Grammatical Absorption and Functioning of Arab and Persian Conjunctions in Old Tatar Language in the 19th Century Ayrat Faikovich Yusupov1a, Nurfiya Marsovna Yusupova2a, Alfina Tagirovna Sibgatullina3b Abstract ARTICLE HISTORY: The present study tried to offer a methodology to analyze Arabic language grammatical elements in the Tatar Received October 2020 language poetry of the 19th century. It defined adaptation Received in Revised form January 2021 mechanisms of the borrowed grammatical elements within Accepted January 2021 grammatical aspects and presents Arabism absorption Available online January 2021 peculiarities at the grammatical level. A set of existing basic research methods was effectively used in terms of the issue under study: descriptive method, comparative-historical methods, partial and continuous sampling techniques, unit systematization by denotative classes, as well as component, contextual, and etymological analyses. The examination KEYWORDS: proved that Arabic and Persian conjunctions were mainly applied for stylistic purposes in the 19th-century poetry, The Old Tatar language which allowed poets to avoid numerous repetitions of the Borrowing same form. It has been established that conjunctions in Grammatical absorption poetic texts were employed in not only meanings and Adaption functions typical for Arabic and Persian languages, but they Conjunction were also transferred into other parts of speech; in other words, the phenomenon of conversion is observed. © 2021 IJSCL. All rights reserved. 1 Associate Professor, Email: [email protected] (Corresponding Author) Tel: +8-917-2562633 2 Associate Professor, Email: [email protected] 3 PhD, Email: [email protected] a Kazan Federal University, Russia b Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia A. F. Yusupov et al./ International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 8(3), 2020 ISSN 2329-2210 81 1. Introduction There is no language in the world that has not borrowed words from other languages; all ulture and language interact with each languages have been influenced by each other. other. Now this effect can be considered A language that has not borrowed from other positive or negative. It is interesting to C languages is a dead language. The more know that despite the influence of culture and influential the languages, the more vivid they language with each other, you can realize the become, and this is not a defect for them. For differences between human beings and example, Arabic and Persian languages, establish better relations even with other although derived from two different principles, nations (Kramsch, 1991). As mentioned, have historically been, due to the continuous language also affects culture on the grounds relationship between Iranians and Arabs, that perhaps language actually reflects having a very close interaction, and in this information rather than cultural matters way, the influence of the two languages has because humans react to stimuli or people. In left traces of each other, which may not be general, due to this effect, the effectiveness of seen in any other two languages. Unlike linguistic words is a reflection of the material civilizations such as the Egyptian civilization, and spiritual categories of society's culture, which forgot its previous language in the face and people use them in their cultural situation of Arabic language and Islamic civilization, (Nguyen, 2017). Although they differ in the the Iranian and Persian civilizations, while use of language methods, people use sentences accepting the Arabic language, did not and words in one culture, the meanings, and surrender at once and established bilateral applications of which may be considered interaction with it from the very beginning. differently in other cultures because of the The two languages borrow from many characteristics and type of action. Regardless languages. In Persian, most jurisprudential, of what was mentioned, it should be noted that religious, and legal terms are derived from every human being has a different personality Arabic. But the Arabic language, in turn, (Grein, 2017). borrows untouched words and many distorted The diversity of thousands of languages words (in the form of polite forms) from around the world may lead to the belief that Persian (Hashemi, Kambuziya, Aghagolzade, these languages have very little in common, & Golfam, 2014; Jam, & Razmdideh, 2018; but new studies show a different reality. Perry, 2005; Van Dam, 2010). Accordingly, an analysis of nearly two-thirds Such scholars in 1912-1913 initiated first of the world's languages shows that humans, attempts at a scientific and theoretical study of regardless of the language they speak, tend to Arabic and Persian borrowings in the Tatar use the same sounds for different objects and language. During the Soviet period, Ramazanova ideas. In recent studies, two-thirds of the (2002) and Fattakhova and Mingazova (2015) world's languages have been able to find the further researched the issue of the lexical same pattern among words used for specific absorption of Arabic and Persian borrowings concepts. One hundred words examined in this as well as some of their lexical and semantic study included items such as nose, tongue, peculiarities in works. The vital contribution to leaves, and sand. Researchers at Cornell the investigation of morphological and University in New York say the study refutes phonetic development of Arabism in the Tatar the general notion of the cornerstone of literary language was made by Mäkhmütov linguistics, which for centuries believed that (1993). He also challenged the transfer the relationship between the sound of a word (conversion) of Arabic and Persian words from and its meaning was optional. Studies by one grammatical category to another category linguists over the past twenty years have borrowed from the Tatar language. shown that this relationship does not necessarily exist. Some studies suggest that It should be noted that the most ancient Tatar words for small objects in different languages language literature was created at the may contain loud sounds. However, so far, this beginning of the 13th century. Until 1905, all evidence has only been observed in the literature was in the Old Tatar language, which relationships of certain words and their sounds was partly derived from the Bulgar language and in a collection of small languages. and not intelligible with the modern Tatar language. Since 1905, newspaper publishers 82 Grammatical Absorption and Functioning of Arab and Persian Conjunctions in Old Tatar Language started using the Modern Tatar language. In Sagitovna, Saulesh, Shamshaevna, and 1918, the Arabic language-based alphabet was Alexandrovna (2017) researched the Old Tatar revised: some new letters for Tatar language language history during the Golden Horde sounds were added, and some Arabic language Period and medieval landmarks of the Turkic letters were deleted. languages. Moreover, Khaphizova, Salakhova, and Nuriyeva (2015) studied mechanisms of As is known, poetry was considered to be the Arabic language vowels' phonetic adaptation. highest type of literature, and poetic works were created in a sublime's poetic style, i.e., in Mechanisms of lexical adaptation and a classical literary language "with active use of assimilation of Arab-Persian borrowings, in Arabic language-Persian grammatical elements particular, specificity and absorption of Sufi and traditional common Turkic forms" and Islamic terminology by the 19th-century (Husnutdinov, Yusupov, Shakurova, Yusupov, poetry, are presented in works by Yusupov & Mirzagitov, 2016). Tatar language scholars (2015); while issues of grammatical absorption through various aspects (Husnutdinov, and laws governing the functioning of Arab- Karipzhanova, Sagdieva, & Mirzagitov, 2019; Persian elements in the 19th-century poetry Khaybullina, Khabibullina, & Nagumanova, language as well the ratio of standardization 2017; Kuzmina, Khadieva, & Galiullina, 2019; and variability in applying foreign-language Yusupov, Yusupova, & Sibgatullina, 2019; grammatical forms as nominal parts of speech Yusupov, Yusupova, Kadirova, & Kudryavtseva, were reviewed within a diachronic aspect 2019; Zagidullina, 2017) studied basic laws of (Husnutdinov & Mirzagitov, 2017). lexical and stylistic means functioning in Tatar The purpose of this article is to study the literature and literary works. grammatical absorption of Arabic and Persian It should be noted that Arab-Persian lexical auxiliary parts of speech based on the material units in the Modern Tatar literary language are of the 19th century Tatar language poetry and studied rather profoundly (Parvaresh & Dabghi, determine the main regularities of their 2013). Still, a systematic description of the adaptation and functioning. It should be noted borrowing’s functions within a literary text that the wide range of the 19th century poetic structure, the issues of Arabism and Farsism works published in the Arabic language script absorption at the grammatical structure level, was used as the source material. as well as stratification of linguistic 2. Theoretical Framework phenomena in the Old Tatar language of the 19th century have remained outside an In this article, the authors have dealt with the academic scope. An increased share of Arab- subject from different dimensions. For Persian borrowings characterizes the Old Tatar example, Fazlutdinov (2016) studies the language of the 19th century; "Until the 18th development of Modern Tatar