DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnic Identity, Culture, and Race: Japanese and Nikkei at Home and Abroad 民族、文化、人種−−本土及び海外の日本人と日 系日本人

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnic Identity, Culture, and Race: Japanese and Nikkei at Home and Abroad 民族、文化、人種−−本土及び海外の日本人と日 系日本人 Volume 8 | Issue 37 | Number 4 | Article ID 3410 | Sep 13, 2010 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Ethnic Identity, Culture, and Race: Japanese and Nikkei at Home and Abroad 民族、文化、人種−−本土及び海外の日本人と日 系日本人 Nobuko Adachi Ethnic Identity, Culture, and Race: Japanese-Latin Americans en route to US Japanese and Nikkei at Home and internment camps in World War II Abroad1 Issues of individual and community struggles Nobuko Adachi for cultural and economic survival have yet to be examined in a global context. Little, too, has Today, three million people of Japanese descent been written on Japanese nationals living are citizens of almost every nation in the world. abroad, an important group whose numbers In contrast to other transplanted peoples—like have been increasing rapidly in recent decades. African, Irish, Chinese, Jewish, or Mexican These people are inexorably involved in the migrants —the individual stories of Japanese social, cultural, economic, and political transnational migrants and Nikkei (people of environments of both their resident and Japanese descent who were born and grew up ancestral-home societies. All migrants, of abroad) have received little scholarly attention. course, find distinct differences between their Discussions of Japanese transnational migrants original societies and those in which they and Nikkei have focused on social and political currently reside. And while they live in new issues, such as racial discrimination or the nations, many retain connections to their old home. internment camps of the United States and Canada during World War II, “returnee” Images of “home” however often are Nikkei, and dekasegi (temporary migrant reconstructed in the minds of transnational workers) in Japan. migrants in special ways because they lack direct daily interactions with people from the ancestral country. Images of home often become exaggerated. For example, migrants from the same country tend to associate with each other in their new societies where they confront daily struggles. By coming together in activities and organized events, the group reforms images of the homeland and, through these images, individuals construct and reform their sense of “self” and “other.” The host nation’s public view of the migrants’ home country also shapes their self image. People of the host nation call the immigrants’ culture “ethnic,” as seen in everyday discourse 1 8 | 37 | 4 APJ | JF when referring to things like “ethnic food,” “Honorary Whites” or “Honorary Europeans” “ethnic music,” or “ethnic heritage.” This during the apartheid period in the 1960s mainstream characterization is used without (Kawasaki 2001: 54). Since the 1980s, thought or malice, even though the migrants Japanese, as well as some other Asians, were themselves might be uncomfortable, say, to also called “Honorary Whites” even in North find their standard cooking ingredients in the America, often because of their “model “ethnic food” aisle of the grocery store. The minority” status. These attributions are related migrants, then, become “ethnic minorities” to the definitions of both terms—race and both because they are referred to as such, but ethnicity—and are not only based on physical also because that is how they come to see characteristics or national heritage but also on themselves. economics, politics and culture. It is widely believed that the concept of Furthermore, in modern history, the Japanese ethnicity has long been with us. However, it is have also tried to separate themselves from actually a very new notion. The termother Asians or East Asians, regarding “ethnicity,” together with terms like “ethnic themselves as equal to, or equivalent to, community,” “ethnic group,” “ethnicWesterners and superior to many of their Asian minorities,” and “ethnic identity,” has been neighbors. These feelings fueled Japanese used habitually only since the 1960s. The more nationalism and provided one rationale for the such terms have been used, the more scholars invasion and colonization of Asian nations in have started asking: What are the differences the years 1895-1945 (e.g., Beasley 1991; between “ethnicity” and already existing terms, Guelgher 2006; Kang 2005; Ohno 2006). Even such as social class and race? For example, in today it is often said that Japanese treat Asians 1967 in his bookRace Relations, Michael more harshly than white people—whether they Banton stated that ethnicity was formed by the are casual visitors or long-term residents such members of the minority groups themselves as second, third and fourth generation Koreans and race was a public classification of those in Japan (e.g., Ryang 2005). While the Japanese minorities by those outside the group.are keen to separate themselves from other However, this claim has many exceptions. For Asians, some Nikkei also try to separate instance, ethnicity is also used for public themselves from Japanese (e.g., Creighton actions like “ethnic cleansing” in Yugoslavia, 2010: 133-162). and a “race” categorization—black Why do Nikkei try to see themselves as identity—has been used to foster solidarity different from Japanese from Japan? “What is among those of African heritage. Regardless of Japanese?” “What is Nikkei?” “What is race?” scholarly consensus or debate, race and “What is ethnicity?” ethnicity have remained two of the most ambiguous and contested terms in the social What Is Ethnicity and Race? sciences. The American Anthropological Association, in When race and ethnicity are discussed,its seminal 1998 statement on race, says: Japanese are not typically the first group of people to come to mind. However, the Japanese actually are an interesting case meriting study. In the United States both scholars For example, although Japanese have been and the general public have been categorized as “Asian,” “Yellow,” “Pacific conditioned to viewing human Islander,” or “Oriental” in North America, in races as natural and separate South Africa Japanese were labeled as divisions within the human species 2 8 | 37 | 4 APJ | JF based on visible physical Japanese painting of Admiral Perry and differences…Physical variations in two officers, 1854 (Fitzwilliam Museum) any given trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over 2 Many people believe that a black-and-white geographic areas. dichotomy is a natural classification of the human mind, and argue that this as a basis for For the general public, especially in the West, racial classification (Banton 1987: xii–xiv). In these “visible physical differences” arethis conception, the human mind is naturally customarily reduced to skin color. Why is skin structured to see the world in binary color used as the basis for racial classification? oppositions (Levi-Strauss 1967). But even if the Living in societies that do this, people believe it concept of binary oppositions is a natural is obvious and logical, because skin color is one structure of the human mind, why is skin color of the most visible human characteristics, and selected? We could still categorize people by it is easy to tell someone’s geographic “home” other criteria, like hairy versus non-hairy. For by using it. Of course, this is just custom and example, I mentioned that Japanese used terms has no basis in reality. Such visible criteria like ke-tō (Westerner, “hairy Chinese”) and kara-bito (foreigner, “Chinese person”) to label could easily be replaced by something 3 outsiders. The word “ke” literally means “hair” else. For example, when first seeing people and the words “tō” and “kara” mean Chinese. from Europe and North America, Japanese Thus, the literal meaning of ke-tō is “hairy called them a variety of things, includingaoi Chinese.” The fact that this term could be me no hito (blue-eyed people), ke-tō (hairy extended to all outsiders is derived from the Chinese),4 and hana no takai-hito (big-nosed idea that Chinese (tō) were outsiders or people). For the Japanese, the physical foreigners in the eyes of Japanese throughout characteristics they noticed most were not the country’s history (and often the only based on skin color. It is true that skin-color- outsiders they saw for long periods of time). based terms do exist among the Japanese—for When the Japanese first saw Westerners, they example, hakujin (white people)—but these were struck by their hairy bodies. As a result, were originally used by Japanese migrants to they called these new foreigners “hairy North America after they arrived there, or were foreigners” to distinguish them from other based on Western categorizations. “non-hairy foreigners” like Chinese and Koreans. Japanese saw chest hair and hairy arms in relation to animal’s fur. They saw Western people as in the process of evolving, so Westerners were closer to monkeys and apes, thus more “primitive.” On the other hand, kara- bito, the non-hairy foreigners, were at a higher stage of human evolution. Just as black and white became racial synonyms for inferior and superior in the Euro-American lexicon, “hairy” and “non-hairy” took on the same connotations. People are prone to categorize others in relation to characteristics they feel they have that are superior. Thus, ke-tō became a 3 8 | 37 | 4 APJ | JF derogatory word in Japanese like the “N” word Remnants of this still linger. The best in English. contemporary example is Barack Obama. This child of a European American mother and an The American Anthropological Association’s African father is called the “First Black 1998 report clearly states that skin-color-based President.” By contrast, in Brazil there are racial categorization is not founded on any many different skin-color-based classifications scientific evidence, but is a product ofof people and terms for them (e.g., Harris historical and contemporary social, economic, 1964; Hasenbalg 1991). Some say there are educational, and political circumstances. In upwards of two hundred such words in contrast to ethnicity, race and race-related Brazilian Portuguese. What is the significance words have a written past going back almost of these different categorizations? Are there two hundred years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparison of the Japanese American Internment Experience in Hawaii and Arkansas Caleb Kenji Watanabe University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2011 Islands and Swamps: A Comparison of the Japanese American Internment Experience in Hawaii and Arkansas Caleb Kenji Watanabe University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Asian American Studies Commons, Other History Commons, and the Public History Commons Recommended Citation Watanabe, Caleb Kenji, "Islands and Swamps: A Comparison of the Japanese American Internment Experience in Hawaii and Arkansas" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 206. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/206 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ISLANDS AND SWAMPS: A COMPARISON OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT EXPERIENCE IN HAWAII AND ARKANSAS ISLANDS AND SWAMPS: A COMPARISON OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT EXPERIENCE IN HAWAII AND ARKANSAS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By Caleb Kenji Watanabe Arkansas Tech University Bachelor of Arts in History, 2009 December 2011 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT Comparing the Japanese American relocation centers of Arkansas and the camp systems of Hawaii shows that internment was not universally detrimental to those held within its confines. Internment in Hawaii was far more severe than it was in Arkansas. This claim is supported by both primary sources, derived mainly from oral interviews, and secondary sources made up of scholarly research that has been conducted on the topic since the events of Japanese American internment occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall October 2016
    Asian Pacific American Community Newspaper Serving Sacramento and Yolo Counties - Volume 29, No. 3 Fall/October 2016 Register & Vote API vote sought by INSIDE CURRENTS ACC Senior Services - 3 Will you be 18 years old and a US major parties Iu-Mien Commty Svc - 5 citizen by November 4th? YES?? YOU While much attention is focused on GET TO VOTE!! But you need to register Hispanic and black voters, Asian Pacific Islander Chinese Am Council of Sac-7 to vote by Monday October 24th. are the single fastest growing demographic group and that has drawn the attention of You can register to vote online at major political parties. In states like Nevada sos.ca.gov (Secretary of State website), and Virginia, where polls show that the ask your local county elections office to presidential race is down to single digits, the Sacramento APIs send you a voter registration form or go API vote can swing the outcome of national and local elections. API voters are 8.5 - 9% of targeted by robbers in person to your local elections office. the voters in Nevada, 5 - 6.5% in Virginia, 7% Voter registration forms online are in New Jersey, 3.1% in Minnesota, and 15% in The Sacramento police announced available in 12 languages. California. In a tight race, the API vote can make that about 20 people have been arrested for a difference. Nine million APIs will be eligible to armed robberies targeting API residents. The vote in November, up 16% from four years ago. police say that the suspects do not appear to Nationally, API voters are about 4%.
    [Show full text]
  • A Participatory Study of the Self-Identity of Kibei Nisei Men: a Sub Group of Second Generation Japanese American Men William T
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Doctoral Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects 1993 A Participatory Study of the Self-Identity of Kibei Nisei Men: A Sub Group of Second Generation Japanese American Men William T. Masuda University of San Francisco Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/diss Part of the Asian American Studies Commons, Asian History Commons, Migration Studies Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Masuda, William T., "A Participatory Study of the Self-Identity of Kibei Nisei Men: A Sub Group of Second Generation Japanese American Men" (1993). Doctoral Dissertations. 472. https://repository.usfca.edu/diss/472 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The author of this thesis has agreed to make available to the University community and the public a copy of this thesis project. Unauthorized reproduction of any portion of this thesis is prohibited. The quality of this reproduction is contingent upon the quality of the original copy submitted. University of San Francisco Gleeson Library/Geschke Center 2130 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94117-1080 USA The University of San Francisco A PARTICIPATORY STUDY OF THE SELF-IDENTITY OF KIBEI NISEI MEN: A SUB GROUP OF SECOND GENERATION JAPANESE AMERICAN MEN A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty ofthe School ofEducation Counseling and Educational Psychology Program In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by William T.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05v6t6rn Author Kameyama, Eri Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Asian American Studies By Eri Kameyama 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations By Eri Kameyama Master of Arts in Asian American Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Chair ABSTRACT: The recent census shows that one-third of those who identified as Japanese-American in California were foreign-born, signaling a new-wave of immigration from Japan that is changing the composition of contemporary Japanese-America. However, there is little or no academic research in English that addresses this new immigrant population, known as Shin-Issei. This paper investigates how Shin-Issei who live their lives in a complex space between the two nation-states of Japan and the U.S. negotiate their ethnic identity by looking at how these newcomers find a sense of belonging in Southern California in racial, social, and legal terms. Through an ethnographic approach of in-depth interviews and participant observation with six individuals, this case-study expands the available literature on transnationalism by exploring how Shin-Issei negotiations of identities rely on a transnational understandings of national ideologies of belonging which is a less direct form of transnationalism and is a more psychological, symbolic, and emotional reconciliation of self, encompassed between two worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • Is the Eurozone Turning Japanese? February 2020
    In focus Is the Eurozone turning Japanese? February 2020 Marketing material for professional investors and advisers only Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Trend Growth Analysis 6 Population Trends and Workforce Dynamics 8 Reliance on external demand 15 Fiscal Policy 18 Monetary Policy 19 Conclusions and wider implications 21 Marketing material for professional investors and advisers only Marketing material for professional investors and advisers only In focus Is the Eurozone turning Japanese? February 2020 Executive Summary The term “Japanification” is generally used in the investment world to describe the decline of economies that appear to be following the same experience of Japan after the bursting of its asset price bubble in 1990. Decades of economic stagnation, only shortly interrupted by the boom ahead of the global financial crisis (GFC), is a phenomenon that no country Azad Zangana Piya Sachdeva Senior European Japan Economist wants to experience. Economist and Strategist Europe’s lack of growth, flirtation with deflation and negative Ȃ The balance of payments and reliance on the external economy interest rates have prompted comparisons with Japan, raising the is another similarity. While both have prominent export question of whether the Japanification of Europe is inevitable. To industries and are exporters of capital, Japan is far more avoid lazy quick comparison, this note explores the root causes reliant on net exports for growth than Europe. Europe can still and subsequent experiences of Japan through the 1990s and generate growth through domestic demand. examines the similarities and differences with the eurozone Ȃ In terms of fiscal policy, both have seen large increases in aggregate.
    [Show full text]
  • AACP BOARD of DIRECTORS Florence M. Hongo, President Kathy Reyes, Vice President Rosie Shimonishi, Secretary Don Sekimura, Treasurer Leonard D
    AACP BOARD OF DIRECTORS Florence M. Hongo, President Kathy Reyes, Vice President Rosie Shimonishi, Secretary Don Sekimura, Treasurer Leonard D. Chan Sutapa Dah Joe Chung Fong, PhD. Michele M. Kageura Susan Tanioka Sylvia Yeh Shizue Yoshina HONORARY BOARD Jerry Hiura Miyo Kirita Sadao Kinoshita Astor Mizuhara, In Memoriam Shirley Shimada Stella Takahashi Edison Uno, In Memoriam Hisako Yamauchi AACP OFFICE STAFF Florence M. Hongo, General Manager Mas Hongo, Business Manager Leonard D. Chan, Internet Consultant AACP VOLUNTEERS Beverly A. Ang, San Jose Philip Chin, Daly City Kiyo Kaneko, Sunnyvale Michael W. Kawamoto, San Jose Peter Tanioka, Merced Paul Yoshiwara, San Mateo Jaime Young AACP WELCOMES YOUR VOLUNTEER EFFORTS AACP has been in non-profit service for over 32 years. If you are interested in becoming an AACP volunteer, call us at (650) 357-1008 or (800) 874-2242. OUR MISSION To educate the public about the Asian American experience, fostering cultural awareness and to educate Asian Americans about their own heritage, instilling a sense of pride. CREDITS Typesetting and Layout – Sue Yoshiwara Editor– Florence M. Hongo/ Sylvia Yeh Cover – F.M. Hongo/L. D. Chan TABLE OF CONTENTS GREETINGS TO OUR SUPPORTERS i ELEMENTARY (Preschool through Grade 4) Literature 1-6 Folktales 7-11 Bilingual 12-14 ACTIVITIES (All ages) 15-19 Custom T-shirts 19 INTERMEDIATE (Grades 5 through 8) Educational Materials 20-21 Literature 22-26 Anti-Nuclear 25-26 LITERATURE (High School and Adult) Anthologies 27-28 Cambodian American 28 Chinese American 28-32 Filipino
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on T
    Eiichiro Azuma | The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on t... Page 1 of 28 http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/89.4/azuma.html From The Journal of American History Vol. 89, Issue 4. Viewed December 3, 2003 15:52 EST Presented online in association with the History Cooperative. http://www.historycooperative.org The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on the Western 'Frontier,' 1927-1941 Eiichiro Azuma In 1927 Toga Yoichi, a Japanese immigrant in Oakland, California, published a chronological 1 history of what he characterized as 'Japanese development in America.' He explicated the meaning of that history thus: A great nation/race [minzoku] has a [proper] historical background; a nation/race disrespectful of history is doomed to self-destruction. It has been already 70 years since we, the Japanese, marked the first step on American soil. Now Issei [Japanese immigrants] are advancing in years, and the Nisei [the American- born Japanese] era is coming. I believe that it is worthy of having [the second generation] inherit the record of our [immigrant] struggle against oppression and hardships, despite which we have raised our children well and reached the point at which we are now. But, alas, we have very few treatises of our history [to leave behind]. Thirteen years later, a thirteen hundred-page masterpiece entitled Zaibei Nihonjinshi--Toga himself spearheaded the editing--completed that project of history writing.1 Not the work of trained academicians, this synthesis represented the collaboration of many Japanese immigrants, including the self-proclaimed historians who authored it, community leaders who provided subventions, and ordinary Issei residents who offered necessary information or purchased the product.
    [Show full text]
  • Before Pearl Harbor 29
    Part I Niseiand lssei Before PearlHarbor On Decemb er'7, 194L, Japan attacked and crippled the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. Ten weeks later, on February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 under which the War De- partment excluded from the West Coast everyone of Japanese ances- try-both American citizens and their alien parents who, despite long residence in the United States, were barred by federal law from be- coming American citizens. Driven from their homes and farms and "relocation businesses, very few had any choice but to go to centers"- Spartan, barrack-like camps in the inhospitable deserts and mountains of the interior. * *There is a continuing controversy over the contention that the camps "concentration were camps" and that any other term is a euphemism. The "concentration government documents of the time frequently use the term camps," but after World War II, with full realization of the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the death camps of Europe, that phrase came to have a very different meaning. The American relocation centers were bleak and bare, and life in them had many hardships, but they were not extermination camps, nor did the American government embrace a policy of torture or liquidation of the "concentration To use the phrase camps summons up images ethnic Japanese. "relo- ,and ideas which are inaccurate and unfair. The Commission has used "relocation cation centers" and camps," the usual term used during the war, not to gloss over the hardships of the camps, but in an effort to {ind an historically fair and accurate phrase.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge of Japanese-Peruvian Descendent Families in the XXI Century
    Challenge of Japanese-Peruvian descendent families in the XXI century, Peruvian dekasegi in Japan: Overview of Socio Economic Issues of Nikkei by LAGONES VALDEZ Pilar Jakeline DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Development Doctor of Philosophy GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NAGOYA UNIVERSITY Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Naoko SHINKAI (Chairperson) Sanae ITO Hideto NISHIMURA Tetsuo UMEMURA Approved by the GSID Committee: March 07, 2016 1 Acknowledgements First, I would like to give my gratefulness to Professor SHINKAI Naoko, my academic advisor, for her priceless academic guidance throughout my research term at the Graduate School of International Development in Nagoya University. I achieved my goals as a graduate student with her useful and professional advices. She also gave me an invaluable guidance for my social life in Japan. She encouraged and supported me warmly. I would also like to deeply thank Professor ITO Sanae and Professor NISHIMURA Hideto, who supported me with valuable comments. I would like to appreciate Professor FRANCIS Peddie for important comments in my dissertation. I also thank to all my seminar members, who helped me with their experience and knowledge. In Japan, they became my family members. I felt so happy to meet them in my life. I appreciate the Peruvian Consul in Japan, who gave me the permission to do my interview survey to Peruvian Nikkei. I also thank to the Peruvian Nikkei community, they permitted me to enter their home to observe and interview with questions regarding to my research during my field work.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Innovation of Indonesia Overseas Election in Tokyo
    Challenges and Innovation of Indonesia Overseas Election in Tokyo GUSTI RAGANATA*1 Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Pemilu luar negeri di Indonesia dimulai sejak tahun 1955. Akan tetapi, regulasi pemilu luar negeri Indonesia memiliki banyak kekurangan seperti tidak adanya aturan spesifik mengenai pemilu luar negeri dan hampir tidak ada perbedaan khusus antara aturan luar negeri dan dalam negeri. Pada akhirnya, problem tersebut menghambat Pani- tia Pemilu Luar Negeri (PPLN) untuk menjalankan pemilu serentak dengan baik serta memengaruhi kualitas pemilu tersebut. Ketika pemilu Indonesia biasanya dijalankan secara tradisional dengan kertas dan proses pengambilan data secara manual, PPLN mempromosikan inovasi-inovasi untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Dalam perjalan- annya, PPLN Tokyo menghadapi hambatan-hambatan tersebut ketika mengimplemen- tasikan solusi inovasi teknologi. Beberapa inovasi yang dilakukan dapat menjadi solusi yang dapat dipelajari, direplikasi dan diterapkan bagi pemilu domestik di Indonesia dan membuat kualitas pemilu menjadi lebih baik. Kata kunci: Pemilu luar negeri, inovasi teknologi, PPLN Tokyo ABSTRACT Indonesian overseas elections were first done in 1955. However, Indonesia has lacked specific laws in regards to regulating overseas elections, with almost no distinction between overseas and domestic elections. It has barred the Overseas Election Com- mittee (PPLN) from properly conducting simultaneous elections as well as affecting the quality of the elections. Whereas Indonesian elections are traditionally done through paper ballots in which data are collected manually, PPLNs have promoted innovations to overcome challenges. Constraints are faced by PPLN Tokyo when implementing technology-based solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Pluralistic Realities and Tenuous Paradigms: Critical Examinations of Race and "Normativity" in Japanese/American Multiethnic and Multiracial History Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4j3997h8 Author Ong, James Man Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Pluralistic Realities and Tenuous Paradigms: Critical Examinations of Race and “Normativity” in Japanese/American Multiethnic and Multiracial History A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Asian American Studies by James Man Ong 2014 © Copyright by James Man Ong 2014 ABSTRACT OF THIS THESIS Pluralistic Realities and Tenuous Paradigms: Critical Examinations of Race and “Normativity” in Japanese/American Multiethnic and Multiracial History By James Man Ong Master of Arts in Asian American Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Chair In both the US and Japan in recent decades, multiethnicity has become an increasingly significant phenomenon for Japanese/Americans. Though relative minorities in the past, mixed individuals have become an emerging demographic as successive generations of individuals of Japanese and non-Japanese ancestry have transgressed social barriers, ethnic racial boundaries and national divides, blending diverse ancestries and cultures into unique syntheses. While individuals
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Overseas School) in Belgium: Implications for Developing Multilingual Speakers in Japan
    Language Ideologies on the Language Curriculum and Language Teaching in a Nihonjingakkō (Japanese overseas school) in Belgium: Implications for Developing Multilingual Speakers in Japan Yuta Mogi Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UCL-Institute of Education 2020 1 Statement of originality I, Yuta Mogi confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where confirmation has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Yuta Mogi August, 2020 Signature: ……………………………………………….. Word count (exclusive of list of references, appendices, and Japanese text): 74,982 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Siân Preece. Her insights, constant support, encouragement, and unwavering kindness made it possible for me to complete this thesis, which I never believed I could. With her many years of guidance, she has been very influential in my growth as a researcher. Words are inadequate to express my gratitude to participants who generously shared their stories and thoughts with me. I am also indebted to former teachers of the Japanese overseas school, who undertook the roles of mediators between me and the research site. Without their support in the crucial initial stages of my research, completion of this thesis would not have been possible. In addition, I am grateful to friends and colleagues who were willing readers and whose critical, constructive comments helped me at various stages of the research and writing process. Although it is impossible to mention them all, I would like to take this opportunity to offer my special thanks to the following people: Tomomi Ohba, Keiko Yuyama, Takako Yoshida, Will Simpson, Kio Iwai, and Chuanning Huang.
    [Show full text]