modelling, and to assess various flue gas recycling Leeds gas and vent gas scenarios and the benefits of vent gas recycling by recycling process simulation. investigating impacts of real flue gas and vent Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recycling on the combustion performance, gas recirculation emissions, ignition and flame stability of oxy-coal processes in gas combustion by means of 250kW PACT facility Cardiff 12 Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 38 UKCCSRC 0.99 0.792 1-3 turbine combustion for testing and comprehensively validated CFD University months & Understanding improved carbon modelling, and to assess various flue gas recycling capture performance scenarios and the benefits of vent gas recycling by process simulation. In-depth Studies of OxyCoal Combustion Understanding of the impact of oxycoal on flame characteristics, critical reaction kinetics, and To mid Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 39 Processes through 3 Projects EPSRC 1 0.800 2 devolatisation and char reaction in the combustion 2013 & Understanding Numerical Modelling processes - China collaboration and 3D Flame Imaging
To accelerate progress towards achieving operational excellence for flexible, efficient and environmentally sustainable Bio-CCS thermal power plants by University of Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 104 Bio-CAP Sep 13 Sep 15 UKCCSRC 0.3 0.750 2 developing and assessing fundamental knowledge, Leeds & Understanding pilot plant tests and techno economic and life cycle studies.
Costain; Address key penalties for oxy-fuel combustion of coal OxyPROP – Oxyfuel University of and biomass in boiler plant through novel application 0.192 Component Development Edinburgh; Oxy-fuel 40 Penalty Reduction of innovative CO separation and compression Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC 0.192 5 2 University of (public) & Applied Research Option Project technology. Leeds
Vattenfall, IVD Stuttgart, National Develop mathematical models for oxy-fuel Technical European Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 210 OXYMOD Jul 05 Oct 08 2,156,685 Euro 1,294,011 euro 2 combustion University of Union & Understanding Athens, Chalmers University, Doosan Babcock
Doosan Babcock, Vattenfall, Dong Energy, EDF, SSE, Air Products, Investigation of effects of oxy-fuel conditions and Drax Power, E. Fundamental Research parameters on combustion mechanisms, slagging, Oxy-fuel 211 OxyCoal UK (Phase I) On, Scottish Jan 07 Jul 09 TSB 2.79 1.35 2 fouling and corrosion & Understanding Power, Imperial College London, University of Nottingham
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 73 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend University of Stuttgart, EDF, Doosan Babcock, WS Warmeprozesstechnik, Proof of concept of flameless combustion of coal European Fundamental Research National University of Oxy-fuel 212 FLOX COAL and development of FLOX burner Jun 056 May 08 2,996,203 euro 1,797,722 euro 2 Athens, RWTH, Union & Understanding Germany, IEN Poland, ELOPOLE Poland and INSA Rouen, France
RWTH, IPE Poland, WS Warmeprozesstechnik, Development of scale up methodology for FLOX European Fundamental Research Doosan Babcock, ENBW Oxy-fuel 213 FLOX COAL 2 burner demonstration Jul 11 Dec 12 2,690,872 euro 1,614,524 euro 3 KWG, Insaro, PGEGIEK Union & Understanding Poland
SSE, E.On, Drax Power, Scottish Power, EdF, Dong DTI Component Development Demonstration of an Oxyfuel combustion system energy, Air Products, Oxy-fuel 214 OxyCoal 2 Dec 07 Dec 11 (now DECC) 7.36 2.21 & Applied Research / Pilot-
CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES (40MWth) Imperial College London, Doosan HYFCCAT scale Demonstration Babcock, University of Nottingham
Doosan Babcock, Air Investigation of control and operability of utility- Products, RWE Component Development Oxy-fuel 215 OXY-TRANS Jul 08 Jun 10 TSB 0.50 0.20 4 scale Oxyfuel power plant Npower, Imperial & Applied Research INCLUDING COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS OR DEMONSTRATORS College London
E.On, University of Leeds, Doosan Investigate SOx (SO2/SO3) levels under Oxy-fuel Fundamental Research Babcock, IEA Oxy-fuel 216 OXYSOX firing Mar 09 Feb 11 TSB 1.21 0.60 2 Environmental & Understanding Products
Optimised OxyCoal Combustion and emissions performance optimisaton Doosan Babcock, Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 217 Oct 08 Dec 10 TSB 0.39 0.20 3 Combustion of oxy-fuel firing Air Products & Understanding
University of Glamorgan, Doosan, Abo Akademi, E.On, Technical University Fundamental Research Applied research, development and demonstration of Munich, EDF, European & Understanding, Oxy-fuel 218 RELCOM to support full-scale oxy-fuel power plant early University of Leeds, Dec 11 Nov 15 9,736,057 Euro 6,349,100 Euro 2,3,4 demonstration Instytut Energetyki Union Component development Poland, University of and applied research Stuttgart, Enel, CUIDEN Spain, Onlus Italy
Collaborative research projects to undertake fundamental research to tackle challenges in carbon capture. Priority areas to complement the current CCS research portfolio: Register interest: • Technology Integration, Intensification, 2013 EPSRC Call: 29 November 2013 up to £4M Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 97 Challenges in carbon Scale-up and Optimisation EPSRC EPSRC 4.00 1-3 Call closes: 16:00 on available & Understanding capture for CCS • Development of Capture Materials 30 January 2014 Projects will be required to work as part of the UKCCSRC; projects may be for up to 4 years. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/calls/2013/Pages/ researchchallengesincarboncapture.aspx
74 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend University of Stuttgart, EDF, Doosan Babcock, WS Warmeprozesstechnik, Proof of concept of flameless combustion of coal European Fundamental Research National University of Oxy-fuel 212 FLOX COAL and development of FLOX burner Jun 056 May 08 2,996,203 euro 1,797,722 euro 2 Athens, RWTH, Union & Understanding Germany, IEN Poland, ELOPOLE Poland and INSA Rouen, France
RWTH, IPE Poland, WS Warmeprozesstechnik, Development of scale up methodology for FLOX European Fundamental Research Doosan Babcock, ENBW Oxy-fuel 213 FLOX COAL 2 burner demonstration Jul 11 Dec 12 2,690,872 euro 1,614,524 euro 3 KWG, Insaro, PGEGIEK Union & Understanding Poland
SSE, E.On, Drax Power, Scottish Power, EdF, Dong DTI Component Development Demonstration of an Oxyfuel combustion system energy, Air Products, Oxy-fuel 214 OxyCoal 2 Dec 07 Dec 11 (now DECC) 7.36 2.21 & Applied Research / Pilot- (40MWth) Imperial College London, Doosan HYFCCAT scale Demonstration Babcock, University of Nottingham
Doosan Babcock, Air Investigation of control and operability of utility- Products, RWE Component Development Oxy-fuel 215 OXY-TRANS Jul 08 Jun 10 TSB 0.50 0.20 4 scale Oxyfuel power plant Npower, Imperial & Applied Research College London
E.On, University of Leeds, Doosan Investigate SOx (SO2/SO3) levels under Oxy-fuel Fundamental Research Babcock, IEA Oxy-fuel 216 OXYSOX firing Mar 09 Feb 11 TSB 1.21 0.60 2 Environmental & Understanding Products
Optimised OxyCoal Combustion and emissions performance optimisaton Doosan Babcock, Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 217 Oct 08 Dec 10 TSB 0.39 0.20 3 Combustion of oxy-fuel firing Air Products & Understanding
University of Glamorgan, Doosan, Abo Akademi, E.On, Technical University Fundamental Research Applied research, development and demonstration of Munich, EDF, European & Understanding, Oxy-fuel 218 RELCOM to support full-scale oxy-fuel power plant early University of Leeds, Dec 11 Nov 15 9,736,057 Euro 6,349,100 Euro 2,3,4 demonstration Instytut Energetyki Union Component development Poland, University of and applied research Stuttgart, Enel, CUIDEN Spain, Onlus Italy
Collaborative research projects to undertake fundamental research to tackle challenges in carbon capture. Priority areas to complement the current CCS research portfolio: Register interest: • Technology Integration, Intensification, 2013 EPSRC Call: 29 November 2013 up to £4M Fundamental Research Oxy-fuel 97 Challenges in carbon Scale-up and Optimisation EPSRC EPSRC 4.00 1-3 Call closes: 16:00 on available & Understanding capture for CCS • Development of Capture Materials 30 January 2014 Projects will be required to work as part of the UKCCSRC; projects may be for up to 4 years. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/calls/2013/Pages/ researchchallengesincarboncapture.aspx
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 75 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend
Consortium led by Loughborough with Cardiff, Key issues of Plant Efficiency, Plant Flexibility, Fuel Cranfield, Imperial, Flexibility and Sustainability and how impact upon Nottingham, Warwick. Flexible and Efficient plant operation and design, combustion processes Industrial Partners: Alstom; and structural integrity of conventional and advanced EDF; Emerson Process Mgmt; Fundamental Research 35 Power Plant: Flex-E- Mar 13 Sep 17 EPSRC 2 1.000 2 materials utilised in conventional power plants. R-MC Power Recovery Ltd; & Understanding Plant Outcomes: understanding of economic viability; SSE; TWI; Doosan; Goodwins Novel & improved monitoring; new models for Steel Castings; Rolls Royce; optimising operating conditions. Siemans plc; E.on; Eggborough Power Ltd; NPL; RWE npower; TSB
Development of novel tools SUPERGEN 2- Development of novel tools and technologies to and technologies to extend Fundamental Research 41 Conventional power extend the life of existing conventional steam and the life of existing Jul 08 Dec 12 EPSRC 4.2 1.500 2 plant lifetime extension combined cycle power plants conventional steam and & Understanding combined cycle power plants
Whole systems approach SUPERGEN - Whole systems approach to bioenergy, including to bioenergy, including Fundamental Research 42 increasing understanding of biomass combustion and increasing understanding Aug 12 Jul 17 EPSRC 3.55 3.000 2 Bioenergy hub bio-CCS of biomass combustion & Understanding and bio-CCS CONVERSION AND GENERATION
Advanced surface Coating development to Component development Coating development to improve steam plant 1.4 (total); Component Development 43 protection for CCS improve steam plant Jun 13 May 16 TSB 0.400 3 reliability 0.65 (public) & Applied Research (including efficiency plant reliability improvements eg gas, steam turbine, boiler) and co-firing Carbon Abatement Coating development to Using Surface Coating development to improve gas turbine improve gas turbine 1.7 (total); Component Development 44 Apr 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC 0.540 3 Engineering component reliability in co-firing, oxy-fuel firing component reliability in 0.85 (public) & Applied Research Technologies (CASET) co-firing, oxy-fuel firing
Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments. Corrosion Lifing Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments. Develop and verify life Develop and verify life prediction methods for prediction methods for 1.7 (total); Component Development 45 Methods and Testing May 10 Apr 13 TSB/DECC 0.582 4 corrosion assisted fatigue that will allow plant to be corrosion assisted fatigue 0.85 (public) & Applied Research (CLIMATE) operated safely under more arduous conditions. that will allow plant to be operated safely under more arduous conditions.
IMPACT - Innovative To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power Materials, Design and To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power plant, through 1.8 (total); Component Development plant, through development and application of high 46 Monitoring of Power development and Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.582 4 T materials 0.9 (public & Applied Research Plant to Accommodate application of high T Carbon Capture materials
Verified Approaches to Life Management and Improved reliability of future coal-fired power Improved Design of Improved reliability of future coal-fired power plant, 1.1 (total); Component Development plant, through improved 47 through improved weld integrity of high T materials Jan 12 Dec 14 TSB/DECC 0.460 1-3 High Temperature weld integrity of high T 0.46 (public) & Applied Research Steels for Advanced materials Steam Plants – VALID
76 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend
Consortium led by Loughborough with Cardiff, Key issues of Plant Efficiency, Plant Flexibility, Fuel Cranfield, Imperial, Flexibility and Sustainability and how impact upon Nottingham, Warwick. Flexible and Efficient plant operation and design, combustion processes Industrial Partners: Alstom; and structural integrity of conventional and advanced EDF; Emerson Process Mgmt; Fundamental Research 35 Power Plant: Flex-E- Mar 13 Sep 17 EPSRC 2 1.000 2 materials utilised in conventional power plants. R-MC Power Recovery Ltd; & Understanding Plant Outcomes: understanding of economic viability; SSE; TWI; Doosan; Goodwins Novel & improved monitoring; new models for Steel Castings; Rolls Royce; optimising operating conditions. Siemans plc; E.on; Eggborough Power Ltd; NPL; RWE npower; TSB
Development of novel tools SUPERGEN 2- Development of novel tools and technologies to and technologies to extend Fundamental Research 41 Conventional power extend the life of existing conventional steam and the life of existing Jul 08 Dec 12 EPSRC 4.2 1.500 2 plant lifetime extension combined cycle power plants conventional steam and & Understanding combined cycle power plants
Whole systems approach SUPERGEN - Whole systems approach to bioenergy, including to bioenergy, including Fundamental Research 42 increasing understanding of biomass combustion and increasing understanding Aug 12 Jul 17 EPSRC 3.55 3.000 2 Bioenergy hub bio-CCS of biomass combustion & Understanding and bio-CCS
Advanced surface Coating development to Component development Coating development to improve steam plant 1.4 (total); Component Development 43 protection for CCS improve steam plant Jun 13 May 16 TSB 0.400 3 reliability 0.65 (public) & Applied Research (including efficiency plant reliability improvements eg gas, steam turbine, boiler) and co-firing Carbon Abatement Coating development to Using Surface Coating development to improve gas turbine improve gas turbine 1.7 (total); Component Development 44 Apr 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC 0.540 3 Engineering component reliability in co-firing, oxy-fuel firing component reliability in 0.85 (public) & Applied Research Technologies (CASET) co-firing, oxy-fuel firing
Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments. Corrosion Lifing Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments. Develop and verify life Develop and verify life prediction methods for prediction methods for 1.7 (total); Component Development 45 Methods and Testing May 10 Apr 13 TSB/DECC 0.582 4 corrosion assisted fatigue that will allow plant to be corrosion assisted fatigue 0.85 (public) & Applied Research (CLIMATE) operated safely under more arduous conditions. that will allow plant to be operated safely under more arduous conditions.
IMPACT - Innovative To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power Materials, Design and To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power plant, through 1.8 (total); Component Development plant, through development and application of high 46 Monitoring of Power development and Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.582 4 T materials 0.9 (public & Applied Research Plant to Accommodate application of high T Carbon Capture materials
Verified Approaches to Life Management and Improved reliability of future coal-fired power Improved Design of Improved reliability of future coal-fired power plant, 1.1 (total); Component Development plant, through improved 47 through improved weld integrity of high T materials Jan 12 Dec 14 TSB/DECC 0.460 1-3 High Temperature weld integrity of high T 0.46 (public) & Applied Research Steels for Advanced materials Steam Plants – VALID
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 77 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend
Fast Response Temperature Sensors Advanced sensors and control systems for flexible Oxensis, 1.2 (total); Component Development 48 for Gas Turbine fueled GTs,including IGCC Rolls-Royce, Siemens Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.381 4 Efficiency 0.6 (public) & Applied Research (FRETSGATE)
Component Development To assess the issues of burning high levels of Health & Safety Laboratories, 2.2 49 High Hydrogen Jul 11 Jun 14 ETI 2.200 5-6 & Applied Research / Pilot- hydrogen in gas turbines and engines Imperial College (ETI total) scale Demonstration
Development of high performance materials to Materials for NetPower Component Development enable higher pressure turbine operation and in turn Net Power Plc; Toshiba; 4.98 50 oxy-combustion higher pressure temperature and pressure Shaw Power Group Ltd; Sep 12 Mar 15 DECC 4.980 5-6 & Applied Research / Pilot- (public) process supercritical CO2 power generation cycle to capture Goodwin Steel Castings scale Demonstration emissions at low cost CONVERSION AND GENERATION
Component development Technical evaluation of Technical evaluation of using torrified biomass from Fundamental Research 105 the “Rotawave” process to economically reduce Energy Environment Ltd Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.068 2 using torrified biomass & Understanding (including efficiency carbon output from coal-fired power generation improvements eg gas, steam turbine, boiler) and Doosan Babcock, KEMA, co-firing Alstom, E.On, Cranfield University , Goodwin, To demonstrate new alloys and coatings in boiler, Monitor Coatings, European Fundamental Research 219 NEXTGEN Power May 10 Apr 14 10.30 6.00 3 turbine and interconnecting pipework Saarchmiede, Aubert & Union & Understanding Duvall, VTT, Slovakian welding Institute, TU Darmstadt
Evaluation of technical and economic feasibility of retrofitting UK coal power station fleet with Doosan Babcock DTI Component Development 220 DTI-407 Dec 04 Jan 07 4 advanced supercritical boiler and CO2 capture and partners (now DECC) & Applied Research technology
Demonstration of the potential application of Doosan Babcock DTI Component Development 221 DTI-366 advanced supercritical pulverised fuel boilers with May 05 Jul 06 4 and partners (now DECC) & Applied Research CO2 capture for the Canadian market
Air Products, Doosan CO Capture Ready Investigate the technical feasibility and cost- Babcock, E.On UK, RWE Component Development 222 2 effectiveness of capture-ready retrofit options for Npower, BP, University of Mar 06 Aug 06 TSB 4 Plant pulverised fuel power plants Nottingham and Imperial & Applied Research College London
78 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend
Fast Response Temperature Sensors Advanced sensors and control systems for flexible Oxensis, 1.2 (total); Component Development 48 for Gas Turbine fueled GTs,including IGCC Rolls-Royce, Siemens Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.381 4 Efficiency 0.6 (public) & Applied Research (FRETSGATE)
Component Development To assess the issues of burning high levels of Health & Safety Laboratories, 2.2 49 High Hydrogen Jul 11 Jun 14 ETI 2.200 5-6 & Applied Research / Pilot- hydrogen in gas turbines and engines Imperial College (ETI total) scale Demonstration
Development of high performance materials to Materials for NetPower Component Development enable higher pressure turbine operation and in turn Net Power Plc; Toshiba; 4.98 50 oxy-combustion higher pressure temperature and pressure Shaw Power Group Ltd; Sep 12 Mar 15 DECC 4.980 5-6 & Applied Research / Pilot- (public) process supercritical CO2 power generation cycle to capture Goodwin Steel Castings scale Demonstration emissions at low cost
Component development Technical evaluation of Technical evaluation of using torrified biomass from Fundamental Research 105 the “Rotawave” process to economically reduce Energy Environment Ltd Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.068 2 using torrified biomass & Understanding (including efficiency carbon output from coal-fired power generation improvements eg gas, steam turbine, boiler) and Doosan Babcock, KEMA, co-firing Alstom, E.On, Cranfield University , Goodwin, To demonstrate new alloys and coatings in boiler, Monitor Coatings, European Fundamental Research 219 NEXTGEN Power May 10 Apr 14 10.30 6.00 3 turbine and interconnecting pipework Saarchmiede, Aubert & Union & Understanding Duvall, VTT, Slovakian welding Institute, TU Darmstadt
Evaluation of technical and economic feasibility of retrofitting UK coal power station fleet with Doosan Babcock DTI Component Development 220 DTI-407 Dec 04 Jan 07 4 advanced supercritical boiler and CO2 capture and partners (now DECC) & Applied Research technology
Demonstration of the potential application of Doosan Babcock DTI Component Development 221 DTI-366 advanced supercritical pulverised fuel boilers with May 05 Jul 06 4 and partners (now DECC) & Applied Research CO2 capture for the Canadian market
Air Products, Doosan CO Capture Ready Investigate the technical feasibility and cost- Babcock, E.On UK, RWE Component Development 222 2 effectiveness of capture-ready retrofit options for Npower, BP, University of Mar 06 Aug 06 TSB 4 Plant pulverised fuel power plants Nottingham and Imperial & Applied Research College London
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 79 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend
The aims of this PhD research are to develop workflows and methodologies of using 3D seismic Quantifying the risk of data to track potential leakage routes of CO2 leakage of CO from through likely sealing lithologies. The main thrust of Fundamental Research 51 2 this research will be to quantify the leakage flux of Cardiff Oct 10 Sep 14 NERC 0.066 0.050 2 subsurface storage methane via contrasting leakage routes to yield a & Understanding sites relative risk-based ranking of bypass systems and other leakage mechanisms for a range of potential
MONITORING storage sites” 2 A key element of risk assessment for the geological storage of CO2 offshore is the monitoring of CO transport of leaks from the subsurface via shallow sediments in the marine environment, including its effect on the ecosystem. In 2012, the NERC-funded QICS project constructed the first marine in situ QICS2 Scoping Project: controlled sub-seabed release facility for CO2 in the Exploring the viability world in Ardmucknish Bay, Oban when 4.2 tonnes and scientific of CO2 was injected. There is significant University of 6 Fundamental Research 52 international interest in this unique facility and the Edinburgh, UKCCSRC 0.058 0.046 1-3 opportunities of a project provides an opportunity for the UK to PML & SAMS months & Understanding follow-on marine consolidate its leadership in environmental impact project monitoring and impact studies for CCS. This scoping project will explore with the local community, stakeholders and the broader scientific community the viability and potential scientific goals for a follow on project, with the capability of delivering useful knowledge at the start of the UK CCS commercialisation program. MMV AND M&R The project will three-dimensionally image hydraulically conductive features in the reservoir, including remote or in situ, caprock and overburden of an active CO2 injection for deep water and along site: the Aquistore site, Canada. Our research will transport network provide important information on potential migration pathways within the storage complex to 3D mapping of inform future monitoring strategies at the Aquistore large-scale subsurface site and at future storage sites. We will monitor University of Strathclyde 24 Fundamental Research micro-seismic events prior to, and during, CO 53 flow pathways using 2 & University of Edinburgh UKCCSRC 0.073 0.058 1-3 nanoseismic injection using a three-component nanoseismic months & Understanding monitoring surface monitoring array which will complement data collected by the existing geophone network at the site. This analysis can be used to provide deep focussed monitoring information on permeability enhancement near the injection point. As injection continues it will also enable imaging of any flowing features within the caprock. Development of an innovative gravity imaging Nanoscale Gravity system based upon a e high sensitivity accelerometer BP, 1.2 (total); Component Development 54 Sensors for Monitoring capable of making quantitative measurements of Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.352 3 Cambridge University 0.56 (public) & Applied Research CO2 Storage CO2 volume which can be deployed down reservoir borehole
Carbon Storage: assessment and Develop a suite of advanced CO2 sensing 0.7 (total); Component Development 55 technologies that combine to provide validated Signal Group, NPL, BP Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.226 3 validation of emissions monitoring of each stage of the CCS process 0.35 (public) & Applied Research (C-SAVE)
Guardian Global CO Monitoring for downhole applications and field 2 (total); Component Development 2 Technologies, Strathclyde 56 Project AMADEUS trial Sep 13 Aug 16 TSB 0.700 3 Uni, National Grid 0.9 (public) & Applied Research
80 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) (project) title for intervention spend
The aims of this PhD research are to develop workflows and methodologies of using 3D seismic Quantifying the risk of data to track potential leakage routes of CO2 leakage of CO from through likely sealing lithologies. The main thrust of Fundamental Research 51 2 this research will be to quantify the leakage flux of Cardiff Oct 10 Sep 14 NERC 0.066 0.050 2 subsurface storage methane via contrasting leakage routes to yield a & Understanding sites relative risk-based ranking of bypass systems and other leakage mechanisms for a range of potential storage sites”
A key element of risk assessment for the geological storage of CO2 offshore is the monitoring of transport of leaks from the subsurface via shallow sediments in the marine environment, including its effect on the ecosystem. In 2012, the NERC-funded QICS project constructed the first marine in situ QICS2 Scoping Project: controlled sub-seabed release facility for CO2 in the Exploring the viability world in Ardmucknish Bay, Oban when 4.2 tonnes and scientific of CO2 was injected. There is significant University of 6 Fundamental Research 52 international interest in this unique facility and the Edinburgh, UKCCSRC 0.058 0.046 1-3 opportunities of a project provides an opportunity for the UK to PML & SAMS months & Understanding follow-on marine consolidate its leadership in environmental impact project monitoring and impact studies for CCS. This scoping project will explore with the local community, stakeholders and the broader scientific community the viability and potential scientific goals for a follow on project, with the capability of delivering useful knowledge at the start of the UK CCS commercialisation program. MMV AND M&R The project will three-dimensionally image hydraulically conductive features in the reservoir, including remote or in situ, caprock and overburden of an active CO2 injection for deep water and along site: the Aquistore site, Canada. Our research will transport network provide important information on potential migration pathways within the storage complex to 3D mapping of inform future monitoring strategies at the Aquistore large-scale subsurface site and at future storage sites. We will monitor University of Strathclyde 24 Fundamental Research micro-seismic events prior to, and during, CO 53 flow pathways using 2 & University of Edinburgh UKCCSRC 0.073 0.058 1-3 nanoseismic injection using a three-component nanoseismic months & Understanding monitoring surface monitoring array which will complement data collected by the existing geophone network at the site. This analysis can be used to provide deep focussed monitoring information on permeability enhancement near the injection point. As injection continues it will also enable imaging of any flowing features within the caprock. Development of an innovative gravity imaging Nanoscale Gravity system based upon a e high sensitivity accelerometer BP, 1.2 (total); Component Development 54 Sensors for Monitoring capable of making quantitative measurements of Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.352 3 Cambridge University 0.56 (public) & Applied Research CO2 Storage CO2 volume which can be deployed down reservoir borehole
Carbon Storage: assessment and Develop a suite of advanced CO2 sensing 0.7 (total); Component Development 55 technologies that combine to provide validated Signal Group, NPL, BP Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC 0.226 3 validation of emissions monitoring of each stage of the CCS process 0.35 (public) & Applied Research (C-SAVE)
Guardian Global CO Monitoring for downhole applications and field 2 (total); Component Development 2 Technologies, Strathclyde 56 Project AMADEUS trial Sep 13 Aug 16 TSB 0.700 3 Uni, National Grid 0.9 (public) & Applied Research
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 81 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Develop techniques and overall system for Component Development Marine and shallow tbn - project in 57 monitoring for CO in marine and shallow- 2014 Jul 15 ETI 5 (ETI total) 5.000 5-6 & Applied Research / Pilot- monitoring MMV system 2 commissioning subsurface environment scale Demonstration
Project COMET – Assess suitability of available metering (Coriolis Metering Interconnector; 0.085 Component Development 58 technologies for use in CO2 transportation by Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC 0.085 4 Technology in CO2 Heriot-Watt University (public) & Applied Research
MONITORING pipeline Transportation for CCS) 2
Premier Oil Plc; Durham
CO University; University of Sheffield; University of Bath; Newcastle Development and testing of novel technique University; National Grid Carbon Storage Monitoring (cosmic ray muon tomography) to monitor Carbon Limited; Cleveland 0.647 Component Development 59 Dec 12 Apr 15 DECC 0.647 5 Using Muon Tomography CO2 movement. Applications for geological Potash Limited; Rutherford (public) & Applied Research storage of CO2 Appleton Laboratory; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fingerprinting captured CO2 Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges using natural tracers: in Geological Storage for CCS - project Fundamental Research 65 University of Edinburgh Jun 13 June 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.157 2 Determining CO2 fate and looking at monitoring CO2 using natural & Understanding proving ownership tracers
MMV AND M&R Gas quality assurance in an Fundamental Research 106 Rapid on line analysis of CO contaminant Progressive Energy Jul 12 Jun 13 TSB 0.107 0.058 2 including remote or in situ, industrial CCS cluster 2 & Understanding for deep water and along transport network
Microseismic tools for Development of microseismic tools for Applied Seismology Fundamental Research 107 post-injection monitoring of post-injection monitoring of containment Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.132 0.075 2 Consultants & Understanding underground CO2 storage efficiency of underground carbon storage
Low Cost Mass Spectrometry The aim of the project was to look at the Instrumentation to Underpin possibility of producing a sensitive, low cost European Spectrometry Fundamental Research 108 Emissions Trading from quadrupole mass spectrometer to measure Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.117 0.058 2 Systems & Understanding Co-Firing Biomass / Fossil the carbon isotope ratio on co-firing biomass/ Fuel Plants fossil fuel plants. 223 NEL facilities (see Chapter 3) and projects TUV/NEL
This proposal for an EPSRC-NPL Postdoctoral FTIR using asynchronous Research Partnership addresses the call theme femtosecond opos: identified as, Photonic Technologies for Optical Remote Sensing in Carbon Capture Fundamental Research 224 a new paradigm for Heriot Watt Feb 10 Jan 13 EPSRC 0.348 0.348 2 and Storage and Other Climate Change & Understanding high-resolution free space Applications, and will be conducted in mid-infrared spectroscopy partnership with Dr Tom Gardiner, head of NPL’s Environmental Measurement Group. Novel techniques for seabed monitoring of CO2 leakage Funded through FENCO NET Call - project and monitoring campaigns Scottish Association for Fundamental Research 109 looking at offshore post injection and Nov 13 Nov 16 EPSRC 0.17 0.085 1-3 based on reservoir, cap rock Marine Science & Understanding long-term monitoring of CO2 storage sites and overburden migration models
82 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Develop techniques and overall system for Component Development Marine and shallow tbn - project in 57 monitoring for CO in marine and shallow- 2014 Jul 15 ETI 5 (ETI total) 5.000 5-6 & Applied Research / Pilot- monitoring MMV system 2 commissioning subsurface environment scale Demonstration
Project COMET – Assess suitability of available metering (Coriolis Metering Interconnector; 0.085 Component Development technologies for use in CO transportation by 58 2 Heriot-Watt University Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC 0.085 4 Technology in CO2 pipeline (public) & Applied Research Transportation for CCS)
Premier Oil Plc; Durham University; University of Sheffield; University of Bath; Newcastle Development and testing of novel technique University; National Grid Carbon Storage Monitoring (cosmic ray muon tomography) to monitor Carbon Limited; Cleveland 0.647 Component Development 59 Dec 12 Apr 15 DECC 0.647 5 Using Muon Tomography CO2 movement. Applications for geological Potash Limited; Rutherford (public) & Applied Research storage of CO2 Appleton Laboratory; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fingerprinting captured CO2 Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges using natural tracers: in Geological Storage for CCS - project Fundamental Research 65 University of Edinburgh Jun 13 June 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.157 2 Determining CO2 fate and looking at monitoring CO2 using natural & Understanding proving ownership tracers
MMV AND M&R Gas quality assurance in an Fundamental Research 106 Rapid on line analysis of CO contaminant Progressive Energy Jul 12 Jun 13 TSB 0.107 0.058 2 including remote or in situ, industrial CCS cluster 2 & Understanding for deep water and along transport network
Microseismic tools for Development of microseismic tools for Applied Seismology Fundamental Research 107 post-injection monitoring of post-injection monitoring of containment Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.132 0.075 2 Consultants & Understanding underground CO2 storage efficiency of underground carbon storage
Low Cost Mass Spectrometry The aim of the project was to look at the Instrumentation to Underpin possibility of producing a sensitive, low cost European Spectrometry Fundamental Research 108 Emissions Trading from quadrupole mass spectrometer to measure Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.117 0.058 2 Systems & Understanding Co-Firing Biomass / Fossil the carbon isotope ratio on co-firing biomass/ Fuel Plants fossil fuel plants. 223 NEL facilities (see Chapter 3) and projects TUV/NEL
This proposal for an EPSRC-NPL Postdoctoral FTIR using asynchronous Research Partnership addresses the call theme femtosecond opos: identified as, Photonic Technologies for Optical Remote Sensing in Carbon Capture Fundamental Research 224 a new paradigm for Heriot Watt Feb 10 Jan 13 EPSRC 0.348 0.348 2 and Storage and Other Climate Change & Understanding high-resolution free space Applications, and will be conducted in mid-infrared spectroscopy partnership with Dr Tom Gardiner, head of NPL’s Environmental Measurement Group. Novel techniques for seabed monitoring of CO2 leakage Funded through FENCO NET Call - project and monitoring campaigns Scottish Association for Fundamental Research 109 looking at offshore post injection and Nov 13 Nov 16 EPSRC 0.17 0.085 1-3 based on reservoir, cap rock Marine Science & Understanding long-term monitoring of CO2 storage sites and overburden migration models
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 83 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Technology Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) Area (project) title for intervention spend Multiphase flow modelling for hazard Accurate prediction the transient outflow following the University College 14 Fundamental Research 60 assessment of dense accidental failure of dense-phase CO pipelines transporting NERC 0.066 0.050 2 2 London months & Understanding phase CO2 pipelines various stream impurities. - public acceptability of CO2 pipelines containing impurities
First design and operating guidelines for the flexible operation of TRANSPORT
2 CCS pipeline networks. The research will explore how CCS pipeline networks can react effectively to short, medium and Flexible CCS Network Newcastle University & 15 Fundamental Research 61 long-term variations in the availability and flow of CO from UKCCSRC 0.058 0.046 1-3 Development 2 University of Edinburgh months & Understanding
CO capture plants, as well as responding to the constraints imposed on the system by the ability (or otherwise) of CO2 storage facilities to accept variable flow.
This project will determine the dew point of water, or “water solubility”, in impure CO2 mixtures (e.g. containing N2 and H2). At present, key data for defining water levels have not been determined. The data are important because liquid water is Determination of highly acidic in the presence of excess CO2; this acidity can be water solubility limits increased by trace amounts of SO2 and H2S and acidity will in CO mixtures to greatly accelerate corrosion. This research will provide the first 2 University of 12 Fundamental Research accurate data for CO transportation systems, which can be used 62 deliver water 2 Nottingham UKCCSRC 0.073 0.058 1-3 specification levels to develop accurate equations of state and define more robust months & Understanding pipeline specifications. These in turn can be applied to inform for CO2 transportation cost benefit analyses on the additional costs on the pipeline material and construction balanced against the cost of purification and the needs of safety. The research will provide critical physical property data to enable the safe and cost Onshore and effective transportation of CO2 offshore transport; Tractable equations including of state for CO optimisation of 2 Modelling the phase behaviour of impure carbon dioxide, under mixtures in CCS: the conditions typically found in carbon capture from power network, pipe algorithms for stations, and in high-pressure (liquid phase) and low-pressure University of 12 Fundamental Research 63 UKCCSRC 0.093 0.074 1-3 issues automated (gas phase) pipelines. This project will use cutting-edge computer Nottingham months & Understanding generation and algorithms to automatically reparameterise EoS for CCS optimisation, tailored modelling. to end-users
Materials for Next Generation CO2 Pipeline Transport Systems Materials for Next (MATTRAN) will take that lead and provide the tools and Generation CO information necessary for pipeline engineers to select appropriate EPSRC/ Fundamental Research 64 2 materials and operating conditions to control corrosion, stress Newcastle Oct 09 Jan 13 1.54 0.900 2 Transport Systems corrosion cracking and fracture propagation in pipelines and E.ON & Understanding (MATTRAN) associated equipment carrying supercritical CO2 from the capture processes
Detailed R&D programme (for dense phase CO2 transportation - 3 year research programme to address knowledge gaps relating National Grid to the safe design and operation of onshore, buried, pipelines for ( as part of the EERP transporting anthropogenic, high pressure, dense phase CO 2 funded Don Valley project Component Development involving: reviewing the work carried out in the 1970s and 1980s 225 COOLTRANS supported by a large Jan 11 Dec 13 EERP 8.00 3.5 on natural gas and rich gas,pipelines to extract learning points & Applied Research group of contractors and and relevant data, extending the learning and data for dense universities phase anthropogenic CO2 using advanced analysis and validation tests, and the application of research results.
226 PIPETRANS Understand hazards and risks of CO2 pielinesZZ: PIPETRANS National Grid Complete
227 RISKMAN Detailed methodology for quantitative risk assessment DNV Complete
CO Optimised 2 Research into a complicated combination of compressor University of Fundamental Research 228 Compression technology and CO behaviour. Nottingham Mar 09 Feb 11 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 2 (‘COZOC’) 2 & Understanding
84 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Technology Programme Objective, rationale Start End Total project Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) Area (project) title for intervention spend Multiphase flow modelling for hazard Accurate prediction the transient outflow following the University College 14 Fundamental Research 60 assessment of dense accidental failure of dense-phase CO pipelines transporting NERC 0.066 0.050 2 2 London months & Understanding phase CO2 pipelines various stream impurities. - public acceptability of CO2 pipelines containing impurities
First design and operating guidelines for the flexible operation of CCS pipeline networks. The research will explore how CCS pipeline networks can react effectively to short, medium and Flexible CCS Network Newcastle University & 15 Fundamental Research long-term variations in the availability and flow of CO from 61 2 University of Edinburgh UKCCSRC 0.058 0.046 1-3 Development capture plants, as well as responding to the constraints imposed months & Understanding on the system by the ability (or otherwise) of CO2 storage facilities to accept variable flow.
This project will determine the dew point of water, or “water solubility”, in impure CO2 mixtures (e.g. containing N2 and H2). At present, key data for defining water levels have not been determined. The data are important because liquid water is Determination of highly acidic in the presence of excess CO2; this acidity can be water solubility limits increased by trace amounts of SO2 and H2S and acidity will in CO mixtures to greatly accelerate corrosion. This research will provide the first 2 University of 12 Fundamental Research accurate data for CO transportation systems, which can be used 62 deliver water 2 Nottingham UKCCSRC 0.073 0.058 1-3 specification levels to develop accurate equations of state and define more robust months & Understanding pipeline specifications. These in turn can be applied to inform for CO2 transportation cost benefit analyses on the additional costs on the pipeline material and construction balanced against the cost of purification and the needs of safety. The research will provide critical physical property data to enable the safe and cost Onshore and effective transportation of CO2 offshore transport; Tractable equations including of state for CO optimisation of 2 Modelling the phase behaviour of impure carbon dioxide, under mixtures in CCS: the conditions typically found in carbon capture from power network, pipe algorithms for stations, and in high-pressure (liquid phase) and low-pressure University of 12 Fundamental Research 63 UKCCSRC 0.093 0.074 1-3 issues automated (gas phase) pipelines. This project will use cutting-edge computer Nottingham months & Understanding generation and algorithms to automatically reparameterise EoS for CCS optimisation, tailored modelling. to end-users
Materials for Next Generation CO2 Pipeline Transport Systems Materials for Next (MATTRAN) will take that lead and provide the tools and Generation CO information necessary for pipeline engineers to select appropriate EPSRC/ Fundamental Research 64 2 materials and operating conditions to control corrosion, stress Newcastle Oct 09 Jan 13 1.54 0.900 2 Transport Systems corrosion cracking and fracture propagation in pipelines and E.ON & Understanding (MATTRAN) associated equipment carrying supercritical CO2 from the capture processes
Detailed R&D programme (for dense phase CO2 transportation - 3 year research programme to address knowledge gaps relating National Grid to the safe design and operation of onshore, buried, pipelines for ( as part of the EERP transporting anthropogenic, high pressure, dense phase CO 2 funded Don Valley project Component Development involving: reviewing the work carried out in the 1970s and 1980s 225 COOLTRANS supported by a large Jan 11 Dec 13 EERP 8.00 3.5 on natural gas and rich gas,pipelines to extract learning points & Applied Research group of contractors and and relevant data, extending the learning and data for dense universities phase anthropogenic CO2 using advanced analysis and validation tests, and the application of research results.
226 PIPETRANS Understand hazards and risks of CO2 pielinesZZ: PIPETRANS National Grid Complete
227 RISKMAN Detailed methodology for quantitative risk assessment DNV Complete
CO Optimised 2 Research into a complicated combination of compressor University of Fundamental Research 228 Compression technology and CO behaviour. Nottingham Mar 09 Feb 11 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 2 (‘COZOC’) 2 & Understanding
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 85 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend Developing our understanding of the geometry and properties of the overburden above the potential reservoirs (including their CO2 storage in Palaeogene and Neogene seals), and by developing an understanding of the likely hydraulic connectivity in the BGS and 24 Fundamental Research 66 hydrogeological systems of UKCCSRC 0.289 0.231 1-3 STORAGE reservoirs, surrounding strata and overburden University of Edinburgh months & Understanding
2 the North Sea: preparation of and hence the likely flow paths for CO2 and an IODP scientific drilling bid formation brine within and between them. These reservoirs promise to be of great
CO significance if CCS
The project will investigate the roles and Fault seal controls on aquifer BGS and Fundamental Research 111 properties of faults in their capacity to retain Aug 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.232 0.232 1-3 CO2 storage capacity University of Edinburgh & Understanding CO2.
Predicting the fate of CO2 in Determining the nature and kinetics of geological reservoirs for fluid-rock interactions between CO -rich Cambridge Fundamental Research 67 2 2008 2013 NERC 2.96 1.500 2 modelling geological carbon brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in + 3 projects & Understanding storage laboratory experiments, Determining the nature and kinetics of fluid-rock interactions between CO2-rich brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in Quantifying and Monitoring laboratory experiments, in order to formulate Potential Ecosystem Impacts and test models of the behaviour and fate of PML lead Fundamental Research 68 2010 2013 NERC 1.32 1.000 2 of Geological Carbon Storage CO2 injected in geological strata. - Create a +7 projects & Understanding (QICS) database and methodology that enables the results of this study to be used in risk assessments and performance modelling of geological carbon storage sites. Derive physically correct dispersion models for multicomponent multiphase flow and to Dispersive Mixing in implement them in a three-dimensional Multicomponent Multiphase streamline-based reservoir simulator. When Fundamental Research 69 this project is completed, the simulator will be Oct 08 Sep 11 NERC 0.33 0.100 2 Flow: Numerical and Physical & Understanding used to design efficient CO2 storage and Effects enhanced oil recovery projects with a higher-degree of certainty that stored CO2 will remain in oil reservoirs for geologic time
Geological characterisation of Use of borehole data and seismic reflection deep saline aquifers for CO 2 surveys to provide improved geological Fundamental Research 70 storage on the UK characterisations of 3 deep saline aquifers Durham Oct 09 Sep 13 NERC 0.065 0.030 2 Continental Shelf using systems, located in the Inner Moray Firth, & Understanding borehole and 3D seismic data Southern North Sea and East Irish Sea basins Fundamental study of migration of supercritical Development of computational solvers to Fundamental Research 71 carbon dioxide in porous predict CO2-brine multiphase flows in porous Jan 11 Dec 13 NERC 0.485 0.400 2 media under conditions of media China collaboration & Understanding saline aquifers The Propagation of Wetting Novel modelling techniques for the movement Fundamental Research 72 Nov 09 Oct 12 NERC 0.215 0.100 2 Fronts Through Porous Media of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs & Understanding An integrated geophysical, geodetic, geomechanical and By detecting microseismic emissions, it is Fundamental Research 73 geochemical study of CO possible to determine how the subsurface is Bristol Sep 11 Aug 14 NERC 0.249 0.249 2 2 & Understanding storage in subsurface responding to CO2 injection. reservoirs Investigating the role of Novel modelling techniques for the movement Fundamental Research 74 natural tracers in subsurface Jul 09 Jun 12 NERC 0.284 0.100 2 of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs & Understanding CO2 storage and monitoring
86 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend Developing our understanding of the geometry and properties of the overburden above the potential reservoirs (including their CO2 storage in Palaeogene and Neogene seals), and by developing an understanding of the likely hydraulic connectivity in the BGS and 24 Fundamental Research 66 hydrogeological systems of reservoirs, surrounding strata and overburden University of Edinburgh UKCCSRC 0.289 0.231 1-3 the North Sea: preparation of months & Understanding and hence the likely flow paths for CO2 and an IODP scientific drilling bid formation brine within and between them. These reservoirs promise to be of great significance if CCS
The project will investigate the roles and Fault seal controls on aquifer BGS and Fundamental Research 111 properties of faults in their capacity to retain Aug 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.232 0.232 1-3 CO2 storage capacity University of Edinburgh & Understanding CO2.
Predicting the fate of CO2 in Determining the nature and kinetics of geological reservoirs for fluid-rock interactions between CO -rich Cambridge Fundamental Research 67 2 2008 2013 NERC 2.96 1.500 2 modelling geological carbon brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in + 3 projects & Understanding storage laboratory experiments, Determining the nature and kinetics of fluid-rock interactions between CO2-rich brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in Quantifying and Monitoring laboratory experiments, in order to formulate Potential Ecosystem Impacts and test models of the behaviour and fate of PML lead Fundamental Research 68 2010 2013 NERC 1.32 1.000 2 of Geological Carbon Storage CO2 injected in geological strata. - Create a +7 projects & Understanding (QICS) database and methodology that enables the results of this study to be used in risk assessments and performance modelling of geological carbon storage sites. Derive physically correct dispersion models for multicomponent multiphase flow and to Dispersive Mixing in implement them in a three-dimensional Multicomponent Multiphase streamline-based reservoir simulator. When Fundamental Research 69 this project is completed, the simulator will be Oct 08 Sep 11 NERC 0.33 0.100 2 Flow: Numerical and Physical & Understanding used to design efficient CO2 storage and Effects enhanced oil recovery projects with a higher-degree of certainty that stored CO2 will remain in oil reservoirs for geologic time
Geological characterisation of Use of borehole data and seismic reflection deep saline aquifers for CO 2 surveys to provide improved geological Fundamental Research 70 storage on the UK characterisations of 3 deep saline aquifers Durham Oct 09 Sep 13 NERC 0.065 0.030 2 Continental Shelf using systems, located in the Inner Moray Firth, & Understanding borehole and 3D seismic data Southern North Sea and East Irish Sea basins Fundamental study of migration of supercritical Development of computational solvers to Fundamental Research 71 carbon dioxide in porous predict CO2-brine multiphase flows in porous Jan 11 Dec 13 NERC 0.485 0.400 2 media under conditions of media China collaboration & Understanding saline aquifers The Propagation of Wetting Novel modelling techniques for the movement Fundamental Research 72 Nov 09 Oct 12 NERC 0.215 0.100 2 Fronts Through Porous Media of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs & Understanding An integrated geophysical, geodetic, geomechanical and By detecting microseismic emissions, it is Fundamental Research 73 geochemical study of CO possible to determine how the subsurface is Bristol Sep 11 Aug 14 NERC 0.249 0.249 2 2 & Understanding storage in subsurface responding to CO2 injection. reservoirs Investigating the role of Novel modelling techniques for the movement Fundamental Research 74 natural tracers in subsurface Jul 09 Jun 12 NERC 0.284 0.100 2 of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs & Understanding CO2 storage and monitoring
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 87 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
CO2 injection and storage - Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges Short and long-term in Geological Storage for CCS - project Imperial Fundamental Research 75 Jun 13 Sep 16 EPSRC 1.212 0.606 2 behaviour at different spatial optimising the injection of CO2 into reservoirs (+Progressive Energy Limited) & Understanding scales and saline aquifers
STORAGE Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges
2 DiSECCS: Diagnostic Seismic in Geological Storage for CCS - project will BGS-NERC (+ BP Exploration identify storage reservoir types suitable for Operating Company Ltd; Fundamental Research 95 toolbox for the Efficient Apr 13 Mar 16 EPSRC 0.894 0.596 2 large-scale CO2 storage, develop monitoring DECC; Statoil Petroleum & Understanding Control of CO Storage CO 2 tools for safe storage as well some work to ASA) explore public attitudes to CO2 storage. The impact of hydrocarbon depletion on the Treatment Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges BGS-NERC of caprocks within in Geological Storage for CCS - project Fundamental Research (+ Shell Global Solutions 96 assessing the impacts of CO injection on May 13 Apr 17 EPSRC 0.925 0.370 2 performance assessment for 2 International BV) & Understanding reservoirs and caprock and CO2 Injection schemes - CONTAIN Senergy Alternative Energy, BGS, Durham University, Element Energy, UK Storage Appraisal Project Realistic, defensible and fully auditable Geopresure Technology, 4 Fundamental Research 76 assessment of potential CO2 storage capacity Geospatial Research, Oct 09 Oct 11 ETI 1.000 4 (UKSAP) in the UK Heriot Watt University, (ETI total) & Understanding Imperial College, RPS Energy, University of Edinburgh Shell Global Solutions; Assessment of risks of leakage from geological University of Cambridge; Long term performance of storage due to long-term exposure of Manchester University; Component Development caprocks and faults to CO and CO -rich 77 geological seals to carbon 2 2 Natural Environment Oct 12 Apr 15 DECC 0.735 0.735 5 fluids. Project will sample caprocks to natural & Applied Research storage Research Council through carbon dioxide reservoirs in Utah, USA British Geological Survey UK’s first drilling assessment of a saline formation site for the storage of CO2, at a site 70km off Flamborough Head in Yorkshire (saline formation; a layer of porous sandstone rock over 1km below the seabed). The 2 78 Aquifer Appraisal Project National Grid Oct 12 Dec 13 ETI 2.000 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration operation, using standard oil and gas drilling (ETI total) activities, will involve drilling up to two wells in the seabed to gather data to confirm: CO2 can be safely and permanently stored at the site and; the scale and economics of the store.
Development of Unified These projects will undertake a systematic Experimental and Theoretical program of research integrating pore-to-core Imperial College London Fundamental Research 110 Approach to Predict Reactive scale measurements and modelling of reactive and University of Jan 14 Jan 17 EPSRC 0.77 0.250 1-3 Transport in Subsurface transport processes into a unified experimental Cambridge & Understanding Porous Media and theoretical framework
The CO2 Aquifer Storage Site Evaluation and Monitoring (CASSEM) project focused on developing and understanding the best-value CO Aquifer Storage Site 2 methods by which saline aquifers beneath the Component Development 229 Evaluation and Monitoring sea adjacent to the UK could be evaluated, Consortium Aug 08 Jan 11 TSB 1.73 1.73 3 (CASSEM) with the intent to develop a low risk CCS & Applied Research “entry path” for potential new entrants including power utilities, engineering service companies and government. Classification of Digital Rocks by Machine Learning to To discover predictive relationships between micro-scale arrangements of voids/solids and Fundamental Research 230 Discover Micro-to-Macro Heriot-Watt Apr 10 Aug 11 NERC 0.106 0.106 2 macro-scale properties, along with & Understanding Relationships and Quantify quantification of their uncertainty Their Uncertainty
88 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
CO2 injection and storage - Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges Short and long-term in Geological Storage for CCS - project Imperial Fundamental Research 75 Jun 13 Sep 16 EPSRC 1.212 0.606 2 behaviour at different spatial optimising the injection of CO2 into reservoirs (+Progressive Energy Limited) & Understanding scales and saline aquifers Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges DiSECCS: Diagnostic Seismic in Geological Storage for CCS - project will BGS-NERC (+ BP Exploration identify storage reservoir types suitable for Operating Company Ltd; Fundamental Research 95 toolbox for the Efficient Apr 13 Mar 16 EPSRC 0.894 0.596 2 large-scale CO2 storage, develop monitoring DECC; Statoil Petroleum & Understanding Control of CO2 Storage tools for safe storage as well some work to ASA) explore public attitudes to CO2 storage. The impact of hydrocarbon depletion on the Treatment Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges BGS-NERC of caprocks within in Geological Storage for CCS - project Fundamental Research (+ Shell Global Solutions 96 assessing the impacts of CO injection on May 13 Apr 17 EPSRC 0.925 0.370 2 performance assessment for 2 International BV) & Understanding reservoirs and caprock and CO2 Injection schemes - CONTAIN Senergy Alternative Energy, BGS, Durham University, Element Energy, UK Storage Appraisal Project Realistic, defensible and fully auditable Geopresure Technology, 4 Fundamental Research 76 assessment of potential CO2 storage capacity Geospatial Research, Oct 09 Oct 11 ETI 1.000 4 (UKSAP) in the UK Heriot Watt University, (ETI total) & Understanding Imperial College, RPS Energy, University of Edinburgh Shell Global Solutions; Assessment of risks of leakage from geological University of Cambridge; Long term performance of storage due to long-term exposure of Manchester University; Component Development caprocks and faults to CO and CO -rich 77 geological seals to carbon 2 2 Natural Environment Oct 12 Apr 15 DECC 0.735 0.735 5 fluids. Project will sample caprocks to natural & Applied Research storage Research Council through carbon dioxide reservoirs in Utah, USA British Geological Survey UK’s first drilling assessment of a saline formation site for the storage of CO2, at a site 70km off Flamborough Head in Yorkshire (saline formation; a layer of porous sandstone rock over 1km below the seabed). The 2 78 Aquifer Appraisal Project National Grid Oct 12 Dec 13 ETI 2.000 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration operation, using standard oil and gas drilling (ETI total) activities, will involve drilling up to two wells in the seabed to gather data to confirm: CO2 can be safely and permanently stored at the site and; the scale and economics of the store.
Development of Unified These projects will undertake a systematic Experimental and Theoretical program of research integrating pore-to-core Imperial College London Fundamental Research 110 Approach to Predict Reactive scale measurements and modelling of reactive and University of Jan 14 Jan 17 EPSRC 0.77 0.250 1-3 Transport in Subsurface transport processes into a unified experimental Cambridge & Understanding Porous Media and theoretical framework
The CO2 Aquifer Storage Site Evaluation and Monitoring (CASSEM) project focused on developing and understanding the best-value CO Aquifer Storage Site 2 methods by which saline aquifers beneath the Component Development 229 Evaluation and Monitoring sea adjacent to the UK could be evaluated, Consortium Aug 08 Jan 11 TSB 1.73 1.73 3 (CASSEM) with the intent to develop a low risk CCS & Applied Research “entry path” for potential new entrants including power utilities, engineering service companies and government. Classification of Digital Rocks by Machine Learning to To discover predictive relationships between micro-scale arrangements of voids/solids and Fundamental Research 230 Discover Micro-to-Macro Heriot-Watt Apr 10 Aug 11 NERC 0.106 0.106 2 macro-scale properties, along with & Understanding Relationships and Quantify quantification of their uncertainty Their Uncertainty
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 89 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend Classification of Digital Rocks by Machine Learning to To discover predictive relationships between micro-scale arrangements of voids/solids and Fundamental Research 231 Discover Micro-to-Macro Heriot-Watt Apr 10 Aug 11 NERC 0.106 0.106 2 macro-scale properties, along with & Understanding Relationships and Quantify quantification of their uncertainty
STORAGE Their Uncertainty 2 To develop a commercial version of a new Active reservoir management statistical reservoir analysis technique Component Development CO 232 for improved hydrocarbon discovered during a NERC grant as an aid to Edinburgh Jan 11 Jan 13 NERC 0.117 0.117 3 recovery understanding and engineering such & Applied Research reservoirs.
Still or sparkling: This project presents an excellent opportunity to study the utility of using microseismic Fundamental Research 233 Microseismic monitoring of Bristol Mar 11 Mar 14 NERC 0.281 0.281 2 monitoring to image geomechanical & Understanding CO injection at In Salah 2 deformation induced by CO2 injection.
Fingerprinting captured CO2 using natural tracers: Fingerprinting captured CO2 using natural Fundamental Research 234 tracers: Determining CO2 fate and proving Edinburgh Jun 13 Jun 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.236 2 Determining CO2 fate and ownership & Understanding proving ownership
The project will investigate the roles and Fault seal controls on aquifer BGS and Fundamental Research 235 properties of faults in their capacity to retain Aug 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.232 0.232 1-3 CO2 storage capacity University of Edinburgh & Understanding CO2.
Reducing uncertainty in Fellowship to: (i) assess the safety of predicting the risk of geological storage sites in the early stages of geological storage of CO development to reduce uncertainty and risk, Fundamental Research 236 2 and (ii) use integrated model predictions to Leeds Oct 13 Sep18 EPSRC 1.01 1.01 2 - Improved geomechanical provide a forecasting and mitigating tool to & Understanding models and calibration using describe the behaviour of geological storage seismic data sites due to the injection and storage of CO2.
Bristol University microseismicity projects: Fundamental Research 237 BUMPS including analysis of microseismic data from Bristol Weyburn and In Salah. & Understanding
Effect of impurities on the fluid properties of Impact of Common CO2 mixtures. The aim of this study is to Impurities on Carbon Dioxide evaluate the risk of hydrate formation in a Fundamental Research 238 Heriot-Watt Jan 11 JIP Capture, Transport and CO2-rich stream and to study the phase & Understanding Storage behavior of CO2 in the presence of common impurities.
Predicting the fate of CO2 in geological reservoirs for modelling geological carbon storage. CRIUS research project is studying fluids and gasses from natural CO2 reservoirs and from sites where CO2 is being actively injected underground, to determine the rates of the mineral-fluid reactions in natural Cambridge, Manchester, Fundamental Research settings. We will duplicate the reactions in 239 CRIUS Leeds and BGS Jan 08 NERC laboratory experiments where it will be & Understanding possible to study the processes under controlled conditions, study individual reactions from the complex set of coupled reactions which take place in the natural rocks and examine the effects of varying potential rate-controlling parameters.
90 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend Classification of Digital Rocks by Machine Learning to To discover predictive relationships between micro-scale arrangements of voids/solids and Fundamental Research 231 Discover Micro-to-Macro Heriot-Watt Apr 10 Aug 11 NERC 0.106 0.106 2 macro-scale properties, along with & Understanding Relationships and Quantify quantification of their uncertainty Their Uncertainty
To develop a commercial version of a new Active reservoir management statistical reservoir analysis technique Component Development 232 for improved hydrocarbon discovered during a NERC grant as an aid to Edinburgh Jan 11 Jan 13 NERC 0.117 0.117 3 recovery understanding and engineering such & Applied Research reservoirs.
Still or sparkling: This project presents an excellent opportunity to study the utility of using microseismic Fundamental Research 233 Microseismic monitoring of Bristol Mar 11 Mar 14 NERC 0.281 0.281 2 monitoring to image geomechanical & Understanding CO injection at In Salah 2 deformation induced by CO2 injection.
Fingerprinting captured CO2 using natural tracers: Fingerprinting captured CO2 using natural Fundamental Research 234 tracers: Determining CO2 fate and proving Edinburgh Jun 13 Jun 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.236 2 Determining CO2 fate and ownership & Understanding proving ownership
The project will investigate the roles and Fault seal controls on aquifer BGS and Fundamental Research 235 properties of faults in their capacity to retain Aug 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.232 0.232 1-3 CO2 storage capacity University of Edinburgh & Understanding CO2.
Reducing uncertainty in Fellowship to: (i) assess the safety of predicting the risk of geological storage sites in the early stages of geological storage of CO development to reduce uncertainty and risk, Fundamental Research 236 2 and (ii) use integrated model predictions to Leeds Oct 13 Sep18 EPSRC 1.01 1.01 2 - Improved geomechanical provide a forecasting and mitigating tool to & Understanding models and calibration using describe the behaviour of geological storage seismic data sites due to the injection and storage of CO2.
Bristol University microseismicity projects: Fundamental Research 237 BUMPS including analysis of microseismic data from Bristol Weyburn and In Salah. & Understanding
Effect of impurities on the fluid properties of Impact of Common CO2 mixtures. The aim of this study is to Impurities on Carbon Dioxide evaluate the risk of hydrate formation in a Fundamental Research 238 Heriot-Watt Jan 11 JIP Capture, Transport and CO2-rich stream and to study the phase & Understanding Storage behavior of CO2 in the presence of common impurities.
Predicting the fate of CO2 in geological reservoirs for modelling geological carbon storage. CRIUS research project is studying fluids and gasses from natural CO2 reservoirs and from sites where CO2 is being actively injected underground, to determine the rates of the mineral-fluid reactions in natural Cambridge, Manchester, Fundamental Research settings. We will duplicate the reactions in 239 CRIUS Leeds and BGS Jan 08 NERC laboratory experiments where it will be & Understanding possible to study the processes under controlled conditions, study individual reactions from the complex set of coupled reactions which take place in the natural rocks and examine the effects of varying potential rate-controlling parameters.
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 91 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Design and development of a new class of Bio-inspired sulfide sulphide catalysts, tailored specifically to the Consortium, 1.14 (Phase 1) + Fundamental Research reduction and conversion of CO into chemical 79 nanocatalysts for CO2 2 incl UCL May 10 Oct 16 EPSRC 1.545 2 conversion feedstock molecules (two separate grants for 1.09 (Phase 2) & Understanding Phase 1 and Phase 2)
Phase 1: Development of new, highly active metal/metal oxide nano-structured catalysts to UTILISATION
2 enable use of carbon dioxide as the fuel and Nano-structured catalysts for feedstock material. Phase 2: Extension of the Consortium, incl. 1.7 (Phase 1) + Fundamental Research 80 May 10 Apr 16 EPSRC 2.093 2 CO2 reduction to fuels fuels produced in phase 1 and an investigation Imperial College 1.49 (Phase 2) & Understanding
CO into the copolymerisation of carbon dioxide with epoxides. (two separate grants for Phase 1 and Phase 2)
Nano-integration of metal- organic frameworks and One step CO2 capture and utilisation by Fundamental Research 81 linking catalysts directly with a novel CO2 Consortium May 10 Apr 13 EPSRC 1.19 0.800 2 catalysis for the uptake and absorber & Understanding utlisation of CO2
A Coordinated, Comprehensive approach to This project is looking at ways in which a Fundamental Research 82 portion of the methane can be used to Consortium Sep 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 4.6 4.000 2 Carbon Capture and convert the CO into fuel & Understanding Utilisation 2
To assess the techno-economic feasibility of Caterpillar, BGS, 1.3 Component Development Mineralisation to abate at least 2% of UK CO 83 Mineralisation Project 2 University of Nottingham May 10 Aug 12 ETI 1.300 4 emissions (ETI total) & Applied Research
Characterisation of the polymers produced Production of polymers using CO from a power station. The polymers Econic Technologies Ltd, 0.103 Component Development 84 2 Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC 0.103 4 using CO2 produced, could replace polymers derived Imperial College London (public) & Applied Research from petroleum feedstocks.
Validate benefits of novel process to produce Novel fibre technology to fertliser from plant derived material combined 0.079 Component Development 85 generate soil fertiliser using with CO . Use of marine transport will be CCm Research Jan 13 Aug 13 DECC 0.079 4 2 (public) & Applied Research CO2 assessed for economic distribution of agricultural product produced
Engineering feasibility study to establish technological/financial/operational issues of Methanation: ITM Power Trading Ltd; Scotia using hydrogen from renewable energy CO as a feedstock for Gas Networks (SGN); Logan 0.1 Component Development 2 sources to turn CO (from industrial sources) 86 2 Energy Ltd (LEL); Kiwa Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC 0.100 4 synthetic natural gas and into synthetic methane; its role as a demand (public) & Applied Research GASTEC at CRE (KGC) energy storage side management technology and potential as scalable energy storage.
Mineralisation: using novel Feasibility project to determine novel and cost algae and high-efficiency effective method to convert captured CO2 into Carbon Sequestation; commodity product via a mineralisation Perlemax Ltd; Viridor 0.079 Component Development 87 bioreactor technology to Dec 12 Nov 13 DECC 0.079 4 process using a new genetically engineered Waste Management Ltd; (public) & Applied Research create high value chemicals microalgae and a patented microbubble University of Sheffield from captured CO2 technology within a bioreactor-based process
Mineralisation of CO from Mineralisation of CO2 from waste incineration Carbon Sequestration Ltd, Fundamental Research 109 2 energy generation by use of ammonia and Viridor Waste Apr 12 Jan 13 TSB 0.09 0.065 2 waste incineration other hydroxides Management Ltd & Understanding
92 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Design and development of a new class of Bio-inspired sulfide sulphide catalysts, tailored specifically to the Consortium, 1.14 (Phase 1) + Fundamental Research reduction and conversion of CO into chemical 79 nanocatalysts for CO2 2 incl UCL May 10 Oct 16 EPSRC 1.545 2 conversion feedstock molecules (two separate grants for 1.09 (Phase 2) & Understanding Phase 1 and Phase 2)
Phase 1: Development of new, highly active metal/metal oxide nano-structured catalysts to enable use of carbon dioxide as the fuel and Nano-structured catalysts for feedstock material. Phase 2: Extension of the Consortium, incl. 1.7 (Phase 1) + Fundamental Research 80 May 10 Apr 16 EPSRC 2.093 2 CO2 reduction to fuels fuels produced in phase 1 and an investigation Imperial College 1.49 (Phase 2) & Understanding into the copolymerisation of carbon dioxide with epoxides. (two separate grants for Phase 1 and Phase 2)
Nano-integration of metal- organic frameworks and One step CO2 capture and utilisation by Fundamental Research 81 linking catalysts directly with a novel CO2 Consortium May 10 Apr 13 EPSRC 1.19 0.800 2 catalysis for the uptake and absorber & Understanding utlisation of CO2
A Coordinated, Comprehensive approach to This project is looking at ways in which a Fundamental Research 82 portion of the methane can be used to Consortium Sep 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 4.6 4.000 2 Carbon Capture and convert the CO into fuel & Understanding Utilisation 2
To assess the techno-economic feasibility of Caterpillar, BGS, 1.3 Component Development Mineralisation to abate at least 2% of UK CO 83 Mineralisation Project 2 University of Nottingham May 10 Aug 12 ETI 1.300 4 emissions (ETI total) & Applied Research
Characterisation of the polymers produced Production of polymers using CO from a power station. The polymers Econic Technologies Ltd, 0.103 Component Development 84 2 Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC 0.103 4 using CO2 produced, could replace polymers derived Imperial College London (public) & Applied Research from petroleum feedstocks.
Validate benefits of novel process to produce Novel fibre technology to fertliser from plant derived material combined 0.079 Component Development 85 generate soil fertiliser using with CO . Use of marine transport will be CCm Research Jan 13 Aug 13 DECC 0.079 4 2 (public) & Applied Research CO2 assessed for economic distribution of agricultural product produced
Engineering feasibility study to establish technological/financial/operational issues of Methanation: ITM Power Trading Ltd; Scotia using hydrogen from renewable energy CO as a feedstock for Gas Networks (SGN); Logan 0.1 Component Development 2 sources to turn CO (from industrial sources) 86 2 Energy Ltd (LEL); Kiwa Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC 0.100 4 synthetic natural gas and into synthetic methane; its role as a demand (public) & Applied Research GASTEC at CRE (KGC) energy storage side management technology and potential as scalable energy storage.
Mineralisation: using novel Feasibility project to determine novel and cost algae and high-efficiency effective method to convert captured CO2 into Carbon Sequestation; commodity product via a mineralisation Perlemax Ltd; Viridor 0.079 Component Development 87 bioreactor technology to Dec 12 Nov 13 DECC 0.079 4 process using a new genetically engineered Waste Management Ltd; (public) & Applied Research create high value chemicals microalgae and a patented microbubble University of Sheffield from captured CO2 technology within a bioreactor-based process
Mineralisation of CO from Mineralisation of CO2 from waste incineration Carbon Sequestration Ltd, Fundamental Research 109 2 energy generation by use of ammonia and Viridor Waste Apr 12 Jan 13 TSB 0.09 0.065 2 waste incineration other hydroxides Management Ltd & Understanding
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 93 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Methane and methanol generation using Aerogel photocatalytic diodes nanoparticulate metals, on the CO2 side of the Fundamental Research 240 photocatalyst monolith, known to favour their Strathclyde Apr 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.168 0.168 2 for carbon dioxide reduction production in the electrochemical reduction of & Understanding CO2. UTILISATION
2 To take this waste carbon dioxide and divert it Catalytic Production of Cyclic away from atmospheric release to be used in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates which are Fundamental Research 241 Carbonates from waste Newcastle Oct 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.149 0.149 2 CO themselves commercially important chemicals & Understanding carbon dioxide with a prospective market of up to 30 million tonnes per annum.
International collaboration in chemistry enhancing direct Conversion of CO by physio-chemical means Fundamental Research 242 2 St. Andrews Nov 09 Dec 12 EPSRC 0.433 0.433 2 photoelectrochemical to useful fuels and chemical feedstocks & Understanding conversion of CO2
94 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Methane and methanol generation using Aerogel photocatalytic diodes nanoparticulate metals, on the CO2 side of the Fundamental Research 240 photocatalyst monolith, known to favour their Strathclyde Apr 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.168 0.168 2 for carbon dioxide reduction production in the electrochemical reduction of & Understanding CO2.
To take this waste carbon dioxide and divert it Catalytic Production of Cyclic away from atmospheric release to be used in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates which are Fundamental Research 241 Carbonates from waste Newcastle Oct 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.149 0.149 2 themselves commercially important chemicals & Understanding carbon dioxide with a prospective market of up to 30 million tonnes per annum.
International collaboration in chemistry enhancing direct Conversion of CO by physio-chemical means Fundamental Research 242 2 St. Andrews Nov 09 Dec 12 EPSRC 0.433 0.433 2 photoelectrochemical to useful fuels and chemical feedstocks & Understanding conversion of CO2
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 95 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Fundamental Research 88 Centre for Innovation in CCS Skills Development Nottingham Oct 07 Sep 12 EPSRC 2 & Understanding
Network to act as a focus for research in Fundamental Research 89 CO2Chem network carbon dioxide capture and utilisation with a Sheffield Jun 12 Jun 17 EPSRC 0.446 0.300 2 remit to revolutionise the chemical industry & Understanding MISCELLANEOUS Efficient Power from Fossil Fundamental Research 90 Energy and Carbon Capture Eng Doc Centre Nottingham Oct 09 Mar 18 EPSRC 6 2.820 2 Technologies (EPFECCT) & Understanding
Fundamental Research 91 NERC Centres CCS research related to environment BGS,NOC,PML Annual NERC 1 4.000 2 & Understanding
Establishment of the UKCCSRC. Building Fundamental Research 92 UK CCS Research Centre Consortium Apr 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 10 8.000 2 capacity in the UK research sector & Understanding
Establishment of the Pilot-Scale Advanced Fundamental Research UK CCS Research Centre Capture Technology (PACT) Research Facilities Launched & Understanding/ Other relevant programmes 93 Consortium DECC 3 3.000 2-4 not covered above. (UKCCSRC) – PACT facilities at the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield, April 2012 Component Development Eg skills, training, Centres Cranfield and Edinburgh & Applied Research of Excellence The UKCCSC network will be the main mechanism to enable inter-communication UK Carbon Capture and between Research Council-funded projects on Edinburgh Fundamental Research 94 Storage Community Network CCS. It will also contribute to maximising the EPSRC 1.02 0.816 2 (2 projects) & Understanding (UKCCSC) efficiency of UK intellectual leverage, including within the international community Collaborations
Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive and functional CCS display for 243 Edinburgh Feb 09 May 11 EPSRC 0.2 0.093 2 Education/Outreach Interactive: CCSI outreach/education use
DTC ENERGY: Technologies 244 Doctoral Training Centre Leeds Oct 09 Apr 18 EPSRC 6.52 6.52 2 Capacity for a low-carbon future
Bilateral Netherlands: The This project will analyse the politics of politics of low-carbon providing ‘protective space’ for innovative 245 Sussex Oct 10 Sep 13 ESRC 0.303 0.303 2 Public perception innovation: towards a theory sustainable developments, including: CCS, of niche protection solar and wind
The Network for the Centres 246 of Doctoral Training (CDTs) in Networking for energy CDTs/DTCs Nottingham Nov 11 Oct 14 EPSRC 0.175 0.175 2 Capacity Energy
96 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Recent and Current Projects
Assumed Programme (project) Objective, rationale Start End Total project Technology Area Id Partners Funders total public TRL Focus Date Date (HMG, ETI & Int’l) investment £M (Technology Readiness Level) title for intervention spend
Fundamental Research 88 Centre for Innovation in CCS Skills Development Nottingham Oct 07 Sep 12 EPSRC 2 & Understanding
Network to act as a focus for research in Fundamental Research 89 CO2Chem network carbon dioxide capture and utilisation with a Sheffield Jun 12 Jun 17 EPSRC 0.446 0.300 2 remit to revolutionise the chemical industry & Understanding
Efficient Power from Fossil Fundamental Research 90 Energy and Carbon Capture Eng Doc Centre Nottingham Oct 09 Mar 18 EPSRC 6 2.820 2 Technologies (EPFECCT) & Understanding
Fundamental Research 91 NERC Centres CCS research related to environment BGS,NOC,PML Annual NERC 1 4.000 2 & Understanding
Establishment of the UKCCSRC. Building Fundamental Research 92 UK CCS Research Centre Consortium Apr 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 10 8.000 2 capacity in the UK research sector & Understanding
Establishment of the Pilot-Scale Advanced Fundamental Research UK CCS Research Centre Capture Technology (PACT) Research Facilities Launched & Understanding/ Other relevant programmes 93 Consortium DECC 3 3.000 2-4 not covered above. (UKCCSRC) – PACT facilities at the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield, April 2012 Component Development Eg skills, training, Centres Cranfield and Edinburgh & Applied Research of Excellence The UKCCSC network will be the main mechanism to enable inter-communication UK Carbon Capture and between Research Council-funded projects on Edinburgh Fundamental Research 94 Storage Community Network CCS. It will also contribute to maximising the EPSRC 1.02 0.816 2 (2 projects) & Understanding (UKCCSC) efficiency of UK intellectual leverage, including within the international community Collaborations
Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive and functional CCS display for 243 Edinburgh Feb 09 May 11 EPSRC 0.2 0.093 2 Education/Outreach Interactive: CCSI outreach/education use
DTC ENERGY: Technologies 244 Doctoral Training Centre Leeds Oct 09 Apr 18 EPSRC 6.52 6.52 2 Capacity for a low-carbon future
Bilateral Netherlands: The This project will analyse the politics of politics of low-carbon providing ‘protective space’ for innovative 245 Sussex Oct 10 Sep 13 ESRC 0.303 0.303 2 Public perception innovation: towards a theory sustainable developments, including: CCS, of niche protection solar and wind
The Network for the Centres 246 of Doctoral Training (CDTs) in Networking for energy CDTs/DTCs Nottingham Nov 11 Oct 14 EPSRC 0.175 0.175 2 Capacity Energy
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 97 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Appendix 2
EU CCS Demonstration Project Network – Proposed topics for further investigation by the R&D community
(Note: This is an extract from the European Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Project Net- work Situation Report 2012)
Introduction The purpose of this section is to provide the research and development (R&D) community with a perspective on the major issues identified by the projects within the European CCS Demonstration Project Network. It collates the identified topics that the projects feel that further work is required, captured in the 2012 knowledge sharing events and six monthly survey of the projects. www.ccsnetwork.eu/European CCS Demonstration Project Network/Network Situation Report 2012. While producing such a report to the R&D community is a new action by the Network, and may not be at the appropriate level, efforts will be made to reach out to specific areas of the community as appropriate. For further information, please contact the Network Secretariat. It is hoped that the following items will be of interest. For more detail regarding the activities of the projects, particularly regarding their own research, see the thematic reports produced every six months by the Network. These can be found on the website www.ccsnetwork.eu.
Suggested topical areas General comments The primary technological issue facing projects is the integration of the different technologies within the various steps of the value chain. While individual technologies to be used (though often involving scale- up) are not reliant on the outcome of research - further investigation into the flexible operation of all components would be of use. While combining co-firing biomass with CCS can create negative emissions – the only technology to do so at scale, and will become an increasingly important topic – there is a view that co-firing biomass is actually competing with CCS at the moment as a separate ‘industry’. This will need to be addressed as the two need to work together, and the need to review the incentives for biomass firing with CCS is explicitly referred to under the CCS Directive. Investigations into the net negative emissions balances, sustainability and methods for inclusion under the ETS all warrant further attention. A specific topic that the R&D community could urgently contribute to is investigation of the role of residual components in controlling phase behaviour of CO2 in the transport and storage systems. Capture One of the largest areas of cost and concern is the capture element of the project. While a very wide topic, energy efficiency improvements will help drastically with the costs. This applies to all elements of the systems being investigated by the projects (liquid solvents, solid sorbents, membranes, WSG catalysts, compressors etc.) Materials selection is another area that would merit further clear investigation and elaboration. Process optimisation is a subject that would benefit from further attention, particularly when potentially coupled with the need for operational flexibility. (For example WSG integration, ASU optimisation, reduced steam requirements).
98 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
Transport
The transport of CO2 by pipeline is primarily a topic that is facing regulatory issues, rather than technical problems (for example the lack of appropriate regulations in Spain), there are a number of aspects to be looked at. (See question regarding CO2 purity above). During 2013 this topic will be discussed for the first time by the Network, and it is expected that more tangible needs will be defined. Parameter assurance is a topic that has been raised by the projects for further investigation. Storage Storage continues to be one of the areas that would benefit from R&D work. A number of areas could be investigated, but one area that would benefit from elaboration is the adaptation, application and reliability of CO2 monitoring systems.
Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 99 Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
C-Capture: developing a new, low- energy penalty solvent for post- combustion
CO2 capture (courtesy of C-Capture Ltd)
Development of a wellbore gravity sensor for monitoring
CO2 storage (courtesy of BP Alternative Energy International Limited)
A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies
Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward
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11 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies