Genetic Layers of Tatar Cosmonyms

Gulshat Raisovna Galiullina1a, Khalisa Khatipovna Kuzmina2a, Alsou Minneakhmetovna Kamalıeva3b, Zilya Munirovna Kajumova4a

Abstract

ARTICLE HISTORY: The article presents the results of the research of Tatar cosmonyms with regard to their origins. It is believed that Received October 2020 the lexis of any is heterogeneous in terms of Received in Revised form December 2020 origins and consists of both aboriginal and borrowed words. Accepted December 2020 Available online January 2021 The language of the modern traces its roots to the ancient Turkic language, which was influenced by the Indo- European . The research revealed that all those lexical layers are reflected in the cosmonyms of the . The smallest group is represented by ancient Turko-Tatar cosmonyms. The next group comprises cosmonyms, borrowed from . One more group is KEYWORDS: made up of cosmonyms borrowed from Russian and earlier th Cosmonyms derived from Latin and Greek. In the 20 century, many Borrowings Russian cosmonyms (astrotoponyms, for the most part) Tatar language were translated into Tatar. Lexemes of the first group are Lexis used in everyday speech. Meanwhile, Arabic and Latin Genetic layers names of celestial bodies are employed only in scientific and literary Tatar.

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1 Professor, Email: [email protected] (Corresponding Author) Tel: +8(917)-274-11-84 2 Associate Professor, Email: [email protected] 3 Associate Professor, Email: [email protected] 4 MA, Email: [email protected] a Kazan Federal University, Russia b Bartyn University, Turkey 20 Genetic Layers of Tatar Cosmonyms

1. Introduction expressions of different cultures to understand this difference and to understand what is ow language originated has always important in each society. For example, if you occupied the minds of scientists. read Chinese terms about family, you will find Scientists have made many hypotheses H that family relationships are very valuable to about this, one of which is related to ancient the Chinese, and we can learn more about the Greece (Steels, 2007). According to this structure and characteristics of the family. theory, the first words of man were imitations Whatever culture you look at, you cannot of natural sounds; in other words, the sound of ignore its history. Understanding the history of animals or wind and rain or the collision of any culture allows you to understand why objects. Prehistoric humans used these sounds certain ideas, beliefs, and values were formed to convey the concepts that were relevant to in that culture and why certain words and them. They also speculated that the first words phrases exist in a language. If you take a closer came from jumbled cries of fear, panic, joy, or look at the science of etymology, you will find excitement. About 40 years ago, there was a that words that used to have a specific popular hypothesis that arm and hand meaning have a completely different meaning movements in early humans were accompanied today. by sounds coming out of the mouth to indicate a certain action, and thus language was created The Global Language System (GLS) is an (Huang, 2013). But none of these hypotheses intelligent model of communication between properly explain how the change in these language groups. The Dutch sociologist De sounds led to the creation of specific and Swaan (2013) presented this theory in 2001 in meaningful words and how the emergence of his book, “World Words”, entitled “The paved the way for the intellectual Language System”. According to the book, development of early humans and evolved multilingual communication between language speech, which is closely related to intellectual groups does not happen by chance, but on the development. The fundamental difference contrary, they form a very efficient and between humans and animals is their ability to powerful network that connects the six billion speak. Modern science attributes the beginning inhabitants of the planet. The GLS uses the of human evolution to the beginning of the theory of the world system to calculate the fourth period of geology, about 1.8 million relations between the languages of the world years ago, and equates it with the emergence and divides them into a hierarchy consisting of of two-legged primates whose soles were wide four levels: peripheral languages, central, and stuck to the ground. From the perspective super-central, and over-central (De Swaan, of anthropology, language as a technical tool 2013). According to De Swaan (2013), the and as an evolutionary perspective has played GLS has constantly been developing since the a key role in shaping the culture of society. time of “military-territorial” regimes (De This evolution has been very effective in the Swaan, 2013). Under these regimes, rulers importance and origin of the language of forced their own language, and thus the first human culture and has caused the “central” languages emerged, linking the differentiation of human language from the peripheral languages of agricultural societies system of animal language. to the language of the conquerors through bilingual speakers. Then came the formation Language is constantly changing and largely of empires, which led to the next stage of the depends on the views, values, and customs of integration of the GLS. its people. Obviously, the differences between the two cultures are well reflected in their For example, Latin first emerged from Rome. languages. Also, it should be noted that people Under the Roman Empire, which ruled a large in two countries and with two different group of countries, the use of Latin spread languages grow up with completely different along the Mediterranean coast, the southern values and beliefs. You need to prepare half of Europe, and rarely to the north and then yourself to understand and accept these to the Germanic and Celtic lands. Thus, Latin differences. Differences in values and beliefs became the main language in Europe from 27 can manifest themselves in different situations. BC to 476 AD. Second, due to the unification It is enough to look at the slang terms and of China in 221 BC by Qin Shi Huang, there G. R. Galiullina et al./ International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 8(3), 2020 ISSN 2329-2210 21

was widespread use of the pre-classical Han purpose of forecasting the further development Chinese version in contemporary China. Third, of the language. the language in South Asia is popularized by the widespread teaching of All of these determine the relevance of this Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asian work. Studying names of celestial bodies in countries. Fourth, the expansion of the Arab the framework of onomastics is quite a new Empire also led to an increase in the use of and unexplored field in Tatar . In Arabic as a language in the African-Eurasian Russian onomastics, the question of whether landmass. this field should be termed as cosmonymics or astronymics is under discussion; the problem The military defeats of centuries in the past has not been resolved so far. In this article, the generally regulate the distribution of languages term cosmonymics is utilized. today. The super central languages are spread by sea and land. Land-based languages spread Certain aspects of studying cosmonyms and through marching empires: Chinese, German, their functioning were presented in the works , Russian, Japanese, and Arabic. by Superanskaya (1973), Karpenko (1981), Rut However, when the conquerors were defeated (1987), Galiullina, Kadirova, Khadieva, Kuzmina, and forced out of the realm, the spread of and Kajumova (2018), Khadieva, Galiullina, languages slowed. On the other hand, the and Kuzmina (2019), Kajumova, Galiullina, maritime languages spread by the conquests and Khadieva (2016), Abdrakhmanova, abroad: English, Spanish, French, and Galiullina, and Khadieva (2016), and others. Portuguese. As a result, these languages Considering that the issues of studying became popular in areas inhabited by cosmonyms are allied to analyzing the European colonizers, forcing indigenous development of the standard language and peoples and their languages into peripheral literature in its entirety (folk literature, in situations. particular), the works by Kuzmina, Khadieva, Galiullina, and Akhunzhyanova (2019) served The core of the language system, transmitted us as the basis for studying the names of to succeeding generations, represents the celestial bodies. lexical riches of any language, which create knowledge of the world around – the The purpose of this paper is to determine the worldview of native speakers; that is why historical genetic layers of Tatar cosmonyms, studying a word and its meaning started long to reveal the earliest appellations, and to ago. From ancient times to the present day, the demonstrate the specificity in the Tatar sky of stars and celestial bodies have attracted cosmonymy formation. We have studied the humans’ attention, so the process of their linguistic characteristics of cosmonyms naming is of special interest to both linguists functioning in the Tatar language and revealed and the public at large. The names of celestial that linguistic, extralinguistic, and ethnocultural bodies keep some data of the sky structure in features promote the use of cosmonyms in the ancient times when the language originated, of Tatar standard and everyday language. positions of the stars and the solar system planets regarding the Earth. In the epoch of 2. Theoretical Framework scientific and technological progress, stars and Numerous studies have been conducted on the other spatial objects have lost their primary Tatar language and its linguistic dimensions. functions of serving for route and time Khanova, Zamaletdinov, Nurmukhametova, determination or of making weather forecasts. Zamaletdinova, and Zakiev (2017) say that in In most modern languages, Tatar included, the age of close international cultural, ancient names of celestial bodies have diplomatic, and economic relations, the study vanished from the memory of people; of traditional culture and its reflection in consequently, cumulating and studying language have become a vital need, which cosmonyms are instrumental in keeping the provides sufficient mutual understanding of language heritage for the generations to come. people, creating a sense of tolerance and These linguistic units should be analyzed and respect for the culture of others. The language classified; the changes that occur in them of any country is closely related to the culture should be scientifically explained for the and lifestyle of the people. It reflects the 22 Genetic Layers of Tatar Cosmonyms

identity, philosophy, cultural and social terms is an artificial and superficial development as well as cultural and social phenomenon. Currently, most Tatar socio- relations by other people. Knowledge of this political idioms are coined with idioms related type of cultural vocabulary presupposes a to Russian idioms, and the lexical preferences person’s understanding of belonging to a of translators and terminology developers may certain nation, and knowledge of foreign differ, leading to a large number of competing cultural elements is necessary for a items of different origins and structures. At the comprehensive understanding of each other in level of multi-word items, lexical diversity is communication. complicated by a syntactic change factor, which in turn multiplies the number of Wertheim (2002) was believed that linguistic synonymous combinations. Parallel sets are performance, particularly speech carefully used for a wide range of phenomena, including cleansed of salient Russian influence, plays a the official names of government structures significant role in the construction of Tatar and social institutions. identity: this performance can be both for outsiders, such as field workers or unknown Mukhametova, Kadirova, Yusupov, and members of large audiences, and for insiders, Alkaya (2019) say: According to the generally such as members of a small social network. accepted classification of medieval Turkic Broadly speaking, Tatar identity appears to be literary languages, from about the 15th-16th defined in opposition to Russian, such that the centuries, the period of the regional Turkic focus is less on what Tatars are and more on literary language existence starts, such as Old what they are not, and what they are not is Uzbek, Old Azerbaijani, Old Tatar, and the Russian. In this context, with an oppositional rest. Medieval Tatars recognized themselves as definition, the pure Tatar individual comes to a whole for a long time and continued to use mean the de-Russified Tatar individual, the the literary traditions laid down in the 13th-14th one who has removed the Russian influence centuries. However, political fragmentation, from his or her life. vast geographical distances, and a number of other reasons served as some linguistic In her study of Core Linguistic Properties, changes on the principle of khanates. Crain (2010) wrote: There are two perspectives on the distinction between nuclear and 3. Methodology environmental linguistic characteristics. The research involved general scientific and Proponents of the universal grammar theory linguistic methods. The scientific methods claim that the difference between the core and include analysis, synthesis, inductive and the periphery is significant, with the main features having several features that are not deductive methods. When conducting research, the two methods of inductive shared by the environmental structures of reasoning and inferential reasoning have individual human languages. On the other different “feelings” towards them. Inductive hand, proponents of language-based reporting reasoning is inherently more open and claim that the distinction between the core and the periphery is not appropriate. Because exploratory, especially at the beginning. Deductive reasoning is narrower in nature and human languages are very different, the same involves testing or confirming hypotheses. mechanisms that language learners use to Even though a particular study may seem acquire ancillary structures are sufficient to entirely inferential (e.g., an experiment to test obtain the basic characteristics. the hypothetical effects of some therapies on Galieva (2018, p. 55) states that the some outcomes), most social research involves construction of the thesaurus is aimed at both inductive and deductive reasoning establishing all the individual Tatar words and processes in some periods. In fact, the rocket multi-word cases related to the socio-political scientist does not see that we can add the two sphere with their Russian equivalent. A diagrams above into a single circle that is distinctive feature of the contemporary Tatar constantly seen down from theories and back dictionary is the many absolute synonyms that to the theories. Even in the most limited have arisen due to a combination of experiments, researchers may observe patterns interlinguistic and extralinguistic factors. Body in the data that lead them to develop new data proves that synonymy in socio-political theories (Kennedy & Thornburg, 2018). G. R. Galiullina et al./ International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 8(3), 2020 ISSN 2329-2210 23

The linguistic methods include descriptive, from previous pre-linguistic systems among comparative-historical, and etymological ones. our ancestors before man has evolved. These The descriptive method was utilized while theories can be called continuity-based primary gathering and analyzing the factual theories. The opposite view is that language is material; the comparative-historical method a unique human trait that cannot be compared was linked to the study of the history of the to what is found among non-humans, and onomastic material of the Ancient and Old therefore must have suddenly appeared in the Turkic written monuments through comparison transition from pre-homicide to early man. with the data of sister languages (Maitra, 2017; These theories can be defined on the basis of Tavakol & Allami, 2014). The etymological discontinuity. Similarly, theories based on the analysis involved in the work revealed the language-generating view pioneered by Noam links of proper nouns to their initial Chomsky see language as more of an innate denotations while classifying cosmonyms. school that is largely genetically encoded, Some elements of the structural method were while functionalist theories see it as a system used to facilitate reducing the onomastic units that is largely cultural and learned through meaning structure, and some elements of the social interactions. From the point of view of statistic method were involved in counting the linguistics, Tatar cosmonymics is one of the percentage of structured groups of least explored fields of Tatar onomastics. The cosmonyms. names of celestial bodies were lexicalized in the ancient Turkic written monuments (the Etymology is one of the subsets of linguistic Orkhon Turkic inscriptions, such writings as knowledge that studies how words and their “Kutadgu Belek”, “Divanu lugat at-Turk”, roots are formed and the historical course of “Kissai Yusuf”, and others). Linguistic study their change and evolution. There are two and classification of those names in Tatar, as forms of etymology. One is its scientific form, well as in the other , began which is done through extensive historical only in the latter half of the 20th century. comparative studies, and the other is the folk Galeev and Timergalin (1974) published the etymology that is formed by general Russian-Tatar Dictionary of Astronomic storytelling and passed down from generation Terms. That publication had a great impact on to generation. Folk etymologies generally have onomastics, for it contained ancient names of no scientific basis and are based solely on the planets and stars. search for the apparent similarity of words. The question of cosmonyms classification is in It should be noted that in the inductive suspense in linguistics. In essence, individual approach, researchers begin by collecting data works utilize the subject classification, the related to the subject matter. After collecting classification based on the lexical-semantic data, it examines the data. At this step, the models (Karpenko, 1981; Rut, 1987). researcher is looking for patterns in data and is looking to discover a theory that can explain In this work, we tend to examine one aspect of those patterns. Thus, when researchers take classification, namely, the linguo-genetic this method, they begin with a set of attribute. Due to the continuous vocabulary observations and then move from those accumulation of new lexical units borrowed particular experiences to a more general set of from other languages, Tatar cosmonymy is propositions. It is obvious that in this heterogeneous as far as the origins are approach, the researchers are transferred from concerned, and it should be carefully data to theory or from specific to general examined. (Blackstone, 2018). Among cosmonyms of the Tatar language, 4. Results very old and comparatively new appellations can be found. The old names are dated back to There are many differences between theories the times before the invention of the telescope; of the origin of language. The main difference in other words, those are the names of the between them stems from the question: “What celestial bodies which could be seen by an is language?”. Some theories are based on the unaided eye. They are also called “folk premise that language is so complex that it can cosmonyms”. People named the celestial be imagined to simply emerge from its final bodies by means of metaphors based on form in appearance, but it must be derived 24 Genetic Layers of Tatar Cosmonyms

similarity-comparison. Some of them got observing the celestial bodies with the purpose recorded by astronomy and included in the of determining the route and weather is no science as terms. Among new cosmonyms, the longer of relevance; this made the names of most frequently occurred are the names related stars and constellations vanish from the Tatar to the surface of the Moon or planets, newly language. Teaching astronomy in schools par discovered celestial bodies, and the names of excellence in Russian from the mid-20th stars and constellations, galaxies, registered in century and the development of Russian-Tatar modern astronomy by letters and identification bilingualism with an overpoise to Russian was numbers. The conducted research revealed that instrumental to the loss of originally Turkic Tatar cosmonyms could be classified into three appellations of stars (Galiullina, Kuzmina, & large groups: 1) cosmonyms of Turkic-Tatar Kadirova, 2018). In spite of that, in public origin; 2) cosmonyms borrowed from Arabic; perception until the present days, the names of 3) cosmonyms borrowed from the Indo- the main, seen by the unaided eye celestial European languages (Greek & Latin) through bodies are kept in creative folk products and in Russian. everyday speech. Cosmonyms of Turkic-Tatar origin. The traces 5. Discussion of ancient astronomic appellations date back to As mentioned earlier, the current study antiquity, and it is quite difficult to state in which century they originated. In the modern presents the results of the research of Tatar cosmonyms with regard to their origins. It is Tatar language, the ancient cosmonyms of noteworthy that the lexis of any language is Turkic origin are not numerous. This is heterogeneous in terms of origins and consists explained by the fact that the ancient names of of both aboriginal and borrowed words. The celestial bodies vanished from the language in the context of the Tatars' converting to a language of the modern Tatars traces its roots to the ancient Turkic language, which was sedentary life. Other Turkic peoples (e.g., the influenced by the Indo-European languages. Khazakhs, the ), who ceased nomadic The research revealed that all those lexical life more recently, preserved originally Turkic layers are reflected in the cosmonyms of the cosmonyms quite well. Tatar language. The smallest group is While studying Turkic cosmonyms, one represented by ancient Turko-Tatar cosmonyms. should pay attention to appellative lexis, which The next group comprises cosmonyms, forms the basic perceptions of outer space. borrowed from Arabic. One more group is Such words as kök (sky), täŋri (sky; Sky God), made up of cosmonyms borrowed from asman (sky), joldyz (star), utilized in Tatar Russian and earlier derived from Latin and since ancient times, represent appellative lexis Greek. In the 20th century, many Russian of cosmonymic character. cosmonyms (astrotoponyms, for the most part) In modern Tatar, among names of stars and were translated into Tatar. Lexemes of the first constellations of Turkic origin, the following group are used in everyday speech. cosmonyms are present: Ay (Moon), Koyash Meanwhile, Arabic and Latin names of (Sun), Kiek Kaz (Kyr qazy) yuly (Milky Way), celestial bodies are employed only in scientific Җidegӓn (Etegәn) joldyz (Big Dipper), and literary Tatar. Chүmech joldyz (Big Dipper), Tustagan joldyz It is notable that in the 20th century, some (Big Dipper), Timer Kazyk joldyz (Pole Star), names of stars, constellations, and galaxies Kotyp joldyz (Pole Star), Kүkbүzat joldyz (Star were translated from the European languages Ferkad), Akbүzat joldyz (Star Kokhab), Ӫlkәr into Russian, and when teaching astronomy in joldyz (Pleiads), Ӓwernӓ joldyz (constellation schools in Tatar became necessary, those of Cross), Ilӓk joldyz (Pleiads), Kӧyantӓ joldyz names were translated from Russian into Tatar (Orion), Chulpan joldyz (Venus), Zӧһrӓ joldyz and evolved into scientific terms. Those (Venus), Taң joldyzy (Venus), Shәfәk joldyzy cosmonyms are treated as the Turkic-Tatar (Venus), Kyzyl joldyz (Mars). layer of cosmonyms. For example, Pochmaklyk The research revealed that the Tatar language (Norma), Jokyga Talgan Gүzәl (Sleeping possesses around twenty ancient cosmonyms Beauty), Choŋgyl (Deep), and so on. of Turkic origin. With the development of Cosmonyms borrowed from Arabic. The 11th- computer technologies, the necessity of 16th centuries are well known as the golden G. R. Galiullina et al./ International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 8(3), 2020 ISSN 2329-2210 25

age of astronomy in Eastern Arabia. Through The third group represents cosmonyms Islam, the Turkic peoples gained the borrowed from the Indo-European languages achievements of Eastern culture and science; (Greek, Latin) through Russian. Arabic became the language of science. It Nowadays, the scientific prose style of most of should be noted that a significant number of the languages in the world utilizes the terms of names functioning as generally accepted the Latin and Greek languages; that is why a astronomic scientific terms are derived from number of Tatar cosmonyms have Latin or Arabic words. Greek origins; they were borrowed from The calendar system, used by the peoples of Russian. Russia nowadays, had not a strong presence For example, Al'ciona – is the star in the among the Tatars until the latter half of the constellation of Taurus. The name of the star is 19th century. The zodiacal calendar, used prior derived from the name of one of the to that one, was based on the appellations of mythological Pleiades (of the constellation of constellations borrowed from Arabic. In Taurus) – Alkiona (daughter of mythological counting time, the forbears of the Tatars made Gods of Atlas and Pleione, the beloved of use of the names of months of Arabic origin Poseidon). derived from the designation of twelve zodiacal constellations: such as Dәlү (bail) – Antares – the star in the Cygnus constellation. January, Xut (fish) − February; Xәmәl (lamb) − The word “Antares” is borrowed from Greek March; Sәver (bull) – April, and so on. and means “against Ares (Mars)”. This star is red and resembles Mars. In Arabic, it is named The following old names of seven stars of the “Kal`b-al`-Akrab”, which means “heart of Big Dipper prove the results of our research: Scorpio”. α- Dubhe (Arabic kahil ad-dubb “bear's back”); β- Marak (Arabic marak “belly”); γ- Bellatriks – the star in the constellation of Fakda (Arabic faqda “bear's thigh”); δ-Magriz Orion. Bellatriks (Latin Bellātrix) can be (Arabic magriz “head, origin of a tail”); ε- translated from Latin as “warrior-woman, Alzun (Arabic alzun “black horse”); ζ-Mizar Amazon”. (Arabic almizar, “apron”); η-Banatnash or η- Among Greek-Latin appellations-cosmonyms Alkaid (Arabic Banatnash, Alkaid “heads of are the following: Kapella (Capella), Arktur the crying”). All of these are examples of (Arcturus), Pleiona (Pleione), Sirius (Sirius), names of Arabic origin. Tseleno (Celaeno), Elektra (Electra), Eros The European languages also made use of (Eros), Tserera (Ceres), and others. appellations borrowed from Arabic; they got Onomastic units reveal various peoples’ phonetically adapted and entered Russian, and th primary inhabited areas and the process of further in the 20 century, Tatar borrowed their resettlement, mutual cultural, economic, them in Russian sounding: Betel'gejze – the and political connections, the most ancient star in the constellation of Orion, Mirzam – the language conditions, and dialectal particularities. star in the constellation of Great Dog, Thus, cosmonyms, being one of the essential Al'debaran − the star in the constellation of sources for studying ancient people's primary Taurus, Micar − the star in the constellation of perceptions of the world and cosmic Big Dipper, Vega − the star in the constellation arrangement, way of living, philosophy, of Lyra, and others. At first sight, belonging of mythology, and folklore, serve as curious these names to Arabic is not obvious (for material for linguists. example, the name of the star Fakt is the borrowing of the Arabic word Fahit, Having examined and analyzed the gathered Fomal'gaut − Arabic Fum al' hut (fish mouth), material, we made a conclusion that Tatar and others. cosmonyms can be classified according to the linguo-genetic attribute into three groups: 1) Thus, the number of cosmonyms of Arabic The language of Tatar is spoken in Russia origin, utilized in the scientific Old-Tatar (about six million people), China, Uzbekistan, language, is quite considerable. They require Ukraine, Turkey, Finland, Uzbekistan, America, further examination and systematization. Azerbaijan, Romania, Israel, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, and other 26 Genetic Layers of Tatar Cosmonyms

countries. There are more than eight million terms. Kazan, Russia: Tatar Book speakers of the Tatar language in the world Publishing House. (Tovar-García, 2020). Also, it should be Galieva, A. (2018). Synonymy in modern tatar mentioned that the Tatar language is native to reflected by the Tatar-Russian socio- several thousand Marises. It is interesting to political thesaurus. In M. Rundell & S. know the Mordva's Qaratay group also speaks Atkins. The XVIII EURALEX International a type of Kazan Tatar. cosmonyms of Turkic- Congress (p. 140). Ljubljana, Slovenia: Tatar origin, which fall into two classes: a) Euralex Publishing. ancient Turko-Tatar names of celestial bodies Galiullina, G., Kadirova, E., Khadieva, G., (Җidegәn joldyz, Өlkәr joldyz, Koyas, and Kuzmina, K., & Kajumova, Z. (2018). others); b) Russian cosmonyms, translated into Language of family communication in Tatar (Өchpochmak, Orchyk, Dymly diŋgez, the modern Tatar-Russian bilingual and others); 2) cosmonyms, borrowed from society. Herald National Academy of Arabic and adapted to Tatar pronunciation Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts, (Әltair, Җәdi, Җәүza, Xәmәl, Xut, 2(2), 267-269. Kәlbelragyj, and others); 3) cosmonyms, Galiullina, G., Kuzmina, K. K., & Kadirova, borrowed from the Indo-European languages E. K. (2018). Switching codes in the (Greek, Latin) through Russian (Sirius, Tatar youth socium in the conditions of Kapella, Arktur, Elektra, and others). bilingualism. Modern Journal of Language Nowadays, Tatar cosmonymic lexis is Teaching Methods, 8(10), 265-270. confirmed, and those linguo-genetic groups are Huang, H. J. (2013). On Zhang Taiyan reflected in the scientific prose style of the “language originated, said” the content Tatar standard language. and meaning of the times. Journal of Far East University, 1(1), 1-5. Cosmonyms reflect political, cultural, and Kajumova, Z. M., Galiullina, G. R., & economic connections among peoples. Due to Khadieva, G. K. (2016). History and the extralinguistic factors occurring in a culture in the Onomasticon of the Tatars language, the primary appellations can vanish (as exemplified in cadastres of the XVI- and be replaced by words borrowed from XVII centuries). Modern Journal of foreign languages. That phenomenon was most Language Teaching Methods, 4(1), 71-75. noticeable in the Volga region in times of Kamalıeva, А. M. (2007). Trends, which Islamization and the influence of the European influenced the Tatar literature of the sciences. beginning of the 20th century. Istanbul, References Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 5(3), 89-94. Karpenko, Y. A. (1981). Nazvaniya zvyozdnogo Abdrakhmanova, A. A., Galiullina, G. R., & neba [Names of the starry sky]. Khadieva, G. K. (2016). The national Moskow, Russia: Nauka Publishing. mindset verbalization through the Tatar Kennedy, B. L., & Thornburg, R. (2018). pragmatonims. Journal of Language and Deduction, induction, and abduction. In Literature, 7(1), 190-193. U, Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of Blackstone, A. (2018). Principles of sociological qualitative data collection (pp. 83-104). inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative California, CA: SAGE Publications methods. Washington, DC: Saylor Khadieva, G. K., Galiullina, G. R., & Foundation. Kuzmina, K. K. (2019). Metaphoric Crain, S. (2010). What are core linguistic terms in Tatar toponyms as the properties? In W. Christensen (Eds.), reflection of the national world-view. Proceedings of the 9th Conference of Journal of Research in Applied the Australasian Society for Cognitive Linguistics, 10(1), 802-808. Science (pp. 67-71). Sydney, Australia. Khanova, Z. G., Zamaletdinov, R. R., De Swaan, A. (2013). Words of the world: The Nurmukhametova, R. S., Zamaletdinova, global language system. New Jersey, G. F., & Zakiev, M. Z. (2017). Linguistic NJ: John Wiley & Sons. features of clothing terminology in Tatar Galeev, M. S., & Timergalin, A. K. (1974). language. Turkish Online Journal of Russian-Tatar dictionary of astronomic Design art and Communication, 7(2), 1550-1555. G. R. Galiullina et al./ International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 8(3), 2020 ISSN 2329-2210 27

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