Grammatical Absorption and Functioning of Arab and Persian Conjunctions in Old in the 19th Century

Ayrat Faikovich Yusupov1a, Nurfiya Marsovna Yusupova2a, Alfina Tagirovna Sibgatullina3b

Abstract

ARTICLE HISTORY: The present study tried to offer a methodology to analyze language grammatical elements in the Tatar Received October 2020 language poetry of the 19th century. It defined adaptation Received in Revised form January 2021 mechanisms of the borrowed grammatical elements within Accepted January 2021 grammatical aspects and presents Arabism absorption Available online January 2021 peculiarities at the grammatical level. A set of existing basic research methods was effectively used in terms of the issue under study: descriptive method, comparative-historical methods, partial and continuous sampling techniques, unit systematization by denotative classes, as well as component, contextual, and etymological analyses. The examination KEYWORDS: proved that Arabic and Persian conjunctions were mainly applied for stylistic purposes in the 19th-century poetry, The Old Tatar language which allowed poets to avoid numerous repetitions of the Borrowing same form. It has been established that conjunctions in Grammatical absorption poetic texts were employed in not only meanings and Adaption functions typical for Arabic and Persian languages, but they Conjunction were also transferred into other parts of speech; in other

words, the phenomenon of conversion is observed.

© 2021 IJSCL. All rights reserved.

1 Associate Professor, Email: [email protected] (Corresponding Author) Tel: +8-917-2562633 2 Associate Professor, Email: [email protected] 3 PhD, Email: [email protected] a Kazan Federal University, Russia b Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

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1. Introduction There is no language in the world that has not borrowed words from other languages; all ulture and language interact with each languages have been influenced by each other. other. Now this effect can be considered A language that has not borrowed from other positive or negative. It is interesting to C languages is a dead language. The more know that despite the influence of culture and influential the languages, the more vivid they language with each other, you can realize the become, and this is not a defect for them. For differences between human beings and example, Arabic and Persian languages, establish better relations even with other although derived from two different principles, nations (Kramsch, 1991). As mentioned, have historically been, due to the continuous language also affects culture on the grounds relationship between Iranians and Arabs, that perhaps language actually reflects having a very close interaction, and in this information rather than cultural matters way, the influence of the two languages has because humans react to stimuli or people. In left traces of each other, which may not be general, due to this effect, the effectiveness of seen in any other two languages. Unlike linguistic words is a reflection of the material civilizations such as the Egyptian civilization, and spiritual categories of society's culture, which forgot its previous language in the face and people use them in their cultural situation of Arabic language and Islamic civilization, (Nguyen, 2017). Although they differ in the the Iranian and Persian civilizations, while use of language methods, people use sentences accepting the Arabic language, did not and words in one culture, the meanings, and surrender at once and established bilateral applications of which may be considered interaction with it from the very beginning. differently in other cultures because of the The two languages borrow from many characteristics and type of action. Regardless languages. In Persian, most jurisprudential, of what was mentioned, it should be noted that religious, and legal terms are derived from every human being has a different personality Arabic. But the Arabic language, in turn, (Grein, 2017). borrows untouched words and many distorted The diversity of thousands of languages words (in the form of polite forms) from around the world may lead to the belief that Persian (Hashemi, Kambuziya, Aghagolzade, these languages have very little in common, & Golfam, 2014; Jam, & Razmdideh, 2018; but new studies show a different reality. Perry, 2005; Van Dam, 2010). Accordingly, an analysis of nearly two-thirds Such scholars in 1912-1913 initiated first of the world's languages shows that humans, attempts at a scientific and theoretical study of regardless of the language they speak, tend to Arabic and Persian borrowings in the Tatar use the same sounds for different objects and language. During the Soviet period, Ramazanova ideas. In recent studies, two-thirds of the (2002) and Fattakhova and Mingazova (2015) world's languages have been able to find the further researched the issue of the lexical same pattern among words used for specific absorption of Arabic and Persian borrowings concepts. One hundred words examined in this as well as some of their lexical and semantic study included items such as nose, tongue, peculiarities in works. The vital contribution to leaves, and sand. Researchers at Cornell the investigation of morphological and University in New York say the study refutes phonetic development of Arabism in the Tatar the general notion of the cornerstone of literary language was made by Mäkhmütov linguistics, which for centuries believed that (1993). He also challenged the transfer the relationship between the sound of a word (conversion) of Arabic and Persian words from and its meaning was optional. Studies by one grammatical category to another category linguists over the past twenty years have borrowed from the Tatar language. shown that this relationship does not necessarily exist. Some studies suggest that It should be noted that the most ancient Tatar words for small objects in different languages language literature was created at the may contain loud sounds. However, so far, this beginning of the 13th century. Until 1905, all evidence has only been observed in the literature was in the Old Tatar language, which relationships of certain words and their sounds was partly derived from the Bulgar language and in a collection of small languages. and not intelligible with the modern Tatar language. Since 1905, newspaper publishers

82 Grammatical Absorption and Functioning of Arab and Persian Conjunctions in Old Tatar Language

started using the Modern Tatar language. In Sagitovna, Saulesh, Shamshaevna, and 1918, the Arabic language-based alphabet was Alexandrovna (2017) researched the Old Tatar revised: some new letters for Tatar language language history during the Golden Horde sounds were added, and some Arabic language Period and medieval landmarks of the Turkic letters were deleted. languages. Moreover, Khaphizova, Salakhova, and Nuriyeva (2015) studied mechanisms of As is known, poetry was considered to be the Arabic language vowels' phonetic adaptation. highest type of literature, and poetic works were created in a sublime's poetic style, i.e., in Mechanisms of lexical adaptation and a classical literary language "with active use of assimilation of Arab-Persian borrowings, in Arabic language-Persian grammatical elements particular, specificity and absorption of Sufi and traditional common Turkic forms" and Islamic terminology by the 19th-century (Husnutdinov, Yusupov, Shakurova, Yusupov, poetry, are presented in works by Yusupov & Mirzagitov, 2016). Tatar language scholars (2015); while issues of grammatical absorption through various aspects (Husnutdinov, and laws governing the functioning of Arab- Karipzhanova, Sagdieva, & Mirzagitov, 2019; Persian elements in the 19th-century poetry Khaybullina, Khabibullina, & Nagumanova, language as well the ratio of standardization 2017; Kuzmina, Khadieva, & Galiullina, 2019; and variability in applying foreign-language Yusupov, Yusupova, & Sibgatullina, 2019; grammatical forms as nominal parts of speech Yusupov, Yusupova, Kadirova, & Kudryavtseva, were reviewed within a diachronic aspect 2019; Zagidullina, 2017) studied basic laws of (Husnutdinov & Mirzagitov, 2017). lexical and stylistic means functioning in Tatar The purpose of this article is to study the literature and literary works. grammatical absorption of Arabic and Persian It should be noted that Arab-Persian lexical auxiliary parts of speech based on the material units in the Modern Tatar literary language are of the 19th century Tatar language poetry and studied rather profoundly (Parvaresh & Dabghi, determine the main regularities of their 2013). Still, a systematic description of the adaptation and functioning. It should be noted borrowing’s functions within a literary text that the wide range of the 19th century poetic structure, the issues of Arabism and Farsism works published in the Arabic language script absorption at the grammatical structure level, was used as the source material. as well as stratification of linguistic 2. Theoretical Framework phenomena in the Old Tatar language of the 19th century have remained outside an In this article, the authors have dealt with the academic scope. An increased share of Arab- subject from different dimensions. For Persian borrowings characterizes the Old Tatar example, Fazlutdinov (2016) studies the language of the 19th century; "Until the 18th development of Modern Tatar language poetry century, the number of Arabic language in Bashkortostan and takes into account borrowings amounted to a small percentage of critical reviews. It also reveals the peculiarities lexical composition of the Old Tatar language of the poetic world. The novelty of the (Keshtiari & Kuhlmann, 2016). In the 18th research is in identifying key tendencies in the century, the influx of borrowings was development of modern Tatar language poetry increasing, and, starting from the early 19th in Bashkortostan through systematizing century, it sharply expanded. However, the scientific and critical materials. The largest flow of Arabism was observed from the introduction involves the study of Tatar mid-19th century until 1905-1907, i.e., it language literature, including the poetry of marked the initial stage in development and Bashkortostan in a socio-cultural perspective, formation of the Modern Tatar literary the peculiarities of Tatar language poets’ language" (Mäkhmütov, 1993). identification either as a part of Tatar language or Bashkir literature, the historical background Despite numerous works related to the of this division, and the influence of this language history of the period, a scientific process on their works. The author focuses on analysis methodology for Arabic and Persian the theoretical understanding of the stylistic grammatical elements in the Tatar poetry properties of the works, specifying the language of the 19th century has not been differences between the terms "style", developed sufficiently. For example, Failevna, "individual style", and "regional peculiarities

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of style". The work is carried out on the basis system description of the main signs of the Old of the classification adopted in the literature. Tatar language of the 19th century”, and The researcher reveals the properties of the determination of norm and variability in world picture, artistic representation of the grammatical categories of the language of this modern world in literary works, characteristics period are also developed. of the poets’ way of thinking, and unique Khaphizova et al. (2015) states that, properties of their aesthetic positions. Fattakhova (2015) says: the formation of Despite the existence of a large number of Swahili and Tatar languages was influenced by works devoted to the history of the language of the Arabic language, which was strongly this period, the scientific technique of the influenced by them scientifically, religiously, analysis of the Arab and Persian grammatical economically, and culturally. In the present elements in the language of the Tatar language study, we use a comparative approach that poetry of the 19th century is not yet quite aims to find heterogeneous and allomorphic developed. (p. 85) properties in the studied languages and In the works of Mukhametova, Kadirova, identify their properties in the process of Yusupov, and Alkaya (2019), the history of absorbing Arabic language words. the Old Tatar language, the mechanisms of Morphological matching of Arabic language phonetic adaptation of the Arab language, and loans in these languages is done by current also the medieval monuments of Turkic nouns, prepositions, nouns indicating place languages, were investigated. and action. One of the identical properties of the recipient languages is the absence of a Mäkhmütov (1993), who also addressed gender group in Swahili and Tatar languages. transition (conversion) of Arabic language and For example, we can refer to the placement of Persian words, made a significant contribution adjectives after nouns in Swahili; or we can to studying phonetic and morphological mention the use of compound verbs with absorption of Arabism and Farsism in the Arabic language names in the Tatar language. Tatar literary language from one grammatical The research results will help to study the category to another when borrowed into Tatar vocabulary of these unrelated languages. language. The Ancient Tatar language was a literary 3. Methodology language used in the Volga-Ural region from A second language is any language that is the Middle Ages to the 19th century. The learned in addition to the first language of each Ancient Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak person. Although this concept is called second group, although some language acquisition, it can also include believe that it originated in Ancient Bulgarian. learning third, fourth, or subsequent languages. Studies have shown that the Ancient Tatar Studying a second language refers to what language included many Persian and Arabic language learners do. This does not refer to language terms and words. The language was language teaching methods, although teaching spelled uniformly among different ethnic can affect learning. The term acquisition was groups. The Kipchak group spoke Turkish, but originally used to emphasize the unconsciousness obviously, the pronunciation varied from one of the learning process, but in recent years ethnic group to another; it was almost close to learning and teaching have become largely the spoken language, written in different synonymous (Gass, 2013). worlds. The main reason for this universal use was that the main differences between the Attitudes toward learning a second language languages of the Kipchak group were in the indicate a combination of individual needs and pronunciation of vowels, which were not social situations and may be accepted if the sufficiently visible in the Arabic language social, economic, and political environments script. are positive. The Tatar language has implemented some of the requirements for the In Yusupov's study (2015), the characteristics legitimacy of the Tatar language, namely of the development of Islamic and Sufi terms formal recognition and institutionalization in are shown in the works of the 19th century certain areas (Fattakhova, 2015; May, 2001). poetry. Husnutdinov et al. (2016, p. 12) state that “in scientific literature, the concept of

84 Grammatical Absorption and Functioning of Arab and Persian Conjunctions in Old Tatar Language

The primary research method is a descriptive and understand the exact meaning of the text, method, and its main components – observation, as well as understanding religious hadiths and comparison, generalization, and typology of books, motivates Tatar language speakers to the material compared. To comprehensively learn Arabic (Fattakhova, 2015). Conjunctions analyze the grammatical verb forms, we used a found in Sufi texts are diverse in their comparative method, which enabled identifying semantics and origin. By origin, they can be interaction peculiarities of the Tatar and divided into three groups: 1) Turkic, 2) Arabic languages in creating poetry. When Persian, and 3) Arab. This article is focused identifying similar and standard properties, only on borrowed conjunctions applied in specificities of unrelated (Arabic and Turkic- Tatar language poetry in the 19th century. Tatar) languages, a comparative-typological Persian conjunctions. Those can be method was also employed. The comparative structurally divided into the following groups: historical method was applied to analyze semantic properties of word usage of the - simple: кi "to, in order to", čön "as, since, identified linguistic units through the because", ägär (gär) "if", häm "and, as well diachronic aspect concerning the Modern as" meaning "and", wäli "however"; Tatar literary language. - compound: čönki "as, since, because" The differences between Tatar and non-Tatar (consisting of two conjunctions čön + кi), languages in attitudes toward the language, bälki "and, but, however" (consisting of an and the differences in the representation of the adversative conjunction bäl (and, as well as) + "other" in terms of the interaction between ki), ägärčä (gärčä) "while" which derives ethnic, cultural, or national groups without from conjunction ägär (gär) "if" and pronoun reference to institutional strategies have an če "what". explicit role in reinforcing and promoting The following adversative conjunctions bälki specific attitudes and representations (Davis & "while, but, however," and wäli "but, however," Veinguer, 2007). One of the most important are used. The contrast meaning one object, tasks of literary criticism of the modern Tatar phenomenon or action to another: bälki däγwa language is the scientific investigation of the ähleder – xar-zälil (Scientific archive of the works of different writers who have chipped in Institute of History, Language and Literature the development of national education and of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of literature but have remained out of sight of Bashkortostan (SIH-LLASRB) "but a plaintiff researchers. is a low man", äjü süz gärčä canlarγa γazadyr, Most Arabic verbal forms are influenced by wäli küb süzlämäklekdä xätär (SIH-LLASRB) the grammatical criteria of the Tatar language, "a sacred word is food for the soul, but talking and all accept the pattern of names. However, a lot is dangerous." it should be considered that they do not lose a Subordinating conjunctions of Persian origin significant part of the concepts of verbal are highly active. They have a wide range of values (Yusupov, Galiullina, Yusupova, & meanings: Kajumova, 2018). Modern Tatar language literature is in development now. At the same Conjunction čönki "for, since, because" is time, it has successive relations with previous employed to connect the subordinate clause to literature. Tatar language writers artistically the main one and expresses causal relationship: comprehend the history of the Tatar language aηä dündem, aηa, čönki räxmätdän säbil uldy people (Safarova, Galimullin, & Galimullina, bäηa (SIH-LLASRB) "I trust only him, for I 2016). am grateful to him". 4. Results Moreover, a shortened version of conjunction čön is actively applied in the 19th-century The history of learning Arabic by the Tatar works and not recorded in the Modern Tatar languages has its roots in the distant past. This language: qasd idärmen canyma, čön connection is with the acceptance of Islam by susamyšym qanyma (SIH-LLASRB) "I will the Tatar language ancestors in defile my soul because I am thirsty for my and is based on the alphabet of the Arabic blood", and the rest. language script. As the source of the Quran's religious teachings, the need to study properly

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Conjunction ägär and its shortened form gär Conjunction wä "and" is a grammatical "if" indicate the dependence of the main synonym for Persian conjunction häm and is sentence on the relative clause. The conjunction used in a connective meaning to join shortened form is more active than the full homogeneous parts of the sentence: γäm ilä one: ägär bän didekeme dota belsäm (SIH- kičeräm jaz wä közemdän (SIH-LLASRB) "I LLASRB) "if I can follow what I said", gär will spend spring and summer with sorrow". delärsän kem, dökänmäz däülätä irešäsän Sometimes, conjunction wä is repeated, i.e., (SIH-LLASRB) "if you want, you will achieve used in a reduplicated form to convey an wealth". intensified meaning. In such cases, the Conjunctions ägärčä and gärčä "although, conjunction is applied with the meaning of though" are used to connect the concessionary particle -da / -dä: anyη qasdy imanyηda wä and subordinate clauses to the main sentences. canyηda wä qanyηda (SIH-LLASRB) "his filth Thus, they express an opposite effect to the is both in your faith, and in your soul, and in conditional: ägärčä sän mönäzzäh padišähsän, blood". ki firaq sän bänem čuq azymdan (SIH- Conjunction fa is coordinating conjunction in LLASRB) "if you are an innocent padishah, the Arabic language (Grande, 1963). It points then you are not as vicious as I am", gärčä out the sequential connection of two sentences sanursägms ken (SIH-LLASRB) "though you fa šökru niγmäti Allahi, – dide xaq (SIH- believe that the mirror of your soul has not LLASRB) "‘Be content with god’s mercy’ the dimmed," and the rest. god said”. Explanatory conjunction ki "to, in order to" Conjunction wä läkin “but, nevertheless” joins various subordinate clauses, helping to contrasts one phenomenon, action or object to clarify the essence of the action referred to in another: mö’minäm dijärsän, wä läkin the main sentence: kilde šul säγät ki, xäleme tabnyrsän näfseηä (SIH-LLASRB) “you say aηyb (SIH-LLASRB) "the hour has come you are a believer, but you worship your soul”, when (that) I understood my condition", and etc. the rest. Conjunction illä “although, but” indicates As is known, the explanatory conjunction ki is exclusion of someone or something from the always part of the main sentence. However, action: gärčä rah räüšan doryr, illä säfär we had recorded cases when S. Zaki applied wäxšätleder (SIH-LLASRB) “although the the conjunction as part of the subordinate road is bright (clear), but it’s still dangerous to clause in works: äzalät äjlä bändan bu γamany, travel”. ki fareq idäm döneme köndezemdän (SIH- LLASRB) "free me from this grief so that I Conjunction wä illä “otherwise, if not,” is used can distinguish my days from nights". under an alternative condition and denies the previous affirmative condition (Grande, 1963). In 1927, the Latin alphabet (Yanalif) was For example, äsär kilde bäηa göl quxusyndan, officially recognized as the Tatar language wä illä tufraγam bän ta äzäldan (SIH- alphabet, replacing the Arabic language LLASRB)"I am intoxicated with a flower (Iskhakov, 1997). The 19th-century poetry smell; otherwise, I would stay in the earth stands out for the great use of Arab forever". conjunctions employed as synthetic means to link parts of a sentence and complex sentence In some cases, the author uses the Arabic components. They can be divided into: language word bäs “however” as adversative conjunction: bäs qory däγwalara aldanmaηyz - simple: wä "and", fa "as well as", bäs (SIH-LLASRB) “however, do not trust empty "while", illä "if not, apart from", jäγni "that arguments”. is"; In the Arabic language, the word jäγni is a - compound: wä läkin "but, still" (coordinating form a verb of the present tense, third person, conjunction wä "and" + adversative singular, masculine, and is translated as conjunction läkin "but, still"), wä illä "and if “means”. In the Tatar literary language, the not" (coordinating conjunction wä "and" + Arabic verb was lexicalized, and, having lost excluding particle illä "if not, apart from"). its own verb meaning, turned into an

86 Grammatical Absorption and Functioning of Arab and Persian Conjunctions in Old Tatar Language

explanatory conjunction “that is”. Conjunction variation of the Old Tatar language with active jäγni expresses a qualifying relationship use of Arabic -Persian grammatical elements. between the main and auxiliary parts of the Arab-Persian conjunctions are primarily sentence, i.e., it clarifies the essence of the applied for stylistic purposes, which enabled action, phenomenon, and persons: bui poets to avoid numerous repetitions of the canandan äsär kilde bäηa, jäγni ul ildän xäbär same form. It is revealed that Arab-Persian kilde bäηa (SIH-LLASRB) “I felt the conjunctions in Sufi texts are employed in not breathing of my beloved, that is, news from only the meanings and functions typical for that country came to me”. Arabic and Persian, but they are transferred to other parts of speech as well, i.e., the 5. Discussion conversion phenomenon is observed. There is no language in the world that has not Acknowledgments borrowed words from other languages; all languages have been influenced by each other. The work is performed according to the A language that is not borrowed from other Russian Government Program of Competitive languages is a dead language. The more Growth of Kazan Federal University. influential the languages are, the more vivid they become, and this is not a defect for them. Reference Al Btoush (2014) believed that the language needs loanwords that can cover up-to-date Al Btoush, M. A. (2014). English loanwords in concepts and any new ideas. colloquial Jordanian Arabic. International Journal of Linguistics, 6(2), 98-103. 1. The language of the 19th century Tatar Davis, H., & Veinguer, A. (2007). Building a poetry is characterized by grammatical norms Tatar elite: Language and national of the languages belonging to different schooling in Kazan. Ethnicities, 7(2), systems: Turkic (Tatar language) and Oriental 186-207. (Arabic and Persian languages). In the Fattakhova, A. (2015). Special aspects of grammatical system of the language, Arab- Arabic teaching in Tatar schools and Persian elements are mainly used as madrasas at the end of the xix-beginning components of nominal parts, substantiated of the xx centuries. Mediterranean forms of the verb, as well as auxiliary parts of Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 131- speech. 136. 2. The Tatar languages belong to Turkic Failevna, N. L., Sagitovna, S. F., Saulesh, A., people whose ethnic origins are still the Shamshaevna, M. L. I., & Alexandrovna, subject of scholarly debate. The Kazan Tatar F. A. (2017). Tatar literature in the languages were established in the central beginning of 20th century: The Volga region by the 13th century (Rorlich, educational ideas of Kasim Bikkulov's 2017). Conjunctions of both Turkic-Tatar works. Turkish Online Journal of language, Persian, and Arab origins are used in Design Art and Communication, 7, the works under review. Among conjunctions 1260-1264. of Arab and Persian origin, the most active Fattakhova, A. R., & Mingazova, N. G. ones are subordinate unions of the cause čönki (2015). Arabic loanwords in Tatar and (čön) and the condition ägär (gär), as well as Swahili: Morphological assimilation. coordinating conjunctions wä and häm. The Journal of Sustainable Development, study also revealed cases when Arabic 8(4), 302-314. language verbs were transferred to conjunctions. Fazlutdinov, I. K. (2016). Modern Tatar poetry of Bashkortostan through criticism. 3. Written literary traditions of the period and Tatarica, 2(1), 57-72. the poetry genre specificity contributed to such mélange and diversity of individual Gass, S. M. (2013). Second language acquisition: An introductory course. grammatical forms. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. Thus, the 19th-century poetry language consisted Grande, B. M. (1963). The course of Arabic of the following layers: the traditional basic grammar in comparative-historical Oguz-Kipchak layer and the Arab-Persian illumination. Moscow, Russia: Eastern layer. It is a classic literary language, a Literature Publisher.

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